فهرست مطالب amirbahram arabahmadi

The aim of this article is to draw an overall picture of the past and present situation of Iranian Baluchis in East Africa and the way they adapt to the new environment, based on an examination of various aspects of the reasons and ways of migration. Identifying the reasons for Baluch migration to East Africa and the impact of their presence on the indigenous population (and vice versa) are the main objectives of this article. The hypothesis of the article is that the indigenous population of East Africa welcomed the immigrants and established an amicable relationship with them. The theoretical framework of this article is based on the “interactive theory of acculturation and integration index in acculturation model” by Richard Bourhis. The author has attempted to examine the cultural interaction between Baluch immigrants and East African natives through qualitative content analysis, analysis of historical sources and field research as well as personal observations. The bilateral socio-cultural consequences of Baluch immigration to East Africa are considered as independent variables

One of the characteristics of Greater Iran has long been proved so far, is its great cultural dominance over the surrounding and even distant countries that have been in the sphere of cultural influence of Iran since ancient times. This powerful feature has caused the fluid and powerful culture and civilization of Iran from the far distant past to dominate some of Iran's current neighbors, which until about two hundred years ago formed parts of Iran and its results and achievements have remained stable until now. One among these powerful cultural symbols is the existence of masses of antiquities and historical monuments, in other words, the "tangible cultural heritage" of Iran, which is still seen in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, Syria, Bahrain, Turkmenistan, etc. Apart from these countries, which have always been and still are in the realm of Iranian civilization and cultural influence, the scope of Iranian culture has long covered countries and distant regions such as North and East Africa, in the form of tangible and intangible heritage. One of the magnificent achievements of Iran's tangible cultural heritage in Africa is the abundance of historical monuments in present-day countries of Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania (Zanzibar Archipelago), Comoros and even Mozambique - in the form of mosques, palaces, stone mansions, baths, tombs,mausoleums and ... - built by Iranians artistically and today are considered among the exquisite cultural heritage of above-mentioned countries. These monuments, which are mainly reminiscent of the migration of groups of Iranians from the Persian Gulf in the late fourth century AH and a few Iranians migrating to the coasts and islands of East Africa in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, although not in good condition today and some have even become half-ruined, but based on their well-structured glory and strength, still demonstrate the efforts of our ancestors, who with great effort and long stay in this region (despite the existing problems) have had dynamic and lasting effects in promoting Iranian culture and civilization. However, it is unfortunate that in scientific circles in the country, there is almost no information about these magnificent historical monuments that have been built entirely by Iranians, and this part of Iran's tangible cultural heritage has been completely abandoned inside Iran.One of the most well-known Iranian historical monuments in the East African region, which is now considered as one of the most exquisite and attractive historical buildings of the Autonomous Republic of Zanzibar, is the "Kidichi Persian Bath", which is located in a short distance from the shores of the Indian Ocean and has its own style of pure Iranian architecture; gives the glory, grandeur and strength of Iranian culture and civilization to the indigenous and international visitors.    In this manuscript, relying on the available sources and some detailed field studies; This valuable historical monument has been examined as the main subject. In parallel, the author hasOne of the characteristics of Greater Iran has long been proved so far, is its great cultural dominance over the surrounding and even distant countries that have been in the sphere of cultural influence of Iran since ancient times. This powerful feature has caused the fluid and powerful culture and civilization of Iran from the far distant past to dominate some of Iran's current neighbors, which until about two hundred years ago formed parts of Iran and its results and achievements have remained stable until now. One among these powerful cultural symbols is the existence of masses of antiquities and historical monuments, in other words, the "tangible cultural heritage" of Iran, which is still seen in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, Syria, Bahrain, Turkmenistan, etc. Apart from these countries, which have always been and still are in the realm of Iranian civilization and cultural influence, the scope of Iranian culture has long covered countries and distant regions such as North and East Africa, in the form of tangible and intangible heritage. One of the magnificent achievements of Iran's tangible cultural heritage in Africa is the abundance of historical monuments in present-day countries of Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania (Zanzibar Archipelago), Comoros and even Mozambique - in the form of mosques, palaces, stone mansions, baths, tombs,mausoleums and ... - built by Iranians artistically and today are considered among the exquisite cultural heritage of above-mentioned countries. These monuments, which are mainly reminiscent of the migration of groups of Iranians from the Persian Gulf in the late fourth century AH and a few Iranians migrating to the coasts and islands of East Africa in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, although not in good condition today and some have even become half-ruined, but based on their well-structured glory and strength, still demonstrate the efforts of our ancestors, who with great effort and long stay in this region (despite the existing problems) have had dynamic and lasting effects in promoting Iranian culture and civilization. However, it is unfortunate that in scientific circles in the country, there is almost no information about these magnificent historical monuments that have been built entirely by Iranians, and this part of Iran's tangible cultural heritage has been completely abandoned inside Iran.One of the most well-known Iranian historical monuments in the East African region, which is now considered as one of the most exquisite and attractive historical buildings of the Autonomous Republic of Zanzibar, is the "Kidichi Persian Bath", which is located in a short distance from the shores of the Indian Ocean and has its own style of pure Iranian architecture; gives the glory, grandeur and strength of Iranian culture and civilization to the indigenous and international visitors.    In this manuscript, relying on the available sources and some detailed field studies; This valuable historical monument has been examined as the main subject. In parallel, the author has tried to answer the main question that what was the motive and purpose of the construction of this building in a detailed and reasoned manner. The research method of this article is based on library studies as well as description and analysis approaches. It is worth mentioning that despite the severe lack of available resources, the author has tried hard to provide pristine and first-hand information about this unique monument located in the coasts of Zanzibar Archipelago. At the same time, as already mentioned, an important part of the available information is the result of the author's objective observations and field studies works in Tanzania (Zanzibar Archipelago). In connection with the background of this discussion, it is important to know that so far no independent research has been done about this historical Iranian bath inside and outside the country. Therefore, by collecting available scattered information and conducting some field studies works, the researcher has endeavored to draw a comprehensive picture of this Iranian site and provide valuable information about it's precious and valuable historical significance to domestic and international researchers and scholars.Although the author does not claim to be innovative about this manuscript, but once again it is emphasized that the studying and scrutinizing of Iranian architectural historical monuments in Tanzania (Zanzibar Archipelago) which have remained standing for a number of centuries and have been neglected by Iranians, are too important and have to be introduce properly.

This article illustrates the fact that the U.S. administration's behavior toward Africa has always been shaped by the conception of rivalries' presence, rather than the potentials of the continent. In recent years, with the emergence of America’s rivals, such as China and Russia in Africa in the continent, who have invested not only in the African economy, but also in its security and military sectors, the notion of rivalries' limitation has been exaggerated in U.S. decision making toward Africa. Using a neoclassical approach, by analyzing the dynamism of the U.S. foreign policies toward Africa and Trump's rivalry-based policies, this article concludes that Trumps' African policy has not been different from that of his predecessors, and that the U.S. has always adopted a neoclassical realism approach toward Africa, which has been invigorated by the presidency of Trump.

In the present article, we have investigated the condition of the followers of Ahl al-Bayt in Nigeria in a pathological manner. This article aims at introducing the Shi’i community in Nigeria and the Islamic movement in northern part of that country, explaining the reasons for the relative success of the Shi’i movement in that country, and presenting a brilliant image of the followers of Ahl al-Bayt in Nigeria. The main subject is investigating the difficulties and challenges of the Shi’a community in Nigeria. The main question is as follows: “What factors lead to disorder in the conditions of the followers of Ahl al-Bayt in Nigeria?” The theoretical framework of the article is based on the pathological matrix (SWOT), the strong points, the weak points, the opportunities and the threats. In this article, we used the descriptive-analytical method to consider the main factors affecting the process of development of Ahl al-Bayt’s religion in Nigeria as well as the existing obstacles and difficulties in this regard.

This paper will discuss about the role of the geopolitical location of South Africa in the development of movie and the cinema industry in this country. Despite of bringing ci-nema to South Africa by white Europeans, but the development of this phenomenon is mostly due to the geopolitical position of this country. It is interesting to know that ci-nema reached Africa in much the same time as it spread across Europe and the United States. Moreover, the South African film industry is one of the oldest in the world, with the first feature film, The Kimberly Diamond Robbery; being shot in 1910. South Afri-can cinema is one of the best and well-developed cinemas in the African continent. Re-garding to the advantages of geopolitics factors in South Africa there are a large number of the US and European active film companies in this country. These factors are in-cluded: Variety of culture, language, religion, climate, wildlife, lower cost of living, and working compare with European and American countries. And also, as South Africa is a country of strikingly beautiful and varied landscape, with a wide variety of climatic zones that range from the Kalahari Desert in the northwest to the dramatic mountain range in the southeast, and from the Mediterranean coastal ridges in the south-central region to the rolling prairie Savanna grassland of the central plateau and the north.

As a cultural diplomat overseas, cultural counselors and Attaches have the primary task of introducing, developing and promoting the country's culture in the host country, with the mission of promoting and promoting cultural diplomacy as one of the tools of public diplomacy and soft power. Thus, as the most important human capital of the cultural diplomacy apparatus, these individuals can perform this role effectively when they are competent. The purpose of this paper is to present a model of competency of cultural counselors of the Islamic Republic of Iran abroad. The approach of the present study is qualitative and is based on a systematic review. The statistical population of the study consisted of 858 retrieved works including articles and theses from 8 valid internal and external scientific databases through keyword search and screening process. Finally, 16 works were selected for further analysis. The findings showed that the model of Iranian competencies and cultural Attaches can be divided into three main dimensions: technical competencies, human competence and perceptual competence, and seven categories: knowledge and awareness, technical and professional ability, individual and personality characteristics. intercultural communication competency and ethical and value traits; managerialand leadership skills, and political competence.

In this article, the cultural and civilization relations between the two historical countries of Iran and Ethiopia from the beginning of Islam to the contemporary period (focusing on several recent centuries) and on the basis of existing sources have been examined. The main question of this article is "What factors are the main actors in the process of cultural interaction between the two countries?" And the main hypothesis is "the cultural and cultural impact of the two nations of Iran and Ethiopia on each other." The framework of the paper is based on the theory of "cultural exchange between different ethnic groups" by Dr. Lordsai Zade, and the socio-cultural results derived from these independent research variables are considered. The aim of the article is to provide pristine and first-hand information on the cultural relations of the two countries and to present a new perspective on the relations between the two countries over the last few centuries. The research methodology of this article is descriptive-analytical, Field, and the author has tried to provide the maximum of available resources; to provide the first-hand information on the cultural relations of the two countries, which leads to increasing knowledge in this field. The aim of the paper is to provide first-hand information on the cultural relations of the two countries, to provide a substantive and scientific response to the main question, and to present a new and innovative view on the relations between the two countries over the past few centuries.

One of the most prominent characteristics of the migration of Iranians to different parts of the world has been the construction of numerous monuments including mosques, palaces, tombs, etc., which in the course of history have become a part of the historical heritage of those lands. These historical sites, side by side other cultural and civilizational elements, reflect upon the impact of the ancient culture on other parts of the world, even in distant places, manifesting the strength of Iranian-Islamic culture and civilization. In this paper the author makes a review of the most important historical sites made by the Iranians in Tanzania as well as the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar, which were built some 800 to 1000 years ago and have survived till date, on the basis of the available sources and field research. The author endeavors to throw light on the incentives of the Iranians, who had migrated to this country from the Shiraz region of Iran, for the construction of these monuments in Tanzania and the role of these historical sites in the spread of the Iranian-Islamic culture there. The paper also reflects upon the migration of Iranians to Tanzania and their settlement in Tanzanian coastal regions and islands. The methodology used for this paper is descriptive - analytical and the researcher has made his best efforts to provide the readers with first-hand information on these monuments built by the Iranian in this region, in spite of shortage of written sources. That is to say the paper is mainly the outcome of the field research and personal observations during his trips to Tanzania.

Iran and Ethiopia have had bilateral relations for almost two thousand years. These relations were accompanied by cultural exchanges among the people, resulting in the acceptance of both nation’s cultural elements by the other. A thorough knowledge of these cultural exchanges is not only important in understanding the history of the bilateral relations between the two countries; it would also be helpful in planning future relations between Iran and Ethiopia. Therefore, this paper aims to study the important subject of “cultural exchanges between Iran and Ethiopia” through an analysis of the way in which each nation has culturally influenced the other. Based on Lahsaeizadeh’s theory of “Cultural Exchange between Different Ethnic Groups”, and through a meticulous observation of Iran-Ethiopia relations throughout history via library and field research, this paper attempts to examines the bilateral cultural influence of one nation on the other. The analysis of diverse historical documents as well as comprehensive field research indicate that while both nations have culturally influenced each other, it was the Iranian culture that had mostly influenced the Ethiopian culture for centuries in the field of language, architecture, religion and music. The reason for this strong influence is mainly the wider dominion of the Iranian civilization and culture.

The vast region of east Africa has become a certain place for conflict between some terrorist organizations and United States of America since the beginning of 1990 decade. Since then this extremist groups have tried to fulfill their goals in this region, whilst they are misusing the strategic situation of east Africa. One of the most important extremist above mentioned groups is al-Qaida that have had horrifying terrorist actions in countries such as : Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and in some cases even threatened the general security of this countries .although terrorist activities of al-Qaida is mostly concentrated to America and it’s allies but it has created bad image of Muslims in east Africa as well as strengthening of America’s Fortification in east Africa that may have bad consequences for Muslims in near future.
In this paper the roots and establishment of al-Qaida branch in east Africa and their terrorist actions against western countries which have badly affected the peoples if this region is studied as a main subject, while the main question is the essential factors effective on the process of gradual establishment of al-Qaida branch in east Africa.
Convincing that the terrorist actions of al-Qaida in east Africa in two last decades has not been supported at all by east African Muslims is the main hypothesis and have a survey on the creation of al-Qaida branch in east Africa ( for the first time in Persian documents) is considered as paradigm of initiation of paper.

The Khuja Twelver Shiites are a small cohesive minority who enjoys a considerable order and discipline in spite of their small population of 125000. This small minority is present in five continents of the world and, besides, is under the supervision of Global Federation of Khuja Twelver Shiites. In addition, they enjoy an independent community in any country. In the present article, we have used an analytical-descriptive method to investigate the way this small religious minority has emerged as an active agent. The main hypothesis of the article is the fact that this small Shiite community has experienced many successes from the onset. The framework of the research rests on the fact that Khuja Twelver Shiites can serve as a role model for other Shiite communities in many affairs. Dealing with all the primary and secondary factors involving in the success of this small Shiite community in various countries is the initiative aspect of this article.

The advent of Islamic Awakening in vast parts of Arab world which ended in government change in countries such as Tunisia، Egypt and Libya in northern Africa and Yemen in western Asia was a resultant of different political، cultural، social and economic problems lying inside these societies which immediately after a small sparkle started penetrated inside the government body and in a short time ended in these kingdom-like governments. Regarding the reasons for Islamic Awakening occurrence in northern Africa multiple reasons have been mentioned، but they have not been studied together much. In this article using the analysis and description method، the researcher has tried to study the active and effective main factors on the process of changes known as Islamic awakening (Arab spring) as the main question.

Female genital mutilation in West African continent is considered as one of the vast territory’s social problems. This social problem which is accounted as an old tradition has had unpleasant physical and mental effects on urban and rural African women during recent centuries. Throughout recent decades، considerable efforts have been made by United Nations and its dependent organizations and private institutes in order to stop or reduce the young girls circumcision rate in African continent; however، most of the indigenous population insist on this wrong tradition and proclaim this tradition is consistent with old traditions remaining from their ancestors and its safeguard is quite important for them. The way this old tradition was conducted and the reasons for this action have been studied. Furthermore، the activities taking place by organizations related to United Nations and African politicians in order to confront female genital mutilation in different countries of Western Africa and their reflection in urban and rural regions have been studied through existing documents and witnesses. The methodology was library studies based on description and analysis logics and the main body of the information was gathered through referring to libraries and the most recent books and articles. Focusing on female genital mutilation in west Africa and its long-lasting physical and mental symptoms are considered as data of this paper. Female genital mutilation phenomenon is a wrong tradition that causes long-lasting complication. However due to the efforts of United Nation and its associate institutions it has been under control gradually. There are expectations that through steady contact with local communities and paramount chiefs it would be limited considerably up to the end of 2010 decade.

Female genital mutilation in different parts of the African continent isconsidered as one of the vast territory’s social problems. This social problem whichis accounted as an old tradition in different countries of the African continent hashad so many unpleasant physical and mental effects on urban and rural Africanwomen during recent centuries. Throughout recent decades, considerable effortshave been made by United Nations and its dependent organizations and privateinstitutes in order to stop or reduce the young girls circumcision rate in Africancontinent; however, most of the indigenous population insist on this wrong traditionand proclaim that this tradition is a part of their old traditions remaining from theirancestors and its safeguard is quite important for them.In this article, the way this old tradition is conducted and the reasons underlyingthe action have been studied. Furthermore, the activities taking place by organizationsrelated to United Nations and African politicians in order to confront female genitalmutilation in different countries of Western Africa and their reflection in urban andrural regions have been studied through existing documents and witnesses.

Over the last millennium, Persian Language has influenced many parts of the world. Most researchers believe that the Persian language dominance is limited to Middle Asia and India Peninsula. There have been lots of researches in this regard, but there is little, if any, information about the status of Persian language and literature in East Africa. In fact, East Africa (particularly Tanzania, Independent Republic of Zanzibar, and south parts of Kenya) are among the areas which in spite of far distance from Iran, have accepted considerable effects from Persian language and literature and there remains many of Persian original words. This article attempts to provide information about the status of Persian language and literature in East Africa from very past up to now and explicates its role in formation and strengthening of Swahili language and literature.

Mali is a country in the western region of Africa with Muslim inhabitants; a place in which Islam has had the deepest influence on its social and cultural organs. This country, located in the margins of the Sahara desert, enjoys peculiar beauty due to its landscape as a desert, which also counts as one of the Islamic countries of Africa and the foundation of Islam in there goes back to many centuries ago. Islam emerged into the northern parts of Mali through some traders, merchants and the missionaries of North Africa from early centuries. Yet, the climax of the Islamic civilization in Mali occurred in the Islamic middle era, when a number of great Islamic kingdoms settled down there. Mali earned world fame in this era, especially during the reign of Mansa Musa, the famous emperor, ultimately getting well-known as an Islamic country throughout Africa. In addition to that, during this period the city of Timbuktu turned into a great academic and scientific center for Islam. The Islamic University of Sankuru, which today covers three magnificent mosques in this city, is the second greatest Islamic university in Africa, while the Al-Azhar University has the first position. This article in brief surveys the city of Timbuktu from a cultural point of view as it was introduced the cultural center of the Islamic World by the Islamic Conference Organization. What is more, there is a lot to be said and discussed about the amazing city of Timbuktu and what is expressed in here is just a brief hint.

Bohra Davoodi, a Shiite sub-sect, has millions of adherents around the world. This sect is based on the principle of free choice and thus members of Bohra communities have chosen their religion freely and are free to get along with or abandon it. In addition to assessing the general development of this sect, the paper tries to briefly assess some of its doctrines and rituals giving on the whole an overview about it.

Iranians have had deep relations with different people of the world since long time ago. Due to this aspect and in order to promote the ancient culture and civilization of Iran they started to travel to dangerous areas in the then known world. These immigrations which we have faced during the history of Iran oftenly have had very successful results. Therefor since then there are traces of culture and cvilization of Iran in different parts of the world. Historical migration of some Shirazids to the coasts and islands of East Africa (around one thousand year ago) under the surveillence of one Iranian prince is one of the best travels for this purpose. These migrators who settled permanently in a vast area in some part of east and southern East Africa gradually established friendly relations with indigenous peoples and after sometimes publicized culture and civilization of Iran to some parts of then Tanzania, Kenya and Comore. In this article some components of Iranian civilization such as celebration of Nowruz, penetration of Persian words to Kiswahili Language, the prevalence of solar clendar, Iranian architecture style and ... which has been penetrated to the culture of East Africa permanently would be reviewed.