azam maleki

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure poses serious health risks. Nurses’ frequent patient interactions position them to effectively utilize SHS assessment tools, promoting individual and community health.

This study was conducted with aim to design the psychometric properties of SHS exposure assessment tools.

This study was conducted for creating tool items to assess SHS exposure. The study was performed in 2020 on 161 adults with SHS exposure. The psychometric properties steps include face validity, content validity, construct validity and reliability. The principal component analysis was used to test the construct validity of the scale. The reliability of the tools was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

The questionnaire consisting of 26 items regarding four factors, Home Exposure, Workplace Exposure, Socializing Exposure Feeling, and Toward Dependency on Nicotine, explained a cumulative variance of 0.57. The face validity of the questionnaire was evaluated; all items had an impact score above 1.5. Additionally, the content validity ratio was 0.82, and the content validity index was 0.79. Finally, the reliability of the questionnaire was approved based on Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.88.

Implications for Practice: 

As the findings of this study showed, the validated tool offers a reliable measure for assessing secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, enhancing accuracy in clinical, community, and research settings. Nurses can use this tool to identify at-risk patients, implement evidence-based interventions, and promote smoke-free environments.

Dentists are more susceptible to various negative health outcomes that can significantly impact their professional quality of life. This study aimed to assess the professional quality of life of dentists working in public and private healthcare settings.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 68 dentists working in public and private healthcare facilities in Zanjan City in 2021. Data were collected using the Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL-2) questionnaire. SPSS version 16 was used to analyze data through descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA, and a linear regression model at a 95% confidence interval.

The participants' professional quality of life levels were as follows: 19 participants (27.9%) showed a low level, 14 participants (20.6%) had an average level, and 35 participants (51.5%) reported a high level. There was a significant relationship between income, type of organizational activity, and professional quality of life (P > 0.05).

More than half of the dentists had a high professional quality of life. It is recommended that strategies be developed to further enhance the work-related quality of life for dentists, particularly those working in the public sector.

Early detection of developmental delays is essential for designing and implementing appropriate and timely interventions for all children, particularly those facing challenges at birth, such as low birth weight and the need for admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Therefore, this study aimed to compare the developmental test scores of low birth weight infants with a history of NICU hospitalization to those of normal weight infants at a corrected age of 18 months.

This case-control study was conducted with 100 children in 2021. The children in the case group were selected using a census method, while those in the control group were selected through a simple random method. Data were collected using a screening questionnaire focused on age and developmental stages. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26. Descriptive statistics were employed to description of the data, and the chi-square test was utilized to compare the percentage of developmental status across various areas based on demographic characteristics between the two groups, with a 95% confidence level.

According to the chi-square test, there was no significant difference between the two groups in children's development across the areas of communication, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, problem solving, and social personality. However, in the area of problem solving, underweight children scored significantly lower than overweight children (p = 0.001). The gender of the children was significantly related only to developmental disorders in the area of problem solving (p < 0.02). Additionally, there was no significant relationship between a history of ventilator use and any of the areas of the developmental assessment (p < 0.05).

The study revealed that most developmental areas of underweight children fell within the normal range and did not differ significantly from their normal-weight peers. However, underweight children demonstrated significantly lower problem-solving skills. Additionally, gender significantly influenced developmental challenges in problem-solving, whereas a history of ventilator use had no impact on development. It is recommended to create and implement intervention programs aimed at enhancing problem-solving skills in underweight children, particularly among girls.

Given the importance of skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her baby within the first hour after birth, due to its positive effects on the infant’s health, it is essential to evaluate the implementation of this practice is a crucial step in enhancing the quality of maternity healthcare services, the present study aims to identify the predictors of employee performance in implementing skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby and initiating breastfeeding within the first hour after birth.

This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2022 on 99 maternity health workers at Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan, Iran, and 386 mothers who gave birth at this hospital. Employee performance in implementing skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby and the initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth was measured through self-assessment and interviews with mothers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and linear regression analysis. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Self-assessments of employees showed that 32.3% had good performance. More than 40% of mothers perceived the health workers ‘ performance as good. Linear regression analysis revealed that working in the maternity block was significantly associated with good performance (β=0.24, P=0.001). Additionally, non-participation in training courses was associated with decreased performance (β=-0.65, P=0.001); Moreover, the regression model showed that mothers with a university education were more likely to perceive health workers’ performance as good (β=0.22, P=0.001). Also, mothers who did not receive training were less likely to perceive health workers’ performance as good (β=-0.20, P=0.001). 

The performance of maternity health workers working in the study hospital in implementing the skin-to-skin contact guidelines and initiating breastfeeding within the first hour after birth is relatively favorable. However, it is far from ideal level.

One crucial step in implementing the child-friendly protocol in hospitals is to monitor the current situation regarding skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby and initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of birth. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the level of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding within the initial hour postnatal and its associated factors

The present study was a cross-sectional study which was done in the winter of 2022 in Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital of Zanjan city. The sample size included 385 mothers who gave birth admitted to the Postpartum care unit of the Hospital, who were selected by simple random method. The data were collected by using the registering form of the demographic characteristics of the mother, the characteristics of the baby, the mother's pregnancy and delivery, and data related to the state of skin contact between the mother and the baby and the start of feeding in the first hour after the childbirth, through interviews with the mother, and with using SPSS software version 21 and descriptive statistics indicators, chi-square test and conditional logistic regression model were analyzed with a confidence level of 95%.

The study's findings revealed that approximately 53% of infants experienced skin-to-skin contact with their mothers. Within the initial hour post-delivery, 89% of infants were breastfed. According to the results of the logistic regression model, the variable of delivery method had a significant relationship with the state of mother-baby skin contact and the variable of residence with breastfeeding in the first hour after childbirth. So that in mothers living in the city, the chance of breastfeeding in the first hour after birth was 2.5 times higher (p=0.016) and the chance of skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby in cesarean section was 8% lower than natural delivery (p=0.001).

The results of the present study show that the skin contact between mother and baby was relatively good and breastfeeding was good. Considering the relationship between skin contact between mother and baby and delivery method, it is suggested to plan suitable interventions to increase skin contact coverage and breastfeeding in the first hour after childbirth, especially in cesarean deliveries.

The objective of this study was to design a comprehensive training model for developing value-creating school principals in secondary education. 

Methods and Materials:

 The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The qualitative phase involved thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with educational experts and a review of relevant literature to identify essential competencies. The quantitative phase included a survey of 321 secondary school principals from North Khorasan Province, selected using simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS 24 and LISREL software to validate the identified competencies and develop the training model. 

The study identified three critical dimensions for developing value-creating school principals: individual, social, and organizational competencies. Within these dimensions, key competencies such as the "spirit of seeking success," "creating an entrepreneurial attitude in parents and educators," and "organizational self-confidence" were highlighted as essential for effective school leadership. The findings suggest that while all identified competencies are important, those related to personal motivation, social engagement, and organizational innovation have the most significant impact on a principal's ability to create value in their schools. 

The study provides a robust framework for the development of training programs aimed at cultivating value-creating school principals. By focusing on the identified individual, social, and organizational competencies, training programs can better prepare principals to lead effectively and drive educational excellence. The study also highlights the need for ongoing research and practice to further refine these competencies and adapt them to different educational contexts.

Today, individuals, organizations, and countries are more successful and have been able to create value and benefit from technical knowledge and technology to achieve prosperity and wealth. Scientists believe that technical knowledge and technology will not turn into wealth, prosperity, and economic profit, except with the existence of value-creating, entrepreneurial, and creative people who, with creativity and innovation, destroy the previous inefficient ways and create new ways. Value creation is not given much attention and very limited researches have been done in this field. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the psychological components of developing value-creating managers in secondary school

In conducting this research, a mixed research design (qualitative-quantitative) of exploratory type was used. In the qualitative part, with the help of semi-structured interviews with 14 experts and experts, academic faculty members in the field of management and experts in the field of education managers, based on purposeful interview sampling and psychological codes and components The effect on the training of value-creating managers was calculated and a questionnaire was created, designed and distributed among 321 experts and experts, faculty members in the field of management and experts in the field of education managers in a simple random manner. The method of collecting data and information in this research was library and field method (interview and questionnaire). Semi-structured or semi-open interview method was used to collect data in this research. This method includes a set of semi-open questions to be asked during the interview, the semi-openness of which allows the main lines of the interview and its purpose to be preserved, as well as opportunities for interviewers and participants. In the research, it is provided to discuss the details of questions and questions. This research has an interview checklist that was approved by 3 members of the academic staff in the field of educational management. Interviews are conducted in person and by telephone with the participants. In order to analyze the interviews, every interview that was conducted was immediately analyzed and then entered into a new interview, until saturation was reached. Data analysis was done with factor analysis methods and path analysis models using SPSS and LISREL software.

The values ​​of the factor load and the t value are equal to 0.926, which indicates that the positive relationship is aligned with the variables. The index of the combined reliability coefficient was 0.795, which shows the appropriate internal stability for the measurement model. The value of convergent validity is 0.943, which shows the appropriate convergent validity. The fit index is 0.369, which is strong and favorable. The description of the basic themes of the psychological components was presented in Table No. 2. The values ​​of Table 2 indicate that the average of all the basic themes, the psychological components of cultivating value-creating school principals is higher than the average or the expected average, in other words, the amount of each of the basic themes in the statistical sample of the research is higher than the average estimate. It can be the value of the standard deviation index related to each of these themes represents the minimal dispersion of the data related to these themes from the average index. The negative value of the skewness index of these themes indicates the tendency of the scores related to these themes to be higher than the average and the positive value of the skewness index indicates the distribution of data related to these themes in the statistical sample of the research. Factor load values ​​and t value in Table 3, the positive relationship indicates the alignment of the variables and their negativity indicates the reverse of the relationship, which is positive here for 0.926. Also, the t values ​​between items and variables should be more than the borderline limit of 1.96, indicating the confirmation of the relationship between the items and the underlying variables, which is equal to 108.687. Examining the composite reliability coefficient index to check the internal consistency of the measurement model, if its value is greater than 0.7, it indicates the appropriate internal stability for the measurement model, which here is 0.795, which is related to adequate reliability. Convergent validity, simply put, this index shows the degree of correlation of a structure with its indicators.

In a general statement, it can be stated that in the psychological dimension, the spirit of seeking success has the highest priority flexibility has the lowest priority, and psychological components are effective in training value-creating managers. Value creation in managers is competence, which indicates their adherence to the centrality of customers and internal and external stakeholders in all future activities; They engineer it in such a way that the needs and demands of customers and internal and external stakeholders are satisfied, non-value-creating activities are eliminated, and a chain of activities and processes is formed that starts with customers. The beneficiaries and its end is to their satisfaction and satisfaction, they are customer-oriented and consider internal and external stakeholders as a strategic asset and to maintain this asset, they always create a win-win relationship. The selection and appointment of managers cannot be limited to the possession of scientific and experimental abilities, but the possession of special competencies is considered a more complete approach and criterion to be effective in the changing and unpredictable conditions of the future. , act effectively and flexibly, the basic characteristics that enable managers to perform their duties well. Therefore, with these changes, managers with Frost determine and explain the goals and missions of the organization in the long term so that they can achieve their plans. Therefore, being a leader in planning is an inevitable necessity for managers.

Pregnancy nausea and vomiting (NVP) are common complaints in the early period of pregnancy.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of the positive psychology approach on improving the severity of NVP.

This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 pregnant women with mild and moderate NVP in Zanjan province, Iran in 2020-2021. Pregnant women under study were divided into two experimental and control groups by block randomization method. Six counseling sessions were held for the experimental group regarding the treatment protocol of a positive psychological approach twice a week for 60 minutes. Data were collected using the Rhodes and demographic questionnaire and then analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher exact test, independent t-tests, repeated measure ANOVA test with a confidence level (CI) of 95% in SPSS 16 software.

As regards the demographic analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, based on obstetric characteristics, the difference was significant between the two groups in terms of the number of pregnancies. The analysis showed that the mean (SD) severity of NVP in the experimental group was (11.60 ± 2.73) before the intervention, (5.0 ± 2.5) immediately and (3.73 ± 2.50) four weeks after the intervention. There were significant differences in the severity of NVP immediately (P values =0.014) and after four weeks of the intervention between the two groups (P values =0.031).

The use of a positive psychological counseling approach reduced the severity of NVP and improved maternal health.

 Severe and moderate asthma attacks are among the major causes of children’s visits to emergency departments.

 The present systematic review is conducted to assess the effectiveness of inhaled budesonide on hospitalization and clinical presentations in children with asthma.

 A search was conducted on six English databases from 2000 to 2022. Quality assessment was done using Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for Assessing the Risk of Bias, and heterogeneity was assessed using I2. The risk of bias was calculated using a funnel plot and Begg and Egger tests. The data were analyzed using RevMan 5, and random effects, the risk ratio and means difference were reported with a 95% confidence interval.

 Totally, 1380 studies were identified. After the screening, ten studies with a sample size of 1859 were included in the systematic review. The asthma scores were improved following budesonide administration in 10 studies. Compared to the placebo, the effects of budesonide on hospitalization rate were not statistically significant, but they were statistically significant with zero heterogeneity compared to other corticosteroids. Compared to the placebo or oral corticosteroids, there were no significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation after budesonide administration.

 The effects of inhaled corticosteroids were similar to other oral corticosteroids and the placebo. Considering the high heterogeneity of the studies, future studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups are recommended.

The average growth indicators in babies from unwanted pregnancy are lower than other babies. Perceived stress in these mothers can have a double effect on the reduction of milk. Considering the importance of breastfeeding in the health of mother and child, the present study aimed to determine the effect of couples counseling on perceived stress and the improvement of breastfeeding self-efficacy in women with an unwanted pregnancy.

Methods & Materials:

 In this randomized controlled trial study, 60 women with an unwanted pregnancy referred to comprehensive health centers of Khodabandeh city in 2021 were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly allocated into two intervention and control groups in blocks of four. The control group received routine care, and the intervention group received six sessions of couples counseling based on spousal support twice a week. The data were collected using the Dennis Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Questionnaire, and the Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire in three stages; before, immediately after the intervention and six weeks after delivery. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16 by descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA at a 95% confidence level.

In the counseling group, the mean score of breastfeeding self-efficacy increased immediately after the intervention and six weeks after delivery compared to before the intervention, and decreased in the control group (P<0.001). In the counseling group, the mean score of perceived stress decreased immediately after the intervention and six weeks after delivery compared to before the intervention, and increased significantly in the control group (P<0.001).

Couples counseling based on spousal support was effective in improving breastfeeding self-efficacy and reducing perceived postpartum stress in women with an unwanted pregnancy. The presence of spouses in the breastfeeding counseling program appears to be a suitable measure that can be taken into consideration by planners in this field.

Following the spread of Covid-19 worldwide and the increase in the percentage of pregnant women suffering from the disease, it will be very important to investigate its consequences in pregnancy.

The present study was conducted to determine pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with symptoms of covid-19 admitted to Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan in 2019-2020.

In this study, the pregnancy outcomes in 89 pregnant women with symptoms of covid-19 admitted to Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan were investigated with document review and file reading. The sampling method was complete enumeration. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected using a checklist and analyzed with descriptive statistics in SPSS version 22 Software.

The most common symptoms in hospitalized pregnant women were cough (51.7%) and dyspnea (40.4%). In the laboratory results of pregnant women, leukocytosis, fasting hyperglycemia, increased CRP and alkaline phosphatase were evident. In terms of maternal outcomes, 27% of women had more than one of the examined outcomes. 13.5% had gestational diabetes and 11.2% of mothers had a premature delivery. Regarding neonatal outcomes, fetal heart rate disorder, hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (37.5%), and the need for resuscitation in the first minute (28.1%) were the most reported outcomes.

Considering the increase in adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with symptoms of covid-19, it is suggested to plan for access to special care to improve the outcomes and implement awareness programs to prevent pregnant mothers from this infection.

Compliance with health behaviors during pregnancy plays an important role in the health of mothers and their neonates. The aim of the study was to determine factors predicting adherence to COVID-19 health protocols among pregnant women in Zanjan province in 2020.

 A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on 2336 pregnant women referred to comprehensive health centers in Zanjan province in 2020. The samples were selected by the multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected by telephone using a researcher-designed questionnaire on health practices and overall perception of COVID-19 disease. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model were used at the confidence level of 95% through the SPSS software version 16.

Most women were in the second trimester of pregnancy and living in the urban areas. Considering the median score as a cutting point, the participants’ adherence level was 46.5% over the median score and at a desirable level. The handwashing adherence was 84.7% and mask use was 76.6%. Location, age, education, occupation, household income, and family history of COVID-19 disease were the most important predictors of compliance with COVID-19 health protocols (P<0.001).

Adherence to health protocols was at a relatively desirable level in almost half of the participants. It is suggested that education and support programs be designed and implemented for young and low-income groups living in rural areas.

Due to the importance of breastfeeding in the health of premature infants, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of telephone counseling on the continuity and breastfeeding status of mothers with late preterm infants.

In this randomized controlled trial, 65 eligible mothers from Ahvaz in 2019-2020 were selected using the convenience sampling method and divided into two intervention and control groups using block randomization (with block sizes of 4). The routine care was provided for the control group. The intervention group received a daily telephone support counseling for 14 days after discharge. Data were collected using a questionnaire on the continuity of breastfeeding and breastfeeding status at the pre-counseling phase and then monthly up to four months after discharge. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-tests and Kaplan Meyer survival analysis at a significance level of 0.05 through the SPSS software version 16.

According to Kaplan Meyer survival analysis, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding interruption in the control group was higher than that of in the intervention group (5 vs. 8) but it was not statistically significant. Improvement of breastfeeding status one month after discharge was significantly different between the two groups (P=0.048).

The results showed that telephone support counseling was effective in improving breastfeeding status up to the first month after discharge. Continuous telephone support counseling can be a good approach to improving breastfeeding and its continuity in the first month after discharge.

Mental disorders are the most common health problems that affect different population groups. According to the national survey in 2015 based on General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), 23.44% of Iranians older than 15 years were suspected of having a mental disorder. The study aimed to determine the mental health status of the population over 15 years of age in the Islamic Republic of Iran, one year after the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020.

The population-based study was performed on 24584 individuals over 15 years of age in Iran between December and February, 2020. The GHQ-28 was completed through telephone interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent t-test, and multiple logistic regression at 95% confidence level.

The results showed that the mean age of participants was 44.18±16.47 years. The prevalence of mental disorders was 29.7%. Mental disorder was associated with female gender (OR=1.195, 95% CI 1.10–1.29), 25–44 years (OR=1.206, 95% CI 1.06–1.36), urban life (OR=1.116, 95% CI 1.04–1.19), illiteracy (OR=1.286, 95% CI 1.11–1.48), being divorced (OR=1.924, 95% CI 1.50– 2.45), and unemployment (OR=1.657, 95% CI 1.40–1.94). Among the participants and their families, 14.7% and 32.3% were infected with the disease, respectively. The COVID-19 mortality rate in their families was 13.2%. The prevalence of mental disorders in infected people (40% vs. 27.3%) and bereaved families (39.6% vs. 35.3%) was more than the non-infected groups.

Our results showed that in Iran, the mental health of the general population had a rising trend compared to 2015, especially in people infected with COVID-19 and bereaved families. The observed difference may be due to the prevalence of the COVID-19 epidemic and rapid demographic, social, and economic changes in Iran. Planning to improve mental health in the mentioned population should be considered for the post COVID-19 era.

The health of newborns and infants as the future makers of the country is of special importance. Today, the main benefits of breastfeeding for children, mothers and society have widely been recognized. Given the importance of self-efficacy in initiating and continuing breastfeeding, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of breastfeeding counseling with a spiritual approach on breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparous women.

In this randomized controlled trial study, 60 primiparous women referring to the childbirth preparation classes at Alavi Hospital, Azadegan Comprehensive Health Service Centers, Sina and Dr. Hazrati in Ardabil in 2019 were selected through the convenience sampling method and assigned to intervention or control groups using quadruple block method. The control group received routine care and the intervention group received eight sessions of breastfeeding counseling with a spiritual approach. Data was collected using the Dennis Lactation Self-efficacy Questionnaire and analyzed through the SPSS software version 16 using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and independent t-test at 95% confidence level.

The mean scores of breastfeeding self-efficacy for the intervention and control groups were 27.48±5.83 and 28.23±4.44 (P=0.575) before the intervention, 39.83±10.14 and 25.33±3.62 (P<0.001) immediately after the intervention, 42.45±13.00 and 23.43±6.23 (P<0.001) one month after the intervention. There was a significant difference between the two groups after the intervention.

Employing spiritual approach in breastfeeding counseling was effective in improving the breastfeeding self-efficacy of primiparous women. The integration of spiritual content into the package of postpartum services with a focus on breastfeeding appears to be an appropriate measure that can be considered by planners in this area.

Mothers with preterm infants experience numerous stressful problems which can have negative effects on maternal role adaptation. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of consultation using a problem-solving approach on adaptation to the maternal role in women with late preterm infants.

This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out on 80 women with spontaneous late preterm infants recruited at Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital of Zanjan. Using convenience sampling method, the participants were assigned into two groups of intervention and control according to block design. Taking a problem-solving approach, counselling was carried out individually in four sessions. The control group received only routine care. The data were collected using adaptation to maternal role questionnaire including 33 items based on a five-point Likert scale ranging in seven areas, in two steps (before counselling and one month after the last counselling session). Data analysis was performed using the SPSS ver. 16.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).

The total score of adaptations to maternal role and its areas was significantly higher in the intervention group after the follow-up period.

A comprehensive counselling including various dimensions of maternity adaptation had a positive effect on improving the adaptation to maternal role in mothers with late preterm infants.

Spiritual experience helps individuals to cope with stressful life situations.

The present study was to determine the effect of integrating midwifery counseling with a spiritual approach on pregnant women’s spiritual experience.

A randomized controlled trial study was conducted on 40 pregnant women who referred to Abhar health centers in 2019. For the experimental group, eight counseling sessions were held using a spirituality-oriented approach, and the control group received routine health care services. Data were collected using a spiritual experience questionnaire in three stages (namely before intervention, 28 weeks of pregnancy, and 36 weeks of pregnancy). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, the independent t-test, and ANCOVA at 95 % confidence level.

The comparison of the mean scores of spiritual experience in the experimental and control groups revealed that the scores were higher in the second and third trimesters. In this regard, the mean score of spiritual experience in the pre-intervention stage in the control group was 73.31, which decreased to 69.47 in the third trimesters. Meanwhile, the mean score of spiritual experience in the experimental group in the pre-intervention phase was 71.65, which increased by 84.15 in the third trimesters. The mean difference of spiritual experience scores was statistically significant between the two groups (p=0.001).

Counseling along with a spiritual approach was effective in improving pregnant women’s spiritual experience. , and it can be integrated with prenatal care package.

Designing standard Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) can enhance education quality. This study aimed to determine the effect of holding a workshop on the standardization of MCQs for the final examination of the performance and satisfaction of faculties and student satisfaction in the Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.

This was a pre-post single-group interventional study performed during 2018-2019. The performance of the faculties was assessed in terms of observing the structural rules and taxonomic level of the questions in the two stages before the consecutive semesters after the intervention. In addition, the level of satisfaction was evaluated using a researcher-made questionnaire. The sample population consisted of 50 faculty members selected by a simple random method. The educational content was composed of the objective questions design principles, face and content validity, and difficulty/discrimination indices of the questions. Moreover, data analysis was performed applying descriptive statistics and chi-square at 95% confidence interval.

This study reviewed 932 and 1679 questions before and after the intervention, respectively. There was a higher satisfaction level for all the Millman checklist criteria after intervening in the structure of questions.
As a result, the total mean score of the structure of the questions increased from 12.67±0.86 to 13.0±06.69, demonstrating a statistically significant increase in this regard (P≤0.001). The comprehension and knowledge questions had the highest, and evaluation questions had the lowest percentage per Bloomchr('39')s taxonomy in each semester. The satisfaction level of the tutors

The valuable personality trait that has attracted so much attention today is organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, organizational trust is one of the important factors that influence organizational citizenship behavior. The foundation of all values and behaviors in the organization is moral values, and managers must always consider the highest ethical standards in their organization. The purpose of this study was to design the effect of organizational trust management with an ethical intelligence approach on organizational citizenship behavior.

This research is developmental-applied in terms of purpose and hybrid (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of method. The statistical population was all employees of financial and credit institutions active in Khorasan Razavi province (13 institutions with 453 branches) in October 2015, 336 of whom were selected by the two-stage cluster sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire whose face validity and reliability by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient were assessed. Data were analyzed using the Delphi technique, Exploratory factor analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling.

The relationship between ethical intelligence and organizational trust management and organizational citizenship behavior was significant and ethical intelligence had a 79% effect on organizational trust management and a 67% effect on organizational citizenship behavior. The relationship between organizational trust management and organizational citizenship behavior was also significant, and organizational trust management explained 84% of organizational citizenship behavior (p<0.0001).

Organizational trust management with the approach of ethical intelligence and ethical intelligence alone has a role in explaining the variance of organizational citizenship behavior.

Each year a large amount of saffron petals which make up a significant proportion of saffron flowers are discarded as waste while this part of the flower also contains compounds such as phenol, anthocyanin, flavonoid and antioxidant properties. Two separate experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications in order to evaluate secondary metabolites, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of petals in eight saffron populations under normal and once irrigation conditions  at the research farm of university of Zanjan on three year old saffron plants. In order to measure and determine secondary metabolites, total phenol content and antioxidant properties of saffron petal extract, UV-Visible  Metering Spectra, folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH were used, respectively. Combined analysis of variance under normal and once irrigation conditions showed that the difference between secondary metabolites and antioxidant properties was not significant in the two irrigation conditions. While, total phenol content was significantly higher under the once irrigation condition, the  Torbat-e-jam population had highest total phenol content (86.66 mg gallic acid per gram of methanolic extract) under this condition. In both irrigation conditions, the evaluated populations exhibited suitable amounts of picocrocin, safranal, phenol and antioxidant properties which can be considered to be of use for us in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

Understanding organizational culture and innovative behavior paves the way for teachers' job-oriented attitudes, and it seems that teachers who are capable have a positive attitude. The aim of the present study is to investigate organizational culture, innovative behavior with a work-related attitude with the mediating role of psychological empowerment. The research method of the present study is descriptivecorrelation and is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of cross-sectional time. The statistical population of the present study consists of teachers of Bojnourd city, which includes 350 people. Using simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula, 183 samples were obtained. In order to study and test the hypotheses, a questionnaire was used to measure organizational culture. Denison's organizational culture (2000) used the Counter Questionnaire (1988) to measure innovative behavior, the Harsum Questionnaire (2011) to measure attitude-related performance, and the Spritzer Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (1995) to measure psychological empowerment. Spss and pls software was used to analyze the data.

According to the results of the research, there is a significant relationship between organizational culture and work-related attitude with the mediating role of psychological empowerment. There is a significant relationship between innovative behavior and work-related attitudes with the mediating role of psychological empowerment.

By promoting organizational culture and innovative behavior, it is possible to create a positive attitude towards work in teachers and if the empowerment of teachers is strengthened, a positive attitude towards work will have a greater impact

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dimensions of public policy from the Islamic perspective with emphasis on justice and case study participation in North Khorasan education. The research method is descriptive-survey and it is applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population is Bojnourd education staff of 120 which 92 questionnaires were distributed using Cochran formula and simple random sampling. The data gathering tool is library studies and questionnaires and a researchermade questionnaire was used to analyze the information. SPSS software was used to analyze and identify the capabilities of individuals with an emphasis on justice and participation as a general policy dimension. Finding capabilities with an emphasis on justice and participation is one of the dimensions of public policy. Empowering Emphasis on justice and participation is one of the dimensions of public policy. Human resource development emphasizing justice and participation is one of the dimensions of public policy. Transparency and accountability are a public policy dimension with an emphasis on justice and participation. Equal opportunities with an emphasis on justice and participation are among the dimensions of public policy.

Application of technology for education accounts for an important aspect of expansion of the information technology in the present century.

This study aims to examine the degree of readiness of the faculty member of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences for e-Teaching.

This descriptive-cross-sectional study focused on the degree of readiness of 70 faculty member of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2014. It followed the simple randomized sampling method. The readiness of faculty member was assessed from five dimensions, including organizational support, perceived value, and time commitment, working skill, access to computer, internet and attitude towards e-Teaching, using a standard questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics indices, Pearson correlation coefficient and Logistic Regression Model at 95% confidence interval.

The university faculty member were in adequate level of readiness in terms of organizational support (46.4%), positive attitude towards e-Teaching (49.3%); the skill of work with computer (49.3%), time commitment (44.9%), access to computer (49.3%) and positive perceived value (45.6%). The predictive variables of the university faculty member’ readiness were appropriate in terms of organizational support, access to computer and in term of, perceived value, age and gender of the university faculty member in term of, perceived time obligation, skill in work with computer and organizational support.

The results showed that readiness of the the faculty member of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences for e-Teaching was in a relatively appropriate level. Expanson of the technological infrastructure, holding empowerment workshops in order for improvement of the required skill and changing attitude of the university faculty member for e-Teaching are suggested

As a matter of growing machinery life, traffic crashes are considered an inevitable source of injuries and costs around the world. Regarding to increasing traffic accident outcomes, controlling the current status is necessary. In this way, identifying risk factors affecting the crash severity is an essential step toward initiating a convincing solution. The core objective of this study was to categorize the risk factors affecting the severity of crashes. Data needed for this study were gathered through searching Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases using the keywords included fatal and crash, injuries and crash, fatal and traffic accident, and injuries and traffic accident. Based on 83 selected studies for review, factors affecting the crash severity divided into five factors and forty-seven subfactors. The most prevalent sub-factors were age, sex, safety belts, alcohol and drug use, speed, weather conditions, lighting conditions, time of the day and week, vehicle kind, road condition, collision type and crash location. Many risk factors affect crash severity and determination of the most important ones can be a prelude in reducing the effects. Therefore, the conclusion of this review can assist to traffic safety experts, police and contribute to distinguishing and monitoring the risk factors affecting crash severity transportation agencies.

Spirituality is considered as one of the factors influencing physical and mental health of individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of spirituality counseling on coping patterns with pregnancy challenges in primigravida women.

In a randomized clinical trial, the coping patterns were assessed in 60 eligible women. The intervention group attended 8 counseling sessions on the basis of spirituality approach, while the control group received routine care. The data were collected using the Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory before and two months after the study. Data analysis was done applying descriptive statistics, Chi-square, independent t-test, and paired t-test.

After the intervention, the mean score for total coping patterns and its domains in the intervention group (1.94 ± 0.24) was significantly different from that of the control group (1.81 ± 0.22) (P= 0.03). The difference was not significant before the intervention (P= 0.15). In experimental group, the pre and post intervention mean scores for total coping patterns and its domains were significantly different (1.78 ± 1.30 and 1.94 ± 0.24, respectively) (P= 0.001). The scores in control group did not show any significant changes (1.87 ± 1.20 to 1.81 ± 0. 22) (P= 0.17). But, a significant decrease was seen in the mean score for avoidance (P= 0.02).

The study showed that spiritual counseling is an acceptable approach that could improve women's coping patterns with pregnancy challenges and can be used as a basis in designing similar interventions.
 
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20150731023423N12)