farideh khosravi

Emotional divorce refers to a state of emotional disengagement from one's spouse, which can lead to marital dissatisfaction. Gender role conflict is a predictor of marital dissatisfaction and ultimately, divorce. The literature suggests that rigid adherence to traditional gender roles may contribute to emotional divorce. In this article, the authors aim to investigate the moderating effect of gender roles in the relationship between emotional divorce and marital satisfaction by using two multivariate methods in statistical analysis.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 539 women aged 18-65 years. The standard questionnaires used include 1) Bem Sex Role Inventory (Short form), 2) Gutman’s Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, and 3) Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH) Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale. To achieve the purpose of the study, PLS and PLSc methods have been used.

The mean age and time of marriage were 33.88 ± 6.6 and 13.03 ± 7.29 years. There is a significant negative relationship between emotional divorce and marital satisfaction. The gender role of most participants in the study has been androgenic and feminine, which has increased the moderating effect of this relationship. Also, when there is a common (reflective) factor model, Consistent Partial Least Square is more likely to provide a better fit than Partial Least Square.

The results showed that higher women's marital satisfaction would be associated with lower emotional divorce. On the other hand, the role of gender is a mediating factor in marital satisfaction and emotional divorce. Having good male and female characteristics can have a positive impact on marital satisfaction, so increasing couples' knowledge of gender roles and trying to reduce traditional extreme roles can help increase marital satisfaction and reduce emotional divorce.

Distributed lag models can estimate disease fatality in long-term epidemics by adjusting the delayed effect of the number of daily cases. The fused lasso approach is a regularization method that considers the inherent order between features, such as the time order between the number of daily hospitalizations, and can remove the effect of collinearity between features by placing a penalty in the estimation of the parameters of the distributed lag model. Therefore, this study has been carried out by estimating the adjusted mortality of COVID-19 using the lasso regularization approach in distributed lag models.

The data relating to the COVID-19 disease (the number of deaths and the number of people identified daily) in Iran from the middle of February 1398 to the middle of May 1402 was prepared from the OurWorldinData database and using R4. 3.3 the distributed lag model was fitted with the fused lasso method.

The adjusted fatality rate of COVID-19 in Iran is 1.72%, with five days delay between new cases diagnosis and deaths. The highest fractions were on the first day and the fifth day after detection.

Using the fused lasso method improved the significance of the coefficients in the distributed lag model. The short time from detection to death in Iran compared to other countries is a sign of poor screening and a lack of adequate equipment and services for the emergency treatment of patients.

The Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) is used for the assessment of food addiction (FA). This research intended to evaluate the validity of the Persian translation of the questionnaire and to investigate the psychological properties and the association between FA and anthropometric indices.

In a sample of 473 nonclinical participants, FA, binge eating, and objectively measured anthropometric indices were assessed. Internal consistency, convergent, and validity of the PYFAS 2.0 were examined. Also, the factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis following the 11 diagnostic indicators in addition to the significant distress) and the construct of the scale were evaluated.

The frequencies of mild, moderate, and severe FA based on PYFAS 2.0 were 0.2%, 10%, and 5.5%, respectively. The findings supported a one-factor structure. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good construct validity (RMSEA=0.043, χ2=76.38, df=41, χ2 (CMIN)/df=1.862, GFI=0.975, AGFI=0.957, IFI=0.986, RFI=0.958, ECVI=0.319, TLI=0.978). For both the diagnostic and symptom count versions, the PYFAS 2.0 presented acceptable internal consistency (IC) (Kuder-Richardson 20=0.99 and McDonald omega=0.91).

The PYFAS 2.0 was a psychometrically sound instrument in an Iranian non-clinical population. This questionnaire can be used to study FA in Persian non-clinical populations. Future research should study the psychometric characteristics of this scale in high-risk groups.

Calcium is a necessary mineral for life to keep the body and bones healthy. Various factors including hormones, diet, age, and gender affect serum calcium status. The aim of this sturdy was to assess the serum calcium level (SCL) of Tehran population, which has about 10 million multi-Ethnic populations and represents from the whole country.

In this retrospective study, the measured SCL of 105,128 individuals referred to different laboratories of Tehran, Iran were evaluated and its relationship with the age, gender, seasons, and different years during 2009-2018, were analyzed.

After excluding outliers, 91,257samples remained, which 61162 (58.64%) and 30,095 (41.36%) were female and male, respectively.  The mean SCL was 9.36 (9.35, 9.37) mg/dl (95%CI). The highest and lowest SCLs were 3.1 and 18.2mg/dl, respectively. From the total study population, 74127 (81.23%) had normal SCLs, 14110 (15.46%) had hypocalcemia, and 3020 (3.31%) had hypercalcemia. SCLs were normal in 83.6% of men and 79.66% of women. Women had a significantly higher frequency of hypocalcemia compared to men (17.2% vs. 12.83%, p<0.0001).

Normal and abnormal SCLs were significantly different in age groups and in both genders. It means that gender and age affect SCLs. Every year of increasing age, reduces the chance of hypercalcemia by 40%, significantly. Age seems to affect hypercalcemia more than hypocalcemia. Age in men increases the risk of hypocalcemia, and reduces the risk of hypocalcemia in women. Therefore, it is recommended to encourage dietary calcium intake among premenopausal women and older men.

Backgrounds: 

The study aimed to determine the prevalence and covariates of metabolic syndrome among the elderly residents in nursing homes in Semnan Province, Iran.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted among aged participants institutionalized in nursing home in 2018. The study participants’ characteristics were assessed using a demographic assessment form. Moreover, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire, Mentally Assessing Nutritional Assessment (MANA), Katz's Index of Independence in Activity of Daily Living, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and well-being were applied to assess the participants’ physical and mental status. In addition, Para-clinical and biochemical tests for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome used based on the Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII).

 In this study, of 129 eligible participants, 27.7% were suffering from metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of MS in male and female subjects were 26.6% and 28%, respectively.  The results of the study indicated a significant relationship between metabolic syndrome and nutritional statues (Pvalue=0.004), mental status (Pvalue=0.001) and ADL (Pvalue=0.003). Moreover, the results showed no significant relationship between well-being and metabolic syndrome. Of all variables of the study, significant relationship between smoking habit, lack of daily activity, abdominal obesity, high systolic and blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) HDL-cholesterol, Waist Circumference (WC), systole blood pressure (SBP) were found to be statistically significant.

 The findings of the study indicated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among institutionalized elderlies is high. It is recommended to implement preventive and therapeutic measures in this vulnerable group of elderly people.

The aim of study was to determine the effect of gradual reduction in sodium dialysate on occurrence of muscular cramp, and the serum level of calcium and magnesium in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

This triple-blinded cross-over clinical trial was conducted on 56 hemodialysis patients. After random allocation of patients into group A by the routine method (fixed sodium dialysate) and group B with gradual reduction in sodium dialysate, they underwent a 3-session dialysis. After one week of dialysis through routine method (wash out), patients underwent 3-session dialysis in group B by routine method and in group A by gradual reduction in sodium dialysate. Occurrence of muscular cramp was recorded by using a check list. Patients, serum level of calcium and magnesium before and after intervention was measured. Descriptive statistics indices and inferential statistics tests (repeated measures Analysis of variance) were used.

The rate of muscular cramp in routine method was 3.8% in one muscle, 1.9% in two or more muscles, and in the method of gradual reduction of sodium dialysate was 1.9% in one muscle, and 7.5% in two or more muscles. The mean difference of plasma calcium and magnesium before and after the dialysis with routine method was 0.43 and 0.26, respectively, and in the method of gradual reduction of sodium dialysate was 0.45 and 0.34. In this study no significant difference was observed for the rate of occurrence of muscular cramp and serum level of calcium and magnesium between two methods.

The results showed that gradual reduction of sodium dialysate, has no effect on occurrence of muscular cramp during dialysis, serum level of calcium and magnesium in hemodialysis patients. Further investigations are needed to better understand the exact effect of this method, and also eliminate the study limitations

Dialysis is the most common method of caring end-stage kidney disease, but it has some complications despite its several advantages. The aim of study was to investigate the impact of the gradual reduction of dialysate sodium on occurrence of the hypotension and plasma sodium in hemodialysis patients.

56 hemodialysis patients participated in this randomized triple-blind crossover clinical trial. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of A and B. The routine method (Sodium Dialysis solution) was performed on group A, whereas the gradual reduction of sodium dialysis fluid was given to group B for three sessions. These dialysis methods were again implemented three sessions, after one week of routine dialysis (wash out). The routine method (Sodium Dialysis solution) was performed on group B, and the gradual reduction of sodium dialysis fluid was performed on group A, for three sessions. Patients' blood pressure was measured three separate times: 15 minutes before dialysis, during dialysis (first, second, third and fourth hours of dialysis) and 15 minutes after of it. Moreover, Patients' sodium level was also measured before and after the intervention. In this way, the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (repeated measure analysis of covariance) were utilized to implement data analysis.

In the case of routine method, the percentages of the prevalence of hypotension in above mentioned different hours were declared 6.2%, 26.6%, 44.5%, 32.8%, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of the gradual reduction of sodium dialysis fluid, these corresponding percentages were cleared 2.3%, 1.7%, 5.31%, 44.46%, respectively. The mean differences of plasma sodium before and after dialysis in the mentioned methods were obtained as 0.58 in the case of routine method, whereas it is 2.36 in the case of gradual reduction of sodium dialysis fluid method. In this research, there was no significant difference between the rate of hypotension and plasma sodium in the gradual reduction of sodium dialysis fluid by the routine method under 80% powers.

The experimental results revealed that a gradual reduction of the sodium dialysis fluid did not play a significant role in the reduction of blood pressure during dialysis and plasma sodium in hemodialysis patients. However, either confirmation or rejection of this issue will require further studies and resolving the limitations.

Older people are a vulnerable group that their undesirable nutritional status makes them susceptible to catch diseases and increase their health costs. This study was conducted to determine the nutritional status of older people in nursing homes of Shahroud and Damghan cities (Semnan Province) and some influential factors in 2017.

This cross-sectional study (analytical descriptive type) was carried out in nursing homes of Shahroud and Damghan cities using census sampling method. By using a demographic questionnaire, minimal nutrition assessment, and anthropometric evaluation by the researcher, the data of 129 older people were collected. Then the obtained data were analyzed by the Chi-square, 1-way ANOVA, and Independent t-test in SPSS. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The Mean±SD age of the participants was 75.44±10.56 years. In terms of nutritional status, (22.5%) of the subjects had malnutrition, (57.4%) malnutrition risk, and (20.2%) a good nutritional status. There was a statistically significant relationship between the nutritional status and variables of sex and age, income, smoking, body mass index, arthritis, urinary problems, and using mass media (P<0.05). 

The nutritional status of a few participants was desirable. So, today's older people nutritional status is far from acceptable standards and requires planning and serious consideration of relevant organizations, especially the health system.

Vitamin D is an essential substance for absorption of calcium and phosphorus from intestine so it is vital for muscles and skeletal development. Deficiency of this vitamin is pandemic. The vitamin D status depends on the different factors such as UV exposure, diet, and ecological features of living location, age and gender. The aim of this study was to describe the vitamin D level in different provinces of Iran and to investigate the association between vitamin D status and multiple variables. We collected the serum 25(OH)D (Vitamin D) level data of 308,005 people referred to different laboratories from 30 provinces of Iran and organized them by each province, year, age, gender, precipitation, latitude and longitude, and humidity over 10 yr (2009-2018). Data were analyzed to find out the correlation between age, gender, longitude and latitude, humidity and sum of precipitation. West Azerbaijan had the highest level of vitamin D with a mean level of 33.24 and a standard deviation of 32.001, and North Khorasan had the lowest level with a mean level of 14.46 and a standard deviation of 8.980 among 30 provinces of Iran. The correlation between all studied variables (age, and gender, latitude and longitude, humidity, the sum of precipitation) was significant (P<0.001). The average total vitamin D level in Iran is 25.41 ng/ml, which is within the area of deficiency. Vitamin D is associated with age, and gender, latitude and longitude, humidity, the sum of precipitation. So changes in any of these variables can lead to vitamin D alteration.

The high polymorphism in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes can be used as an identity of individuals to compare with other populations. This extreme polymorphism in the HLA system is accountable for the differences in alleles and haplotypes among ethnic groups, populations, and the inhabitants of many regions.
To define the frequency of HLA alleles and haplotypes among the Sistanis, Sistani/Zaboli population in Iran.
In this study, genotyping of class I (A, B, C) and class II HLA (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1) loci were determined in 90 unrelated Iraninan Sistani people and the results were compared with 474,892 HLA chromosomes from a diverse worldwide population.
The highest frequently observed alleles in this study were A*02:01, B*35:01, C*12:03, C*06:02, DRB1*11, DQA1*05:05, and DQB1*03:01. Furthermore, the most frequent 3-locus haplotypes were A*02:01-B*50:01*C*06:02, DRB1*11-DQB1*03:01-DQA1*05:05, and A*02:01-B*50:01-DRB1*07. The most occurring 4-locus haplotypes were A*02:01-B*50:01-C*06:02-DRB1*07 and A*02:01-B*50:01-DRB1*07-DQB1*02:01. A*02:01-B*50:01-C*06:02-DRB1*07-DQB1*02:01 and A*02:01-B*50:01-C*06:02-DRB1*07-DQB1*02:01-DQA1*02:01 were determined to be the predominant 5- and 6-locus haplotypes, respectively. The heat maps and multiple correspondence analyses based on the frequency of HLA alleles showed that Sistanis share a common genetic inheritance with other Iranian ethnic groups such as the people from Yazd and Fars except some differences with Baluchis, Iranian Jews, Lurs of Kohgiluyeh/Buyerahmad, and Arabs of Fars, which may arise from the admixture of these groups or with foreign subgroups over centuries, and also a close relatedness with some European populations.
These data could be useful for finding better donor matches for organ transplantation among Sistanis or other related Iranian ethnic groups, epidemiological studies of HLA-associated diseases, handling HLA genomics and mapping the migration pattern of different ethnic group.

Working at telecommunication towers is considered as one of the dangerous occupations which involve terrible accidents such as falling. The attitudes of climber's safety and occupational stress level could have extensive effects on company safety performance. This study has been conducted to study the correlation between safety attitude and occupational stress.
This cross-sectional analytical-descriptive study was conducted among tower climbers as a branch of the telecom company in 2016. 60 out 93 climbers participated voluntarily in this study. The demographics and safety attitude was collected through HSE Indicator and work-related stress questioners. Statistical tests such as χ^2, one way ANOVA, t-test, independent analysis of variation, linear regression were applied. SPSS 21.0 were used for the analysis of the data.
53.7 % of tower climbers had a negative safety attitude. There was a statistically significant correlation between occupation, age, education, work experience and regular exercise workout with the mean score of safety attitude (p>0.05). There was also a statistically significant correlation between qualitative levels of job stress and qualitative levels of safety attitude (p=0.03, =3.407, df=2). The worker's job performance (as a variable of occupational stress) was statistically significantly correlated to their safety attitude (p The tower climbers in telecommunication installation are involved with hazardous operations and they suffer from stress due to their occupation and organizational dissatisfaction, which have a negative effect on their work attitude.The ambiguities in their job descriptions and existing company problems are the most prominent reasons for the climber's low attitude toward the safety matters.

Thyroid nodules in the majority of cases are symptom-free; but, their clinical significance is due to being differentiated from malignancy. The outbreak of thyroid cancer (TC) is gradually soaring because of lifestyle turning into westernization in developing nations such as Iran. Thus, the current research has been performed pursuing the goal to identify the most critical risk factors in the thyroid cancerous individuals with thyroid nodules in northern Iran during a decade.
This study is of historical cohort type. A total of 33,530 files of the patients referring to the medical clinic through 2003 to 2013 have been examined and 1,817 thyroid nodule afflicted patients have been diagnosed and the data about these patients includes 70 recorded variables The data have been analyzed by logistic regression in interval Censored data at significance level 0.05 applying SPSS and Strata software.
A total of 1 594 (87.7%) of the patients consist of women in the mean age bracket 41.07 ± 13.81. Also, the mean age of those with TC is 38.15 ± 13.52. Among the most significant factors identified in thyroid malignancies in the patients with thyroid nodules, we can note severe obesity, bilateral nodules, abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and T4 hormones, phosphorus, calcium, and thyroglobulin.
Regarding the incidence raise of TC, it is required to identify the malignancy risk factors. It is recommended to carry out some studies on the role of abnormal T4 hormone, phosphorus, calcium, and thyroglobulin in thyroid malignancies in the patients suffering from thyroid nodules.

Spending a significant part of the daily in workplace has led to reduction in the time of rest and recreation of people. Therefore, considering the importance of the potential effect of mental work load on work ability, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between mental workload and work ability in workers of a food industry.
This cross-sectional study performed on 40 workers in a food industry in Qom province, Iran in 2017. Three demographic questionnaires, NASA-Tlx mental workload index and work ability index (WAI) were used for data collection. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS software.
The results obtained from examining the relationship between work ability index and mental workload index in the studied industry showed high workload index score, however, there was no significant relationship between these two indexes (P = 0.07). results of regression analysis showed that only age of people has a significant relationship with the results of WAI.
The mental workload index among workers of food industry was very high, which can be attributed to strict supervision due to the importance of food hygiene. High mental workload can affect human error and work efficiency of the worker.

This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of children under two years old in two time periods in 1995 and 2016 in rural areas of Shahroud. This cross-sectional descriptive analytical study enrolled 1443 participants selected by cluster sampling in 1995 and 2016. We calculated the mean standard deviation of weight for age, height for age, and weight for height and compared them with international reference values (WHO/NCHS). The obtained values which were two standard deviations below the mean reference values were defined as wasting, underweight, and stunting. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and regression analysis. In this study, 1443 children under two years old were studied over two time periods in 1995 and 2016. The results showed 14.9%, 29.5%, and 7.3%, in 1995 and 9.2%, 10.1%, and 4% in 2016 suffered from underweight, wasting, and stunting, respectively. Among the factors involved in malnutrition in 1995 were parents’ education, family size, child gender, birth order, type of the first complementary food, diarrhea, acute respiratory infection in the two weeks prior to the study, and exclusive breastfeeding. In 2016, we observed significant relationships between the body mass index (BMI), underweight, wasting, exclusive breastfeeding, and all three types of malnutrition. Despite a reduction in the prevalence of different types of malnutrition, it is still a common problem. When designing such programs, special attention must be paid to promote breastfeeding.

Malnutrition and failure to thrive (FTT) is a delay or a halt in children’s growth, which leads to serious compilations if it is left untreated. Malnutrition due to its prevalence is the most important nutritional disease in developing countries and has the most prevalence among infants and preschool children. This study aimed at rating and determining the effective factors of malnutrition incidence and growth delay among 0 to 24 months children.
To identify children under 2 years of age, we referred to health centers and health stations in the city of Shahroud (Northeast of Iran) in 2015. Using cluster sampling, 706 children were surveyed.
Anthropometric indices with international reference standards were compared. The values obtained for less than 2 standard deviations as stunting, underweight, wasting, and FTT were defined. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software with significance level set at 0.05.
The results indicated the existence of malnutrition in the region. Based on the findings, the percentage of underweight, wasting, stunting and ratio of head circumference with age was determined to be 1.7%, 5.4%, 9.5%, and 8.6%, respectively; and considering the category of growth disorder, Type 1, 2, and 3 were, respectively, 1.7%, 5.2% and 3.1%. Factors affecting malnutrition included age, birth weight, birth spacing, and the mother’s BMI at child birth.
Tracking the status of children with growth disorder and malnutrition, offering appropriate interventions, considering the nutrition status of mothers during pregnancy, and providing appropriate nutritional counseling are of prime importance to attend to this problem.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Changes in survival rate could be due to changes in mortality rates and changes in the levels of risk factors. This study aimed to determine the most important risk factors affecting survival of patients with stroke in Shahroud.
In this retrospective cohort study, 380 patients with ischemic stroke were followed-up for one year after the stroke. Information on patients was collected through hospital records, interview and in case of death through interviewing with the deceased family. Then, the data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox semi parametric model at the significance level of 0.05 with SPSS21 and Stata12.
The mean age of patients was 63±6.03. Among the patients 237 (62.4%) were men.Using Kaplan-Meier method, survival rates of one month, six months and one year were respectively, with 98.7, 80.3 and 78.4. Age, number of hospitalizations,(GCS) level of consciousness, hypertension, diabetes, HLP, IHD, HDL, FBS, and smoking show significant correlations with survival (p Since the risk increases during the months following the stroke, it is necessary to follow up patients so that they visit their doctors based on appointments.

The present research was a cross- sectional study and aimed to determine the factors associated with motivation for continuing education among health science students, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in 2014. The study population was all faculty students of Public Health department. Questionnaires including 43 questions on individual, family, economic and social factors were completed by 279 people; then data analysis was performed using SPSS19 software. Based on findings, 75.6%, 72.4% and 68.4% of occupational, environmental and public health students respectively stated the positive motivation regarding to achieve higher academic degrees. From the perspective of the majority of environmental health students, development of practical skills (82.8%) and family desire for student’ further education (62.2%); from the perspective of the majority of occupational students, the use of all the facilities for further education (71.8%); and in opinion of public health students, increased knowledge and awareness(76.5%) and family desire for student’ further education (71.8%); and finaly from the perspective of the majority of occupational and public health students, the wish to study in other fields was noted as motivational reinforcement factor of higher education. To this end, from the perspective of the majority of environmental health students, lack of proper planning was mentioned as barrier for motivation of higher education. according to this results, it was showed that individual and family factors were more important factors in motivation of higher education. Therefore, Strengthen training programs, counseling and support in justifying the students’ education and future career can be useful and plays an effective role in strengthening their attitudes.

Step test is one of the indirect methods of measuring the maximum aerobic capacity. The stairs are designed with constant height in more step tests, that the biomechanical differences of height can cause a bias in the results. This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the height adjustable step to step test.
The minimum and maximum step height, according to the relationship in the Francis step test method was determined, and then the step was made. Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability of step, after testing in 2 times, with an interval of one week on a single group. Also the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the validity of the step. All analyzes were performed using SPSS software in significant level of 0.05.
The results of the reliability test, with an ICC correlation coefficient equal to 0.886, has confirmed the reliability of the researcher made step. Also the validity of step has been approved (P˂0.001 and r=0.737).
The results showed that the researcher made step has a good reliability and validity to measure the amount of VO2max. These findings indicate that this tool can be used for measuring VO2max in different people.

Background and Nosocomial infections are among the main causes of death among hospitalized patients. Successful control of these infections requires awareness on their prevalence and taking preventive measures in hospitals. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in Mazandaran province. A descriptive-longitudinal study was performed in 15 hospitals in Mazandaran province that record their infection rates in NISS software. Data was analyzed at the significance level of 0.05 using SPSS and STATA software. To investigate the relationships between different variables crosstabs and Poisson regression were applied. The mean ages of infected male and female were 54.53±0.67 and 49.2±0.63 years, respectively (P<0.05). In 2011 there were 342 cases per 10,000 while in 2012 a total of 6825 per 10,000 was recorded. The highest prevalence of infections was due to pneumonia, urinary infection, surgical incisions, and burn wounds. The majority of infections were caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) (12.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.3%), Acinetobacter (6.1%), and Klebsiella (5.9%). A significant relationship was observed between an underlying disease and various types of infections (P<0.05). The risk of hospital infections in women was 1.09 times more than men (P=0.918). The difference observed between current findings is probably due to lack of precise recording of the infected patients in hospitals. Therefore, it is necessary to hold training programs throughout the province, so that nurses become more familiar with NISS software.

One of the most important subjects of the science of demography that is demanded by socio-economics planners, is the life table. The outline of this table- life expectancy- shows the change process of this index during time and consequently the health system performance.

In fact, the study is a epidemiologic explanation and we collected its relating data from the Health Center of Sarry and the recorded population during 2005-2010 in the city. Then we calculated the life expectancy index by using the table of current life- for men and women- based on the mortality, survival likelihood, and the number of population during this period.

Our conclusions show that the maximum life expectancy form men refer to 2007- 76.52 years- and for women refers to 2005- 79.68 years-. Apparently there is a significant difference between men and women about the life expectancy.

Based on our results, the changes of life expectancy during latter 6 years show an ascending figure. The consideration of healthy indexes at the beginning of life, psychology healthy in women and disaster reduction are some important factors for increasing the life expectancy in the society.

Background and Fluoride in drinking water can be either beneficial or detrimental to health depending on its concentration. Its high concentrations leads to dental and skeletal fluorosis and lesions of the endocrine glands، thyroid and liver. This paper describes the removal of fluoride from water using lemna minor. This research was a lab study. The lemna minor plants were collected and dried in the oven at 105 in 24 h and sieved in 18-30 mesh. The optimum values of pH، contact time and adsorbent dosage were determined and the different concentrations of fluoride were experimented in lab scale conditions for modified lemna minor. The fluoride concentration was measured in wavelength of 518 nm by spectrophotometer. Also، the found data of this research were fitted with Variety Isotherm and kinetic models. The results showed that by increasing pH solution، removal efficiency decreased and optimum pH was 5. Increasing of contact time and adsorbent dose can lead to the increase of the removal efficiency. Adsorption isotherm data show that the fluoride sorption followed the Langmuir No 2. Fluoride sorption is better agreed with pseudo- second order of Kinetics model which was well described by pseudo- second order model. The result of the present work shows that lemna minor can be used as an effective and cheap adsorbent for fluoride removal.

Background and Mortality Statistics and rates show the development of a country in the world. These statistics are very important for determining the distribution of risk factors of mortality (in age and gender groups, ethnicity and so on); and they are useful for improving health and preventing from important diseases in future planning of countries in societies. This article is a longitudinal descriptive study. All registered deaths in Bane which occurred during 2006-2010, regardless of the cause, were collected from the department of health in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, and they were assigned into 21 categories based on Disease Category (ICD10) of WHO. Then the life table for every year was prepared and Life expectancy was computed for each age and sex and total lost years of life for all chapters of ICD10 were calculated. Based on the ICD10, four chapters with the highest frequencies include circulatory diseases by 1008 cases (32.5%), external causes of death by 522 cases (16.7%), cancers by 480 cases (15.3%), and prenatal death by 382 cases (12.2%). Overall, these chapters include 76.4% of total death. The most years of lost life were reported for prenatal period, external causes, diseases of the circulatory system and cancers. Cardiovascular diseases, incidents and accidents, and cancers are the most important causes of death. Among the main reasons of death in the first group are high blood pressures, lack of movement, smoking, not consuming enough fruits, vegetables. In the second group the reasons include not obeying the traffic rules, high speed and so on. Since the sum years of lost life were the highest in the prenatal period, it is necessary to improve pregnancy care and teach mothers prior to pregnancy.

In addition to humoral immunity associated with anti-desmoglein antibodies, cellular immunity and mediators including cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris. In this study we evaluated the level of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 in the sera of patients with pemphigus vulgaris before and after treatment. A total number of 71 new patients with pemphigus vulgaris were included in the study. The above mentioned cytokines were measured in patients with a mild disease (20 bullae or less) and a severe disease (60 bullae or more) using ELISA method before and 4 weeks after treatment with 2 mg/kg/day prednisolone and 2mg/kg/day azathioprine. We also measured IL-4 and IL-10 in 69 mildly and 70 severely affected patients only at the beginning of the study. All patients had muco-cutaneous phenotype. Patients with a mild disease had mild mucosal involvement and patients with a severe disease had moderate to severe mucosal involvement. Serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were also measured in 27 normal controls. In the total study population, the level of IL-2 decreased from 103.9 pg/ml to 82.79 pg/ml after treatment (p=0.05). Comparing cytokines between 2 groups (severe and mild), the level of IL-2 before treatment showed significantly lower figures in severe patients (147.27 versus 67.38, p=0.04). On the other hand, IFN-γ after treatment was significantly higher in severe patients (0.75 versus 0.42, p=0.04). Mean level of IL-2 is lower in severe pemphigus vulgaris patients than that of mild disease. This finding indicates that, in pemphigus vulgaris, IL-2 level negatively correlates with the severity of the disease and widespread underlying autoimmune process. The data also suggests that the level of IFN-γ directly correlates with the severity of the disease.

Abstract: The human leukocyte antigen-B27 is one of the class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex which is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The strength of the disease association with B27 varies markedly among racial and ethnic populations. It is an allele family, which constitutes about 31 subtypes, with a considerable geographic and ethnic difference in distribution. It is important to know whether certain subtypes show any preferential association with AS. Because there is no report regarding HLA-B27 subtypes in Iranian patients with AS, the factthe main there are rarelystudies (if any); purpose of the present study was to assess the frequency of subtypes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in Iranian populationOne hundred and nineteen AS patients (82 HLA-B27 positive and 37 HLA-B27 negative) were selected for this study. HLA-B27 positive patients were selected screened for B*27 subtyping were performed by polymerase chain reaction amplification with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) for B*27 subtyping.. The results of present study revealed that onlythat only two subtypes were detected in Iranian patients, including: B*2705 (52 patients, 63.4%) and B*2702 (30 patients, 36.6%). Our results showed a restricted number of HLA-B27 subtypes associated with AS in Iran and an elevated frequency of the B*2705 allele in these patients similar to other Euro-Caucasoid (Aryan) groups in the world.

Previous studies demonstrated significant differences in a number of HLA allele frequencies in leukemia patients and normal subjects. In this study, we have analyzed HLA class II alleles and haplotypes in 110 leukemia patients (60 acute myelogenous leukemia “AML”, 50 chronic myelogenous leukemia”CML”) and 180 unrelated normal subjects. Blood samples were collected from all of the patients and control subjects. DNA was extracted by salting out method and HLA typing was performed using PCR-SSP method. Significant positive association with AML was obtained for HLA-DRB1*11allele (35% vs. 24.7%, P=0.033). Two alleles including HLA-DRB4 and –DQB1*0303 were significantly less frequent in AML patients than in controls. HLA-DQB1*0303 allele was never observed in CML patients compared with allele frequency in controls (4.2%). According to haplotype analysis, HLA-DRB1*0101/DQA1*0104/-DQB1*0501 frequencies were significantly higher and –DRB1*16/-DQA1*01021/-DQB1*0501 frequencies were significantly lower in CML patients than in controls. In conclusion it is suggested that HLA-DRB1*16 allele and HLA-DRB1*15/-DQA1*0103/-DQB1*06011 and –DRB1*16/-DQA1*01021/-DQB1*0501 haplotypes predispose individuals to AML and HLA-DRB4 allele predispose to CML. Future studies are needed to confirm these results and establish the role of these associations in AML and CML.