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In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the 2017-2018 crop year in two research stations of Sisab and Shirvan in North Khorasan province. The type of experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block design, the main factor including nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha)and the sub-factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels(barley monoculture, vetch monoculture, Incremental ratios:15, 30, and 45 increased the density of vetch to barley)and the cultivation was mixed and additive. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region.

Improving the knowledge and ability of university graduates is affected by educational resources and the relationship of these resources with each other. In this regard, the benefit of accounting and auditing students from the resources of specialized courses using case studies of big data during their studies, with the aim of using big data to identify suspected cases of fraud in financial statements auditing, has been researched. The design of this study is a quasi-experimental design of pre-test and post-test with one group. The statistical population of this study includes postgraduate students of accounting and auditing in Tehran Public universities (University of Tehran, Allameh Tabatabai, Tarbiat Modares, Shahid Beheshti, Kharazmi, Al-Zahra) in 2020 who are at least in their third semester, which includes 348 people. In this society, using systematic deletion, students who do not have an audit experience are excluded from the statistical population, and the statistical sample includes students who have an audit experience and their number is 128. The results of this study show that the use of case data simulation in education has a positive impact on students' ability to identify suspected cases of fraud in financial statement auditing and its components, including current assets, non-current assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

The development of the underground dams is essential in the water supply and storage for different climates especially desert areas, and can be great help. Geoelectric samples were carried out in Kahnouj Shah Strait in two stages and a total of 6 electric sondages with different distances in the area of the project. Then, the obtained data were processed using IPI2WIN software. After preparing geological, slope and land use maps in each region and combining them using Boolean logic, areas that are suitable for underground dam construction in terms of geology, slope and land use were identified in a combined map. According to the results of the geoelectric sondages and field evidences, the bed stone at the proposed option have dense clay and many salts, the impact depth on the bed stone has been measured at least 3 to 12.6 meters. The highest depth of alluvial was related to the sondage 185, and in spite of the alluvial terrace located on the northern bank of the river, the measurements depth in this section was only 4.7 meters that indicating the high bet stone in this section. Sondage 149 indicates the presence of wet alluvial layer near the earth's surface. The results of the samples show that the electrical resistance of different layers is mainly less than 30 ohm/m and the values above 60 ohm/m are seen rarely and only there are in the surface layers, which is due to fine grain texture and high density of sediments as well as water salinity. Due to the limitation of river bed width, high bed stone and also the presented materials regarding the limited permeability of alluvial sediments, it seems that there is no minimum condition for establishing a suitable reservoir for underground dam in this option.

Organizational entrepreneurship is a process during which organizations recognize growth and development opportunities and create new values for customers through innovation and resource re-allocation. Besides, a variety of factors affect organizations' entrepreneurship capacity. In fact, the present paper aims to identify and rank effective factors on organizational entrepreneurship in Mazandaran Province's Fisheries Organization through applied, descriptive–survey methodology. Research population is composed of management and entrepreneurship experts and professionals of Mazandaran Fisheries Organization. This paper, first, reviews related literature. Then, effective factors on entrepreneurship are identified and classified into three groups (behavioral, structural, environmental factors). Required data is collected through Delphi's questionnaire and pair comparisons and are analyzed using Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Results indicate that effective factors on entrepreneurship are prioritized as: behavioral factors, structural factors and environmental factors. It is clear that organizational entrepreneurship is an important concept advantages of which have emerged more significantly, during recent years, to many organizations, firms and business agencies in various subsections such as industry, agriculture and Fishery and this provides organizations with a variety of social and economic benefits.

Enrofloxacin is a useful antimicrobial drug for treatment of infectious diseases in the horse. The present study carried out due to the limitation of the approved route of administration of the drug (intravenous) and lack of data on its potential effects on hematological parameters in this animal species. Nine healthy mixed–bred (6 female and 3 male) horses, aged between 1-15 years, were randomly divided into three experimental groups (each 3 animals): Control group (with no drug dosing), enrofloxacin moderate-dose and enrofloxacin high-dose groups (using the bovine 5% enrofloxacin solution at 5 or 15 mg/kg body weight, respectively, every 12 hours, for three weeks). In addition to physical examination of all horses, blood samples were collected at five- time points during the study period including before (day 0), during (days 7, 14 and 21) and 4 weeks after completion of drug administration (day 49). Routine hematological tests were done on samples and data of three groups and trend of alterations of hematologic and biochemical parameters were analyzed. There were no significant changes in hematological parameters including hematocrit (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) counts, white blood cell (WBC) and differential counts, platelets, as well as total plasma protein and fibrinogen levels among three groups during 5 sampling time points. The results suggest there were no significant hematological changes due to enrofloxacin at given dosing rates but more studies are needed in this regard.

Attending to love (affection) as a politico-social component can be regarded as one of the scientific initiatives in the realm of political philosophy of Islam which is unavoidably tied with the religious foundations and values of Muslims.
In the meantime, there have been so many discussions in the field of love among which the two questions of love (affection) and its politicosocial functions in the desired ideal state are of great importance. The three principles of movement of love (the creation being based on love), penetration of love (the element of love being immanent in the universe) and synthesis of love (constructing society on the basis of love) are considered to be the most important theories of Muslims’ political philosophers on the nature of love (affection). The most important socio-political functions of love in the ideal society (state or place) desired by thinkers in the field of political philosophy in Islam can be discussed in relation to such cases as how love and affection lead human society to perfection and happiness (felicity), how love can be adopted as a ‘substitution’ for the principle of ‘justice’ in relations of human society, how love can play a role in establishing relationship between rulers and the people who are ruled and, last but not least, how one can make use of love as the origin and source of obligation and beyond that, as making political commitment.

The purpose of this study was to identify, analyze and compare the empowerment components of primary school principals in Iran with those of the five successful countries in the world. In this study, the comparative method was used, mainly with an emphasis on Bereday’s four stage approach. The research population included Iran and one country from each continent (United States, Britain, Australia, South Africa and Japan) active in the field of empowerment of primary school principals. The countries were selected intentionally as the sample, based on two important features: the quality of primary school education based on the international studies and tests, especially TIMSS, and the research background of these countries on empowerment of primary school principals. Totally, 50 components were identified, compared and analyzed between Islamic Republic of Iran and the other selected countries. The number of identified components for each country was as follows: America 26, England 24, Australia 21, South Africa 21, Japan 18 and Islamic Republic of Iran 16. There were many common components among these countries, the most of which belonged to the United States and the least to the Islamic Republic of Iran. There were few similarities between empowerment components of primary school principals in Islamic Republic of Iran and the selected countries. The lack of important components such as technical and professional dimension, modeling capacity, envisaging mission and vision, and etc. has been seen in the empowerment of primary school principals in Iran.

Lead (Pb) is of great concern in environment because of its toxicity to animals and humans. Lead is a cumulative toxin and known carcinogen. Although, plants do not require Pb for growth, the bioaccumulation index of Pb in plants exceeds that of most other trace elements. It is therefore important to control Pb concentration in plants, especially in the edible parts of crops to ensure food safety. There are many factors that control Pb accumulation and availability to plants in agricultural soils such as Pb source, Pb loading rate, soil pH, soil cation change capacity (CEC), chloride concentration in soil solution and soil organic matter content. These are important factors that should be considered for evaluating Pb phyto-availability. In addition, element interactions can also affect the elements uptake. Thus, this study was performed to investigate the effect of converter sludge-enriched cow manure on the changes in corn Pb uptake in a Pb-polluted soil under greenhouse condition.
This pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition around the city of Arak, using a Fine loamy, mixed and thermic, Typic Haplargids soil. A factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with 24 treatments in three replications was carried out. The treatments consisted of applying enriched cow manure (0, 15 and 30 t ha-1) with 0% and 5% pure Fe from converter. To investigate the effect of converter sludge-enriched cow manure on the changes in corn Pb uptake, a non-saline soil with low carbon percentage was selected. The soil was polluted with Pb from Pb(NO3)2 source at the concentrations of 0, 200, 300 and 400 mg Pb kg-1 soil and incubated for one month. Cow manure was produced in a local farm and aged for two years before the experiment. The cow manure was enriched with converter sludge and incubated for three months in room temperature. Then, the enriched cow manure was added to the Pb polluted soil and corn (Zea mays L. single grass 704) seeds were sown. After 60 days from the experiment, soil physio-chemical properties and soil and plant Pb concentration were measured.
The greatest and least DTPA-extractable-Pb were determined in the polluted soil (400 mg Pb) without applying cow manure and the polluted soil (200 mg Pb) treated with 30 t ha-1 enriched cow manure, respectively. The DTPA-extractable-Pb in uncontaminated soils was not detectable by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Increasing the amount of cow manure caused a significant reduction in DTPA-extractable-Pb as applying 15 and 30 t ha-1 cow manure in a polluted soil (300 mg Pb) resulted in a significant decrease in DTPA-extractable-Pb by 11.9 and 23.4 units, respectively. This can be accounted for by the role of organic and inorganic fractions of cow manure in decreasing soil Pb availability. Interactions between Fe and Pb appear to influence the soil Pb availability as application of 15 and 30 t ha-1 converter sludge-enriched cow manure in 300 mg Pb-polluted soil caused a significant decline in soil Pb availability by 10.4 and 9.3 units, respectively. The highest and least root Pb concentration were observed in the polluted soil (400 mg Pb) without applying cow manure and the polluted soil (200 mg Pb) treated with 30 t ha-1 enriched cow manure, respectively. The corn root Pb concentration in unpolluted soils was not detectable by AAS. Applying 5% (W/W) pure Fe from converter sludge in the polluted soil (300 and 400 mg Pb) which were not manured significantly decreased the root Pb concentration by 19 and 9 units, respectively which is explainable by the interaction existing between Pb and Fe in soil. Furthermore, root Pb concentration was affected by converter sludge enriched-cow manure as applying 15 and 30 t ha-1 converter sludge cow manure in a polluted soil (400 mg Pb) significantly decreased the root Pb concentration by 20.8 and 10.9 units, respectively. However, the role of cow manure in increasing pH and decreasing root Pb concentration cannot be ignored. The greatest and least shoot Pb concentration was obtained for the polluted soil (400 mg Pb) without applying cow manure and the polluted soil (200 mg Pb) treated with 30 t ha-1 enriched cow manure, respectively. The corn shoot Pb concentration in unpolluted soils was not detectable by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Interaction effects were also observed for shoot Pb concentration as using 5% (W/W) pure Fe from converter sludge in the polluted soil (300 and 400 mg Pb) which were not treated by cow manure significantly decreased the shoot Pb concentration by 4.1 and 4.7 units, respectively.
The results of this study showed that interactions between Pb and Fe seem to play an important role in reducing root and shoot Pb concentration. On the other hand, applying cow manure can increase the soil sorption properties such as CEC and decrease the soil Pb availability and plant Pb uptake which is explainable by the fact that the organic and inorganic fractions of manure impact the Pb availability. However, the influences of soil physico-chemical properties such as pH upon soil Pb availability should be taken into account.

Discharging effluents containing heavy metals is very harmful due to accumulative property and non-biodegradability of them. Electrocoagulation, due to easy operation and less chemical consumption, is being considered as a process for removal of heavy metals from aqueous environments.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of variables influencing the removal of cadmium from aqueous environment during electrocoagulation and to develop a model for predicting the results.
This experimental study was performed in a batch electrocoagulation reactor using aluminum electrodes. Direct current was supplied using D.C power supply. Cadmium concentrations were measured using standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Response surface methodology and central composite design were used to determine the effects of variables (pH, initial concentration of cadmium, electric current density, reaction time and distance between electrodes) on the removal of cadmium, to design the experiments, to prepare the prediction model for cadmium removal and to optimize the variables.
Findings: The optimal removal efficiency in the conditions of pH; 8.32, current density; 2.965mA/cm2, initial concentration; 65.5 mg/L, reaction time; 54 min and distance between electrodes: 0.723cm was 97.5%. Also R2, Adj.R2 and Pred. R2 were 0.98, 0.97 and 0.96, respectively, which indicates a good fit of the data on quadratic equations. The interactions of all variables were significant in the removal of cadmium by electrocoagulation. The quadratic model is a suitable model for predicting the removal of cadmium using electrocoagulation.
Electrocoagulation equipped with aluminum electrodes has high performances in cadmium removal from aqueous environment. This process can be used in primary or supplementary treatment of industrial wastewater containing this heavy metal.

Previous studies identifying risk factors for pneumothorax in percutaneous core needle lung biopsies reported inconsistent and contradictory results..
We aimed to identify independent risk factors for pneumothorax associated with computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous core needle lung biopsy (PCNB)..
Patients and We retrospectively reviewed 591 biopsy procedures for focal lung lesions. Risk factors for pneumothorax as a complication after lung biopsy were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses of variables including the patient’s age, gender, lesion depth from the pleural surface, lesion size, lesion location, presence or absence of fissure crossing by the needle, emphysema in the same lobe where the biopsy was performed, and the final diagnosis of the biopsy lesion..
Pneumothorax occurred in 100 (16.9%) of 591 procedures. Based on univariate analyses, significant risk factors affecting the incidence of pneumothorax were patient gender (P = 0.039), lesion depth from the pleural surface (P Lesion depth from the pleural surface and the presence of emphysema were strongly correlated with the increasing incidence of pneumothorax after CT-guided PCNB. Our results may be applicable for the risk management of PCNBs to reduce pneumothorax as a complication..

Satellite image fusion and creating data with spectral and spatial capabilities greater than those of the existing data is of special interest and position in Remote Sensing. However, the accuracy and efficiency of all processing stages of using these data depend on the precision and reliability of the produced data. The optimum utilization of fused images relies, ultimately, on the precision of the employed fusion method. Evaluation of this important aspect requires selection of an optimum assessment metric which is appropriate for the objectives and application areas of fused images. Different application areas such as, natural resources, civil areas and etc. have different preferences with regard to maintaining the spectral and spatial data. Therefore, selection of the best fusion method, that is appropriate for the application area of the image, through image quality assessment metrics is one of the users’ challenges in this field. The present paper, thus, attempts to provide an analysis and assessment of 20 common image quality assessment methods so as to identify and introduce the most optimum metrics based on the area of application of fused images. It also tries to introduce the factors causing differences in the way quality is assessed by the metrics. And then present a model for identifying the capabilities of each metric for displaying the distortions that occur in the spectral and spatial aspects of data. To this end, two metrics of high-pass filter and spectral angle mapper are taken into consideration as spectral and spatial data comparison bases, and the performance of metrics with regard to their assessment of the quality of simulated data, that contain images with controlled spectral and spatial distortions, is evaluated. Spectral distortions were introduced by high-pass filter effect, band displacement and changing color tone. Low-pass filter and attrition filters with structural elements of different dimensions were also used for introducing spatial distortions. Due to offering different spectral and spatial resolutions, images from Landsat8, EO-1, and Angular Mapper method that are suitable for assessment of images with sensitive applications as they display the spectral distortions with greater precision; These methods include BIAS, RASE, Q, MSSIM, NQM, FSIM, SRSIM, and SAM indices. The third group is also compatible with high-pass filter of HPF, RFSIM and MAD that are of a greater capability for displaying spatial distortions.

In recent years, dust storm has become a common phenomenon in West Asia and especially Iran. This phenomenon is affecting almost all aspects of life including fauna and flora as well as human life. This research aimed to investigate the effects of dust storms on the wheat canopy, that are the most important agricultural species, reflectance and best band for selected narrow band indices to discriminating wheat canopies which are under dust stress in different growing stages. Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, Aflak and Pishtaz, were grown in pots under controlled conditions. The treated samples were exposed to simulated dust storm, in the wind tunnel, at two growth stages including Tillering and Heading stages. In each stage the treatments were exposed in 2, 4 and 6 days. Field spectroscopy measurements were carried out at canopy level using a full range spectro-radiometer Fieldspec-3-ASD. New narrow-band vegetation indices from NDVI, RVI, PVI and SAVI2 indices were computed from the all measured canopy spectra, Tillering and Heading stageseparately. To assess the performance of the indices, the RMSE, R2 and cross-validation method were used. For most indices, the selected optimum narrow bands are very close to one another and located in visible and NIR spectral domains. The result showed that the PVI index performed the best for considering the dust effect on wheat crops. The result also show that the selected indices have better performance in the Tillering stage ( 0.77; 0.63 0.80)for estimating the dusty days, compared with Heading stage ( 0.91; 0.62 0.71). Therefore, determining the dusty days by narrow band indices could be done precisely in the early stage of wheat growing.

Fluoride counts an essential element for human health. Therefore, both low and excessive concentrations of that element in drinking water may cause health problems for the consumers. The present study aims to optimize fluoride base in drinking water using Alum response surface methodology.
The present study is an analytical research which uses surface response method based on Bax Banken model for the optimizing of variable effects in elimination of drinking water fluoride where Spectrophotometer (UNICO-(UV/VIS), model 2150 according to the method of SPADNS presented in standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater has been employed. Three variables of initial concentration of fluoride, PH, and Alum were studied in three levels (, 0,-1). The required numbers of samples were 17 according to the model. Experimental results were analyzed using Design Expert 7 software. The experiments were carried out randomly in order to the elimination of systematic error. The research data were analyzed using multiple regression and coefficients as well as ANOVA where (P≤0.05) determined as significant level.
The results showed that initial concentration of fluoride, PH, and Alum are effective in determining the optimal sitaation. Each of these factors increases the efficiency of fluoride elimination to a certain level and after that which the efficiency decreases. In this process optimal conditions included initial concentration of fluoride3.25 mg/L, PH 6.55, and Alum concentration of 166 mg/L where in an efficient condition. Fluoride elimination equal to 76.83% with a desirability of 97.2%.
The results showed good agreement wbetween experimental and model predictions. It can be concluded that response surface methodology is a useful method for optimization of operating factors for the process of coagulation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the requirements of instructional supervision and guidance based on teachers’ perceptions in Shiraz high schools. To do so, a sample of 352, were chosen from teachers currently working in the four districts of Shiraz in the educational year of 2009 – 2010. Data was collected through the administration of a questionnaire constructed based on Olivia and Powel’s Educational Model which encompasses three areas; leadership in educational improvement, leadership in curriculum improvement and leadership in personnel improvement. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results showed that current condition of instructional supervision services in Shiraz high schools was in minimum acceptable level (Q2), and teachers demand to receive supervisory services more than desirable level (Q3) in favorable condition. The findings also showed that male teachers significantly require more monitoring services and guidance categories compared to their female counterparts. But, there existed no significant difference among teachers with various years of experience concerning these items. There were also significant differences between the two educational groups of humanities and mathematics regarding their need for classroom management, but no significant difference was found among other groups.

Increased enamel surface roughness following orthodontic bracket debonding leads to increased plaque accumulation and enamel decalcification. Therefore, different methods are employed to achieve smoother enamel surfaces after bracket debonding. This study compared enamel surface roughness following orthodontic bracket debonding and composite resin removal using white stone and tungsten carbide burs. In this in-vitro, experimental study, 20 first and second premolars of 10-20 year-olds were collected and their crowns were mounted in acrylic blocks. Roughness of the buccal surfaces of teeth was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the brackets were bonded to the teeth. After bracket debonding, composite remnants were removed using white stone and tungsten carbide burs. Parameters of enamel surface roughness were determined by AFM and time required for composite removal was also calculated. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the changes in parameters based on the time of measurement, type of bur and their interaction effect. Time required for composite resin removal by bur was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Resin removal increased enamel surface roughness compared to the baseline values in all groups. However, no significant differences were noted between the two types of burs regarding arithmetic average of the roughness profile (Ra), the root mean square roughness (Rq) and the maximum peak-to-valley height in the sampling length (Rt) after resin removal. Time required for resin removal with tungsten carbide bur (34.2 seconds) was significantly shorter than with white stone bur (56.6 seconds)(both ps<0.0001). Considering the similar enamel surface roughness values achieved by the two burs, tungsten carbide burs are recommended for resin removal following orthodontic bracket debonding.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with unknown factor. The prevalence and incidence rate of this disease had an upward trend in many regions in the world such as Middle east and consequently in Iran over the recent years. As the risk factors of this increased trend and high-prevalence is unknown in Iran, the current study has been designed to evaluate the correlation between MS dispersal with urbanization, life style and industry, as an ecological research. This retrospective study was designed as an ecological approach in 2011. Data were collected from three databases by high precision (CI95%) from national registry plans. The subjects of study were provinces of Iran (n=31). The linear regression was used to perform statistical analyses. The obtained results indicated an ascendant trend of MS during the recent years, as the incidence of this disease reached from 26.24/100000 (CI95%) people in 2006 to 44.53/100000 (CI95%) in 2011. There is a direct correlation (P<0.05) between the percentage of urbanization and the percentage of male smokers with the prevalence of MS in provinces. The role of smoking was more highlighted in this study as a probable factor in increasing risk and causing MS disease. Urbanization could be introduced as an augmentative factor, but this is a combination of several complex factors that this effect must be appraised with smaller scale in other researches.

This 4x2 factorial study compared the effect of four sites (A=Siphon as upstream, and B=Shahdera, C=Sunder and D= Balloki as 3 downstream sites) during low and high flow seasons of river Ravi on metal cconcentrations in muscles from Cirrhinus (C) mrigala, a bottom feeder carp. While weight and length of studied specimens did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Overall metal accumulations appeared in the order of calcium (Ca) > sodium (Na) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > zinc (Zn) > iron (Fe) > manganese (Mn) > copper (Cu) > chromium (Cr) > lead (Pb) > nickel (Ni) > cadmium (Cd). The sampling sites were significantly different (P<0.001) for all the metals except Mg. The metal accumulation pattern for sites was C > B > D > A, except Mg, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn and Fe. The macro metal contents, except K and trace metals except Cd were significantly higher during low flow than the high flow season. The bioaccumulation of Cd, Cr and Mn were greater than those permissible for human consumption by the WHO standards. The most alarming results contradict the views of local fish consumers that riverine fish are more healthy and valuable than the pond fish. This fish species inhabiting the downstream sites was more polluted and may be a source of risk to consumer health. Regular monitoring is obligatory to evaluate eco-health of the river Ravi by choosing perhaps C. mrigala as a bio-indicator which might provide reliable measurements to frequently assess environmental quality of rivers.

Robotic fish have attracted the attention of many researchers over the last decade due to their diverse applications. The dynamic modeling and control of fish robots is an important and challenging problem. The modeling of robo-fish is useful in the design, manufacturing, efficiency estimation and control of fish robots. Presently, no exact analytical models are available that can predict the propulsive forces of a three-link robotic fish. In the present study, analytical dynamic modeling of a three-link robotic fish and its control to track moving objects is presented. Perhaps the best known theory for swimming is Lighthills Elongated Body Theory (EBT), which has been used to study anguilliform and carangiform propulsion. In this paper, Lighthills large amplitude Elongated Body Theory has been used to obtain the thrust forces for a three link robotic fish. Due to the complexity of the resulting dynamic model,utilization of nonlinear and robust controllers becomes impractical. In order to track moving objects, a fuzzy controller and a Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC) have been proposed. Two different types of controller are designed using BELBIC and fuzzy control methods. Two controllers, one for the direction of motion and the other for tail swinging frequency, are designed in each case. The directional controller directs the fish robot towards the target, while the frequency controller adjusts the distance between the target and the robot. Finally, the dynamic equations of the robotic fish have been simulated and the performance of the proposed controllers is investigated. The simulation results show that the dynamic equations are able to simulate unsteady effects, and the robot is able to track a moving object properly using the proposed controllers. The results also reveal that the designed controllers provide good robustness to parametric uncertainties. Finally, the BELBIC controller is shown to have better performance compared to the fuzzy controller.

Land is a natural resource and a major factor of production. It is a commodity that both in terms of the location and the quality is uneven. This paper aims to determine the factors affecting the value of agricultural land in Ghaemshahr Township in Northern of Iran. For this purpose Hedonic method is used. Needed data were collected from a sample of 70 farmers in 2013. Results showed that land area، land quality and distance from the railroad had positive and distance from forest، distance from the city center and the distance from main road had negative effect on land prices. The average price of land in Ghaemshahr township for 1000 m2 estimated to be around 436 million Rials. Based on the findings of the study building better road and imposing limitations on land use were recommended.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of inflationary environment on the degree of exchange rate pass through in Iran over the period 1975-2009. For this purpose، first high and low inflation regimes has been derived using the Markov–Switching model and then، the impact of inflationary environments on exchange rate pass through to export prices have been estimate using Johansen- johansen juselius cointegration technique. The empirical findings show that the environment inflationary impact has symmetric effects on the degree of exchange rate pass- through to export prices a، so that the high inflationary environment، the degree of exchange rate pass through is 0/77% and low inflationary environment، the degree of cross rates of exchange is 0/51 percent. Also، the empirical results show that marginal cost of partners and openness have a positive and negative and significant impact on the export prices in Iran، respectively. The overall conclusion is that in the high inflationary environment، the degree of exchange rates pass- through has been increased and consequently export competitiveness has declined. Therefore، the rise in exchange rates، especially in high inflationary environment there is not suitable policy for export development.

To study the effects of sowing dates, irrigation intervals and different cultivars on sugar beet root rot disease management and its quality and quantity yields, an experiment was conducted in a split- factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications in the field of sugar factory Jame. Two irrigation intervals: eight days and 16 days were allocated in main plots, and different factorial arrangements of planting dates: 15 March, 15 April, 15 May, 15 June, and two cultivars Dortea and Jolgeh as resistant and susceptible to root rot disease were randomized in sub plots. The results indicated that irrigation intervals, planting dates and cultivars had positive significant effects on root and sugar yields at the 5% of probability level, while no significant effect was observed on sugar content. Based on the results, root and sugar yields decreased and sugar content increased in late sowing dates (15 April). The Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), was higher in the second year, comparing to the first year. No significant effect was observed on the AUDPC for irrigation and cultivars levels. As a result, resistant sugar beet cultivars can be recommended inearly sowing date, while susceptible cultivars is suitable in delay planting dates.

From its genesis، Islamic mysticism has relied upon asceticism and withdrawal from the world and its inhabitants، and there are numerous words by the great figures of such manner in line with this. World-escaping and retiring from the people is one of the prevailing ideas in this intellectual school which has been fashioned based on the actions and claims of its followers. However، numerous evidence contradicting such belief are seen while investigating the prominent mystical texts and contemplating on the life of senior mystics. Such evidence reveals clearly their social participation in various scenes of social life. This study sheds light on some corners of Sufis’ words and actions in society based on Persian mystical prose texts of fifth and sixth centuries. It is tried to analyze and investigate the grounds of their interaction with others including political، cultural، economic interactions and، more important than this، their motivations for doing such social activities since they are the result of different Quranic، religious and other kinds of motivations. The results of this study show that Quranic and religious motivations are the main and most important reasons of Sufis’ interactions with others.

In the last decades due to progress in technology of production and efficiency of energy consumption، low quality energy such as coal has been replaced by high quality energy such as electricity. Electricity as a vital input in various sectors especially in agriculture plays a crucially important role in production. Therefore، estimation of consumption and well-timed supply of required electricity in the agriculture sector could increase production. In this study، by utilizing the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm، we first simulate the electricity demand function in the form of linear and exponentials functions for period of 1978-2006 and then we choose the best model according to the existing criteria. The electricity demand is considered as a function of the real price of the electricity in the sector، augmented cost، number of subscribers، and consumption of previous period. Findings of the study demonstrated that the electricity demand had a direct relationship with real price of electricity and indirect relationship with augmented cost، number of subscribers، and consumption in previous period.

In this study, the preference value of four rangeland species of semi steppe regions of Iran including were measured preference index of different species in three stages of vegetative, flowering and seed ripening Poa bulbosa, Bromus tomentellus, Noaea mucronata and Stachys inflate were investigated. The study was conducted during vegetative growth, flowering, and seeding stages in semi steppe rangelands of Cheshmeh Anjir, Karsanak, and Jashloobar. One-way ANOVA was applied to analyze the data. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the preference value of the mentioned species differed significantly among the studied sites as well as studied species, while no significant differences were obtained among phenological stages. Interaction effects of region×species (R×S), species×phonological stage (S×PS) and species×phonological stage×region(S×PS×R) were significant, indicating multiplicative diversity of data. According to the results of Duncan's Multiple Range Test at 5% level of probability the highest preference value was recorded for Poa pulbosa and Bromus tomentellus. The lowest preference value was obtained for Stachys inflate and Noaea mucronata. The comparison of preference value in three studied sites showed that Poa bulbosa in Cheshmeh Angir site and Stachys inflata in Karsank site had the highest and lowest preference value, respectively. It is due to the different species composition and climatic conditions of the sites. Generally, the obtained results of this study showed that the preference value changes of Poa bulbosa did not differ significantly during different months.