h. karimi

Improving field operations through precise spot planting rates depends on the accurate functioning of seed flow sensors within the working rows. Despite the availability of these sensors in the market, achieving measurement precision remains a challenge in their optimal design. Seed flow sensors can be categorized into two primary types: optical and non-optical. Among these, optical sensors—particularly infrared sensors—are gaining popularity among researchers due to their distinct advantages, including simple circuit design, cost-effectiveness, and a strong correlation with seed flow. However, the accuracy of these sensors tends to diminish over time due to dust accumulation from planting operations and the effects of sunlight. In response to these challenges, researchers are actively exploring various solutions, employing diverse approaches such as the development of different algorithms and the utilization of alternative hardware configurations. Each research initiative aims to address specific challenges associated with these sensors, with the overarching goal of facilitating effective commercialization, optimizing resource use, and minimizing waste.

Two distinct algorithms, utilizing analog-to-digital converter and interrupt-based methodologies, were meticulously developed and thoroughly evaluated to determine the more effective method for monitoring. Correspondingly, unique circuits were engineered for each algorithm.
To enhance the sensitivity of the sensor while simplifying the circuit's complexity and dimensions, the lm324 Op-Amp was used in the interrupt-based sensor circuit. Adjusting sensitivity was made feasible through a multi-turn potentiometer, enabling precise adjustment of the external interrupt within the microcontroller. On the other hand, the analog-to-digital converter-based circuit, without relying on the LM324 chip, provided a more straightforward and quieter configuration.
The intricate nature of construction mandated the design of circuits using Altium Designer 17 software, which was then printed onto circuit boards. Both developed circuits featured the deployment of the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller, renowned for its robust capabilities and cost efficiency.
In the interrupt-based algorithm's development, the microcontroller's external interrupt was used, selecting its sensitivity to detect both rising and falling edges. This strategic configuration ensured comprehensive scanning of all receivers by the analog-to-digital converter upon any interruption in the infrared sensors. Given the singular passage of seeds in precision seeding, each pass was counted as a single seed.
At the start of the planting operation and upon reaching the end of each planting row, the microcontroller employed a micro-switch to sample the output of the infrared sensor, which were then used to execute further calculations based on those samples. Throughout the planting process, the microcontroller continuously performed sensor scanning and promptly converted the sensor outputs into binary values based on defined thresholds. Then, it counted the seeds based on the predetermined counting thresholds for the number of passes.
The efficacy of these developed algorithms and sensors underwent rigorous testing encompassing hybrid corn seeds, popcorn, soybean, and mung bean. The evaluation was conducted on an 11-meter-long conveyor belt platform, tested at three different speeds: 4, 7, and 10 km h-1, through five distinct iterations. This comprehensive evaluation ensured the robustness and reliability of the algorithms across diverse seed types and varying operational conditions.

Test results indicate that interrupt-based sensors demonstrate impressive seed counting capabilities; however, they may encounter issues such as susceptibility to dust and the need for manual recalibrations. Moreover, these sensors exhibited acceptable performance across various crops, including corn and soybeans. Nonetheless, variations in seed characteristics could affect counting accuracy. Additionally, simultaneous seed passage through the sensor under certain conditions posed challenges, diminishing the sensor's precision. On the other hand, sensors employing analog-to-digital algorithms showed promising performance. They offer enhanced adjustability compared to their interrupt-based counterparts, showcasing adaptability to diverse conditions. In summary, each sensor type has its strengths and weaknesses. Sensors that utilize analog-to-digital converter algorithms may offer superior performance in varied scenarios due to their advanced features and adaptable configurations.

This study developed and tested two seed counting algorithms: one based on interruption and the other utilizing an analog-to-digital converter. Both algorithms effectively counted seeds larger in diameter than the distance between adjacent LEDs with remarkable accuracy. However, due to their reliance on infrared optical components, both were susceptible to dust generated during planting operations. The algorithm utilizing the analog-to-digital converter demonstrated a notable advantage. Its ability to adjust the threshold either at the start of planting or at the end of each crop row provided a distinct edge over the interruption-based algorithm. Consequently, the analog-to-digital converter-based algorithm was selected as the superior choice for this research.

Medication adherence is an important modifiable factor influencing the control of type 2 diabetes. The serious complications of diabetes affect various aspects of a person's life, leading to negative impacts on the individual's quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between medication adherence and QOL in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 229 patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled in comprehensive urban health centers affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences were selected using convenience sampling. Three questionnaires were used to collect data: demographics, medication adherence rating scale (MARS), and QOL. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26.

The mean and standard deviation of the patients' age was 50.18 ± 10.01. The mean score of medication adherence was 4.97 ± 1.62. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the score of medication adherence and QOL (P=0.001).

Given the significant relationship between medication adherence and QOL, it is suggested that a step be taken to improve the QOL of these patients by educating patients and trying to increase medication adherence.

Correct exploitation of groundwater water resources in any area requires knowledge of geological and hydrological features and structures of that area. Tectonic structures, especially faults, have a major impact on the abundance and quality of groundwater resources. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Khoshkarud fault on the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer of Zarandieh Saveh plain. This aquifer is located in the north of Markazi Province. In this research, the changes in the hydrogeological parameters of the aquifer on the sides of the fault line were investigated using the data of the 21-year statistical period (1990 to 2011) and using ArcGIS 9.3 software.The results showed that the highest thickness of alluvium and the maximum transverse electrical resistance equal to 6000 ohm-m2, in the center of the northern block, and lowest thickness of alluvium and the lowest value of transverse electrical resistance It is equal to 500 ohm-m2, located on the southern block, which indicates the direct effect of the fault on the aquifer geometry. In the western region of the Khoshkarud fault and from the beginning of the fault's entrance to the aquifer to the vicinity of Shokhroud city, 23 km long, due to the absence of transverse flow from the fault and the flow direction being parallel to the fault line, the dissimilarity of the water level drop trend in the piezometers opposite and on the sides of the fault in the 48-month time series (2008 to 2011) and the dissimilarity of the distribution map of the concentration of hydrochemical parameters sampled in September 2011 on the sides of the fault, shows that in the western part of the aquifer, the fault acts as a hydraulic barrier, While in other parts of the fault extension, there is a connection.

Nurses need to think critically to provide effective care. They use critical thinking skills (CTS) every day to care based on the nursing process (NP). Caring and CT are at the core of professional nursing education. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between NP blended learning methods and CT.

This study was a quasi-experimental cross-sectional educational evaluation, which was performed on 26 undergraduate students in their third semester at the Ramsar School of Nursing in 2022. According to the training program, these students were divided into four groups. Data were collected by the checklist of NP scores and California Critical Thinking Skills Test; form-B before and after a two-phase, six-day intervention with blended learning.

The paired t-test showed that except for the stage of review and recognition, this difference was significant for other states and the total score, which indicates the effect of the blended method on learning clinical NP in students. Before training, 95.7% of students had strong CT, which reached 100% after training. A significant relationship was observed between the total score of the second stage of clinical NP and deductive reasoning after training (p=0.04). There was no significant relationship between the total score of clinical NP and the total score of CT before and after training.

Blended learning methods should be considered in nursing curricula, and it seems that traditional methods cannot be successful in learning NP and CT.

The drought phenomenon in recent years has severely affected agricultural production and food security. Farmers also use urban wastewater to continue production, maintain viability, and supply irrigation water to farms. This is despite the fact that farmers may not have enough knowledge about the risks of using urban wastewater. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of farmers' viability in drought conditions and the perceived social risks on their behavior of using urban wastewater. This study was conducted among the farmers of Sistan region. A sample of 361 farmers was taken by the stratified random sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire which its content and face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and discriminant validity. In addition, using Cronbach's alpha and the composite reliability indices, the reliability of research tool was approved. Data processing was done using SPSSwin23 and AMOS22 software. The results showed that the indicators used for the measurement of the research variables were acceptably consistent with the factor structure and theoretical underpinning of the research. The results indicated that the means of the activist public-sphere behaviors, non-activist public-sphere behaviors, private-sphere behaviors, and organizational behaviors were significantly lower than the mean interval of the variables. The findings of the structural equation modeling showed that farmers' viability in drought conditions and perceived social risks have had a significant effect on their behavior of using urban wastewater. Furthermore, 75.8% of the variance of farmers’ behavior of using urban wastewater was captured by their viability in drought conditions and perceived social risks.

Mulching is a method of controlling wind erosion in arid and desert areas. In this study, the effects of oil mulch on some properties of soil were investigated, and the optimum amount of mulch to wind erosion control in Dehloran, Iran, was determined. For these purposes, after a mulching practice, soil samples were taken from the three treatments of mulched, control and the afforestation area at two depths of 0-10 and 10-50 cm through monthly field surveys during a year to measure soil parameters, including temperature, soil moisture, pH and EC. Then, the threshold velocity of wind erosion was determined using a wind tunnel and the optimum amount of mulch for erosion control was calculated. The results of soil characteristics analysis showed that soil temperature was significantly affected by the depth and season of sampling and their interactions, in contrast, soil moisture was only affected by the season. Also, soil pH was affected by all independent variables, while EC was only affected by the treatments. Na and SAR were not significantly affected by treatment, depth, and their interactions, while OM was significantly affected by treatment and the interaction between depth and treatment. Finally, the wind tunnel results showed that the erosion threshold velocity in the control area, at the height of 30 cm, was 4.84 m/s. Results also showed that mulching practice can control wind erosion under the maximum wind speed of the region and 7 tons/ha was recommended for future mulching practices in the region and similar areas.

Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) is a shunt compensator in the distribution systems that one of the most important tasks is to improve the imbalance, reduce and eliminate the nonlinear loads harmonics. Distributed generation resources such as photovoltaic (PV) array can be used as the DC input of D-STATCOM. In this paper, PV array and DC/DC boost convertor are used to stabilize the DC link voltage of D-STATCOM. The main advantage of the proposed method is that for all time provides continuous compensation. Another power quality issues are neutral current in four-wire systems that are created due to the harmonics and system imbalance. Zig-Zag transformer is one of the ways for compensating neutral current and providing isolation between the convertor and flow of the fundamental zero sequence component which contains harmonic neutral current. Role and performance of the distribution shunt compensator in the improvement of power quality indices depends on the performance of its control system. In this paper, the control scheme of synchronous reference frame theory based on fuzzy controller is used for D-STATCOM based on PV and Zig-Zag transformer. Performance and behaviour of the proposed system examined using Matlab/Simulink software and the results will be presented.

Although there have been significant advances in cancer treatment in recent years, and the prognosis of many cancers has improved, families and patients are greatly burdened with the diagnosis or treatment of cancer. One of the main stressors is fear of disease progression (FoP) or fear of disease recurrence (FoR). Therefore, the aim of this simple review study was conducted to explain the FoP in cancer patients.

In the first step, Scopus, SID, Magiran, Iran doc, CINAHL Google Scholar, Web of sciences, PubMed databases, and Persian keywords such as fear of disease progression, fear of recurrence, cancer and English keywords such as cancer, fear of progression, fear of recurrence, were searched.

In various studies, FoP has been shown to vary from 23 to 87% and to be related to age, sex, marital status, occupation, family history of malignancy and presence of cancer, cancer type, treatment type, residence and activity level, smoking, and disease stage.

Based on the results of the present study, with proper planning by policy makers and planners in the field of cancer patients, it is possible to reduce the FoP in these patients, and these measures definitely have positive effects and impact on their health.

The Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) technique has advantages in identifying faults related to power transformers, but it suffers from the interpretation of frequency responses. This paper presents an approach based on statistical indices and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods to interpret frequency responses. The proposed procedure divides frequency responses into four frequency regions based on frequency resonances and anti-resonances. Then, Lin’s Concordance Coefficient (LCC) index is used as one of the most appropriate numerical indices to extract features of the four frequency regions. Finally, the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is trained by the extracted features to identify and differentiate the types of winding faults. Besides, other intelligent algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network have been employed to compare the classification results. The proposed techniques have been practically implemented. The Axial Displacement (AD) and Disk Space Variation (DSV) faults are applied as two common mechanical faults in different locations and intensities on the 20kV windings of a 1.6MVA distribution power transformer and their corresponding frequency responses are calculated. Frequency responses calculated from the AD and DSV faults constitute the MLP input data set. The network is trained with part of the input data, and the rest of the data is allocated to validate and test the network. The results show that the suggested method has more proper performance than others using the phase component of the frequency responses in interpreting frequency responses and separation and identifying various mechanical fault types of transformer windings.

Recent droughts have aroused extensive concerns on crop and food production in the world. Since agricultural sector is the leading water consumer in Iran and farmers are most vulnerable to drought, a correct understanding of farmers’ adaptation behavior towards drought can help policymakers develop proper drought-coping policies and strategies. The present study aimed to investigate farmers’ drought adaptation behavior and the effect of cultural biases on it among farmers in the Sistan Plain, Iran. A sample of 361 farmers was taken by the multi-stage randomization technique. The measurement instrument was a questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach’s Alpha in a pilot study. The results showed that the worldview of the farmers had a significant effect on their attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. Also, behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control had a significant positive effect on the farmers’ drought adaptation behavior. It is concluded that farmers’ worldviews may be involved in the process of drought adaptation behavior and can influence their attitude, social norms, and perceived behavior control directly, and their intention and behavior indirectly.

Aegilops range grasses (Poaceae family) as one of the most important ancestors of wheat is a rich source of stresses tolerance genes. For this, the fingerprinting of genetic relationships in accessions belonging to eight species of Aegilops was studied using targeted genes-related CoRAP molecular markers. In designing the fixed primers, six genes CAT, MnSoD, SoS1, miR398, miR160b and miR169gR responsible for abiotic stresses tolerance were used. The lowest and highest polymorphic information contents were related to CoRAP2 and CoRAP10 primers with 0.92 and 0.96, respectively. The marker index varied from 6.89 in CoRAP7 primer to 13.49 in CoRAP9 primer. Low gene flow (Nm) and high differentiation (Gst) was observed between species. Also, the Fst index equal to 0.45 showed that the studied populations were completely separated. Due to the high values of the effective allele number and Nei genetic diversity, two species Ae. cylandrica and Ae. caudata showed high intra-specific diversity. The greatest similarity was observed between two species Ae. truncialis and Ae. umbelulata as well as Ae. neglecta and Ae. cylanrica. Cluster analysis appropriately divided species into distinct groups, and principal coordinate analysis confirmed the results of cluster analysis. Using structure analysis of the population, the mode of gene flow and genetic intermixture among species were in accordance with the grouping results of cluster analysis and PCoA biplot.

 Adequate physical activity and mobility positively affect the mental health of people, especially people with special needs. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of sports activities on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, perceived psychological stress, and psychological hardiness of veterans and the disabled. 

 This descriptive study was conducted in 2021 on veterans and the disabled in Yazd, Iran. the number of 100 people (50 athletes and 50 non-athletes) selected by the convenience sampling method. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire examined research variables. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test through SPSS 25 software with the one-way ANOVA.

 There was a significant relationship between the perceived physiological stress, uncompromising emotion regulation strategies, and psychological hardiness in athletes and non-athletes’ veterans and disabled (p≤0.05). There was no significant difference in adapted emotion regulation strategies between the two groups (p>0.05).

The results showed lower scores in perceived stress and uncompromising strategies of emotion regulation and a higher score of psychological hardiness in athletes’ veterans and disabled

The product pricing decision is one of the important factors in the profitability of organizations, which has a key role in their survival. Moreover, the pricing is determined based on the demand and location of applicants. Therefore, the location of facilities and services influence the pricing. Also, the location problem is a critical issue in the survival of the organization. Furthermore, the hub location problem is a type of location problems, which has many applications and saves time and money. On the other hand, location is impossible without considering transportation and transportation has many negative effects on environmental, such as greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, noise, etc. Considering this reason, it is important to consider the environmental costs to reduce the adverse effects. In this paper, we consider integrated pricing and hub location problem with environmental costs in the competitive market that customer choice is calculated according to the logit model (LM). We use a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve and observe the environmental cost, entrant profit, incumbent income, the impact of customer sensitivity and discount between hubs on the entrant profit. As a final point, the computational experiments demonstrate that the suggested GA is both efficient and effective.

Phthalates are main ingredients of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles used for storage of water. These compounds can cause adverse effects on human health. The purpose of this study was the quantification of the amounts of phthalates migrated in bottled water as well as the risk assessment of those compounds.

This cross sectional study was performed on 15 PET bottled water samples of popular brands distributed in Isfahan city, Iran. The samples were immediately sent to laboratory for analysis. Amounts of Phthalic Anhydride (PA), di-2 ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-buthyl phthalate (DBP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), and terphthalic acid (TPA) in bottled water samples were measured using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Risk assessment of migrated compounds were calculated and compared with Hazard Quito (HQ) standards.

The ranges of PA, DEHP, DBP, and TPA were 2.3-26, 171-845, 30-2251, and 24-657 ppb, respectively. DEP was not found in none of the analyzed samples. HQ levels of DEHP, TPA, and DBP were more than 1 in bottled water. 

In the current study, the concentration of DEHP, TPA, and DBP in some bottled water of Isfahan, Iran were higher than the permitted limits. Also, HQ levels of these three migrated compounds were more than 1 in bottled water that is alarming for public health in this region of Iran.

The current study aimed to determine the effect of metformin (MET) on histopathologic evaluation and antioxidant enzyme activity in experimental varicocele-induced rats. A total of 60 rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups. Group 1 (control) received no medication and underwent no surgery. In group 2 (sham), the rats received no medication and the abdominal cavity was opened; however, there was no varicocele induction. In group 3 (varicocele), the abdominal cavity was opened and the rats underwent varicocele induction and received no medication. In group 4, the abdominal cavity was opened and the animals received 25 mg/kg of MET for 42 days and were varicocele-induced. Groups 5 and 6 were similar to group 4 except that the animals received 50 and 100 mg/kg of MET, respectively. At the end of the 21st and 42nd days, the rats were euthanized and the left testis was removed for histological analysis and measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant status levels. According to the results, a dose-dependent difference was observed in testis damage grade in the MET treated groups, compared to that reported for the varicocele group (p <0.05). No difference was observed between 25 and 50 mg/kg of MET (P>0.05). Tissue MDA levels significantly increased in varicocele rats (p <0.05); however, MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner decreased varicocele-induced MDA (p <0.05). Experimental varicocele significantly decreased SOD activity, compared to that reported for the control group (p <0.05). The administration of MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased tissue SOD activity in varicocele rats (p <0.05). The MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner increased GPx activity in varicocele rats (p <0.05). There was no difference in MDA, SOD, and GPx levels between 25 and 50 mg/kg MET groups (P>0.05). The aforementioned findings suggested that MET treatment had beneficial effects on varicocele.

In the turbines with a low mass-flow inlet, the partial-admission teqnique is used. Inorder to obtain a high specif work, it is necessary to use the turbine in supersonic flow regime. Firstly in this paper, the partially-admitted supersonic turbines and their applications are described. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the effects of the stator's nozzle divergent part profile on the turbine's performance. To this end, several different models are made using a nozzle profiling techniques. The flow field in the complete turbine pack is numerically simulated with the aim of computational fluid dynamics. The turbine's performance is investigated by examining the efficiency of the first law and the second law of thermodynamics, as well as the analysis of exergy and exergy degradation. The results show that the selection of suitable nozzle profile has an effective role in increasing the turbine efficiency and prevention of wasting energy.

In this paper, instability of single layer reticulated domes is discussed. This purpose is elaborated by a case study on Talakan oil tank dome which is analyzed in this work with research package. This paper provides technical information related to the design, fabrication and collapse of Talakan dome. The secondary paths, especially in unstable buckling, can play an important role in the loss of stability and led to failure of the structure. The authors show that the stiffness of the dome is not adequate to prevent buckling under the prescribed snow loads. It is also shown that the capacity of the dome to resist eccentric snow load is about half of its capacity to resist symmetric snow loads. Although six combinations of load and support fixity are included in design assumptions, considerable attention has been focused on the bifurcation behavior in Talakan dome. The stiffness of the aluminum sheets of the roof cover have not been taken into account in the stability analysis.

Interpersonal problems are an issue that can occur in relation to others. The purpose of this study was the prediction of interpersonal problems based on narcissism and attachment.

The research method was descriptive and correlational type and the statistical population consisted of all residents of Karaj in the summer of 2018. 250 residents of Karaj city were selected through available sampling method from amusement, cultural and artistic centers. They answered Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and entire regression analysis.

The results of this study showed that avoidant attachment (β=0.365, P=0.000) and narcissism (P=0.52, β=0.015) predicted positively and significantly the interpersonal problems.

Of the findings of the present study could conclude that the demonstration of insecure attachment styles, which includes fear of rejection and insecurity, and anger of attachment in relationships in avoidance afflictions, which eventually lead to avoidance and withdrawal of the intimate relationships and the manifestation of a narcissism personality that causes self-righteousness and, as a result, anger, when is ignore and disapprove from the society, leads to ambivalence and sensitivities in relationships and behaviors that imply the lack of socialization of an individual.

In this paper a constitutive equation was considered for the isothermal hot compression test of the Mn-Ni-Cr alloy. The hot compression test was performed in the strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s-1 and deformation temperature was varied from 700 to 900 °C. A considerable reduction in flow stress was observed regardless of the strain rate when temperature was increased from 700 to 750 °C. DTA and XRD evaluation revealed that the removal of Mn3Cr phase and formation of the single solid solution phase were the reason for the flow stress reduction. At the low deformation temperature (700°C) and the high strain rate (0.1 s-1), a partially recrystallized microstructure was observed; this was such that with increasing the temperature and decreasing the strain rate, a recrystallized microstructure was completed. Also, the relationships between flow stress, strain rate and deformation temperature were addressed by the Zener-Holloman parameter in the exponent type with the hot deformation activation energy of 301.07 KJ/mol. Finally, the constitutive equation was proposed for predicting the flow stress at various strain rates and temperatures.

This paper examines the total annual cost from economic view heat exchangers based on ant colony optimization algorithm and compared the using optimization algorithm in the design of economic optimization of shell and tube heat exchangers. A shell and tube heat exchanger optimization design approach is expanded based on the total annual cost measured that divided to area of surface and power consumption. The optimization and minimization of the total annual cost is considered as the objective function. There are three parameters as decision variables in optimization algorithm such as tube outer diameter, shell diameter and central baffle spacing. Two cases studies considered to demonstrate the accuracy of algorithms Results have been compared with the findings of previous studies. The total annual cost is reduced about 10% and 40% for case 1 and 2 using ant colony optimization algorithm, respectively.

Cashmere is a very fine fiber that is produced by secondary hair follicles in cashmere goat. Based on American test and material association description, cashmere is fine fiber in Asian Indian goat hair follicles with diameter lower than 30 microns. Cashmere is growing as “under coat” in cold season and it shedds during the time from late winter until early spring. It is estimated that 68 goat breeds produce cashmere fibers in the world. Cashmere goats are originated from Asia. The important countries that can produce a large amount of cashmere are China, Mongolia, Iran, Turkey, and India. Total production of cashmere is estimated to be 5mt. During the last decades, due to the economic importance of cashmere, USA, Australia, and NewZealand joined to the cashmere producing countries. Many researchers reported that cold climate is suitable for production of quality cashmere. In this research, effects of nutrition and age on histological characteristics of Raeini Cashmere goat were studied in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan.

For this research, 24 female Raeini cashmere goats were selected. The goats were selected from Baft Raeini cashmere goat breeding and husbandry station. Goats were fed individually   and were treated for 8 months of study based on feeding levels (Maintenance, 0.7 M, 1.4 M, and 1.8M) and age (6 months and 18 months) on fleece growth. The trial was conducted at the khalat-Pushan Research Station, University of Tabriz. The goats allocated to four feeding levels: M (goats fed to maintain live weight, 0.7M (goats fed to lose 3Kg live weight from February to September), 1.4M, and 1.8M (goats fed to gain live weight). Patches of fleece from defined areas were repeatedly shorn at 4 weekly intervals from the right mid side of each goat. For follicle study, in the fist, 120cm2 of left side of animals was marked firstly; then, these region fibers shaved by electrical shaver. Shaving was repeated monthly (for four weeks). Skin biopsy was taken monthly from left mid side of skin of abdomen. samples were fixed in 10% formalin. Paraffinized block were prepared and then, they are sectioned as serial section in 8-micron thickness. Histological sections were stained by sak pic method (reference ????). Results were analyzed by analyses variance and paired t-test.   

This research results, showed that there was no significant effect of feeding level or age on weight of cashmere and hair per area, secondary follicle activity, cashmere length, and yield (P<0.05). Fleece and live weight for young goats were significantly less than that of old goats (P<0.05). Result were appeared that mean cashmere diameters of patch shorn in September of goats fed M, 1.4M and 1.8M were significantly greater than that of goats fed 0.7M (P<0.05). In group feeding more than maintenance requirements, results indicated no increase in cashmere production. Average fiber diameter of cashmere in June was higher than in May. Results of this research indicated that there are not any significant differences between different levels of feeding and age on fiber growth rate (P<0.05). The highest fiber production and the maximum mean of fiber growth rates (1.64 and 1.48 g/120cm2 / 28 days) were observed in June and July. Secondary to primary follicle ratio of all goats was 12.60. Study of secondary follicles ratio showed that different levels of feeding cannot reduce number of secondary follicles. Many researchers reported that increase in feeding levels to over maintenance rate cannot increase cashmere growth rate. This research results confirmed by previous studies. it was reported that feeding limitation can reduce diameter of cashmere, but there is not any increasable effect during over maintenance feeding and an increase in dietary protein. This research indicated that cashmere diameter was more in two-years old goat than one-year old goat cashmere diameter. These   results were similar with reports of Klor et al. (1993), Rafat (1997), and Salehi (1997). Increase in diameter of wool fibers with increasing in the age of animals was reported in sheep and goat. In other studies, it is shown that effect of age on diameter of Norway cashmere goats was significant (P<0.05). Results of our research show that diameter of cashmere in Raeini goats increases at June. Similar results are illustrated in Kerman (with the same age and sex). The weight of produced fibers / body surface was the same in four feeding treatment groups, but diameter of cashmere was different. Numbers of secondary follicles   increased in April. Minimum weight of fibers was observed in April in all of the treatments, which may be because of low activity of follicles in this month. Variation of cashmere diameter and cashmere growth rate can explain differences in total cashmere production. Changes of feeding level from under maintenance to high levels cause increase in cashmere diameter. This study appeared that diameter of cashmere fibers can have reaction to feeding rate. Accordingly, energy has important effect on growth of hair and cashmere. The animals with low energy diet produce low amount of cashmere, Other researchers have opposite idea. According to their statement, there are not any difference in partition for nutrient between primary and secondary follicles. This research result showed that increase feeding cannot increase cashmere production. Jia et al (1995) reported that increase of diet net protein has not any important effect on cashmere goats production in Spain. In other study using unpregnant goat it has been indicated follicular activity and fiber growth is not under influence of pregnancy and milking. However, some researches showed that reproduction condition of animal, as pregnancy and milking, has effect on cashmere fiber growth.  

Generally, results of this study showed Raeini cashmere goats in East – Azarbayjan climate did not show any fundamental changes in diameter and length of cashmere in comparison with Raeini cashmere goats which reared in Kerman province.

Interpersonal problems are an issue that can occur in relation to others. The purpose of this study was the prediction of interpersonal problems based on narcissism and attachment.

The research method was descriptive and correlational type and the statistical population consisted of all residents of Karaj in the summer of 2018. 250 residents of Karaj city were selected through available sampling method from amusement, cultural and artistic centers. They answered Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and entire regression analysis.

The results of this study showed that avoidant attachment (β=0.365, P=0.000) and narcissism (P=0.52, β=0.015) predicted positively and significantly the interpersonal problems.

Of the findings of the present study could conclude that the demonstration of insecure attachment styles, which includes fear of rejection and insecurity, and anger of attachment in relationships in avoidance afflictions, which eventually lead to avoidance and withdrawal of the intimate relationships and the manifestation of a narcissism personality that causes self-righteousness and, as a result, anger, when is ignore and disapprove from the society, leads to ambivalence and sensitivities in relationships and behaviors that imply the lack of socialization of an individual.

Generating hepatocytes with complete liver functions is still a challenge and developing more functional hepatocytes is needed.
To compare various differentiation factors and protocols and introducing a preferable protocol to differentiate human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs).
After 3 days of the endoderm differentiation of hiPSCs, the cells were incubated with 5 hepatocyte differentiation culture media, protocols (P), for 14 days—P1: hepatocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) for the first week and oncostatin-M and dexamethasone for the second week; P2: similar to P1 but FGF4 was used in both the first and second weeks; P3: similar to P1 but FGF-4 was not used; P4: similar to P1 but FGF-4 and dexamethasone were not used; and P5: similar to P1 but FGF-4 and oncostatin-M were not used. After 17 days, characterization was done by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and ELISA.
The mRNA expression levels of hepatocyte markers (albumin, cytokeratin-18, tyrosine aminotransferase, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α, cytochrome-P450 7A1) increased significantly (p Since P3 gave us the best results among all protocols, we recommend it as an efficient protocol to differentiate the functional HLCs from hiPSCs, which can improve cell therapies.

Liver function indices and anti-viral immune regulatory markers can both improve graft outcomes, which lead to better post-transplantation management and increase the possibility of surveillance in liver transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
To determine the association between the interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) mRNA levels and liver enzymes in HBV-infected liver transplant recipients with and without experience of rejection.
A total of 46 chronic HBV-infected patients who had undergone liver transplant surgery was divided into 2 groups of recipients “with rejection” and “without rejection.” Blood samples were collected form each patient on days 1, 4, and 7 post-transplantation. A SYBER GREEN real-time PCR was used to evaluate the expression level of IRF1 in liver recipients. Liver enzyme activities were also measured in all patients.
The expression of IRF1 in the patients with rejection was up-regulated at all 3 follow-up days compared with those without rejection. The serum levels of ALT and AST were more than normal levels at 3 follow-up times in both study groups. Significant differences were found in IRF1 gene expression levels and also serum ALT levels between those with and without rejection after 7 days post-transplantation.
The IRF1 expression and serum ALT levels were increased significantly in patient with rejection compared to those without rejection. IRF1, an inflammatory factor, may also intensify induction of inflammatory pathways in engrafted liver and promote liver inflammation and injuries leading to liver enzymes elevation in patients with graft rejection.

In this paper, a particular propulsion system including, liquid rocket engine, fuel and oxidizer tank and related pressurizing system, have been surveyed. The procedure is based on a nonlinear mathematical model which has been simulated in Matlab Simulation environment. In propulsion systems, identifying system performance is essential, because if we can accept ability describe the dynamic behavior of the system components in nominal and transient regimes, we can reduce the associated costs during design and development. Following, results of Propulsion system hot test are compared with model that shows acceptable accuracy of simulator code. In addition to leading research, how to use this model to identify the causes of failure is shown. Match analysis and compatibility testing, after disassembling objective observations show considerable performance model for similar applications.