javad salmanzadeh

Contemplation and interpretation of the Holy Quran is based on the meanings of the words. Examining the meanings of the words is considered the most fundamental stage of contemplation and interpretation. Therefore, understanding the meanings of the words has a fundamental place in contemplation and interpretation of the Qur'an. Quranic terms have different layers of meanings. These semantic layers are used for the purpose of semantic development. A comprehensive and detailed examination of these terms helps us to discover these layers. In order to carefully investigate these terms, it is necessary to search for the lexical and literal meanings and their semantic components. In order to discover the literal and lexical meanings and semantic components of Quranic terms and words, it is necessary to examine the purpose of each Surah. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, the purpose of Surah Luqman (Arabic: لقمان) is first examined, and then some important words of this Surah are interpreted in the light of its purpose. The literal meanings of the three words Verses (Arabic: آیات), Book (Arabic: الکتاب) and wisdom (Arabic: الحکیم) in Surah Luqman was investigated. In this surah, the Verses refers to the important training principle of sign study (Persian: آیه بینی), the Book emphasizes the important training principle of Source of training and wisdom seeks to express the purposefulness of training and the reliability of the source of training.

In Tadabbor) deliberation (studies, objectivity is considered as the most important and most difficult effort. This importance can be obtained from various methods that "evaluation of topics" is a solid and transparent method within the surah, and it has high credibility depending on the content of the surah and the authenticity of this content. Valuing means determining the importance and position of the subject in the Surah.

  The mentioned research, using the descriptive-analytical method and focusing on the text of the surah, first finds the topic of the surah and after summarizing the topics in categories and contexts using the rules of "elimination" and "combination", the purpose of the surah is revealed.

The output of the method of "evaluating issues" shows that "man's neglect of revealing secrets and God's awareness of man's condition on the Day of Judgment is a source of man's ungratefulness!” that is the main purpose and message of Surah Adiyat.

The monotheistic insight, as the most fundamental theoretical concept, has constructive effects in various aspects of life, and its absence will lead to detrimental consequences. Considering the importance and high status of this concept, the present research tries to deal with its effects in the field of interpretation by introducing this insight as a fundamental and very effective concept. This research, using library and documentary methods, has gathered notes from the interpretive works of Ayatollah Alavi Sabzevari. Through description and analysis of these notes, it has concluded that the monotheistic perspective leaves significant and influential impacts on the field of interpretation. It directs the interpreter's mind towards the most important concepts such as 'divine servitude,' 'monotheistic lordship,' 'priority of religion,' 'guardianship,' 'sincerity,' 'orientation towards the Hereafter,' 'spirituality,' 'faithfulness,' 'justice,' 'sanctity of Quranic words,' and so forth."

Keywords, as an important element of the text, have various uses, one of which is to identify the interpretive tendency of the interpreter. Different interpretive tendencies each have their own evidences and identification in an interpretive text requires spending a lot of time and studying all or most of the text, usually in detail. However, by using key words in less time and with more ease and accuracy, the interpretive tendency of the interpreter will be obtained. In this research, first, by using library and electronic tools, the interpretive text was speed read in order to identify and describe the key words. Then, by designing the semantic network of the key words, it was possible to compare this semantic network with the coordinates of different interpretive tendencies, and in this section, the data analysis and comparison method was also used. The semantic network obtained from the key words indicates the mystical tendency of the interpreter with an emphasis on spirituality and worship.

Understanding hadith is considered as the second source of derivation of religious teachings. In the process of understanding hadith, we are faced with a concept called the family of hadith, which requires special understanding and attention due to its special features such as "multiplicity", "thematic similarity and appropriateness", "comprehensiveness", etc. Therefore, it is necessary to consider a special method to understand it according to the characteristics of the hadith family. Using the descriptive-analytical method, reflecting on the characteristics of the hadith family and comparing the hadiths of the same family, this research has reached findings that are significant for the purpose of understanding the hadith family. These findings show that the understanding of the hadith family is achieved through a three-stage method, which are: "understanding each hadith", "understanding between hadiths" and "summarizing and analyzing the concepts obtained". Carrying out these steps not only gives a correct, accurate and comprehensive understanding of the hadith; But beyond that, it will provide an up-to-date answer to new questions and issues.

Hadith, as the second source in deriving religious rulings and the most extensive source among the four sources, has a high value and use. But this extensive and efficient resource requires factors and tools in validating and implying and requires high effort and accuracy. in implying and understanding the hadith Various tools are involved, and the rules and proofs for understanding hadith are considered the most important tools for understanding hadith, which reveal the correct and precise semantic layers of the text and the and mentalities and thoughts in mind of the author. One of the most important and practical rules in the knowledge of hadith jurisprudence is the rule of Ta’īll, which has been used in a relatively large number of hadiths In a purposeful addition format is used and has significant benefits such as explanation, generalization, allocation, etc. Therefore, the transmitters and jurists have paid special attention to which and have had various uses and interpretations of Ta’īll. Awareness of the perceptions of Ta’īll can reveal the importance of reasoning in understanding the hadith and show how to use Ta’īll to a great extent.

This research aims to explain the uses of the rule of Ta’īll and show how to use it practically through the analytical-descriptive method. The cases of using the Ta’īll rule in narrative and jurisprudential books such as "al-usul al-ama lilfiqh al-muqaran"; "tadhkerat al-fuqahā';  "mabādi' al-usul 'ilā 'ilm al-usul"; “mukhtalif al-shia”; "muntaha al-maṭlab"; "sharh al-urwat al-wuthqā"; "al-Istebṣār"; "madārik al-'aḥkam"; "al-Wāfi"; "biḥār al-anwār";  “Rawdat al-Muttaqin fi Sharh Man La yahudhuruh al-Faqih"; "al-hadayiq al-nādirah"; “Al-Mu’tabar fi Sharh Al-Mukhtasar”; “mashariq al-shumus"; "kitab al-hajj"; “brāhin al-haja lelfuqaha' wa al-hujaj";  “Al-Rawḍa al-bahīyya fī sharḥ al-lumʿat al-Dimashqīyya” ; and some researches related to the Ta’īll rule like “Examination of the Concept of Ta’īll”, “The Method of Ta’īll in the Qur'an”, “Ethical and Educational Ta’īlls of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha”, “Understanding the Legal Ta’īll of the Transmission of Precepts from Nass to Other Cases in the Viewpoints of Islamic Sects”, “The Concept of Ta’īll in the Ethical Proposition of Ta’īll in the Qur'an and Hadith”, and “Types of Application of Analogy in Shia Jurisprudence Based on Jawaharlal Kalam” have been analyzed.

Some of the most important uses of Ta’īll in the understanding of the hadith show that this rule is very important for understanding the text and the intention of the Innocent Transmitter (Ma’sum), and it is used in the generalization of the verdict, the recognition of the verdict, the identification of the Taqiyyah Hadiths, and the preference of the overall meaning over the apparent meaning. However, neglecting the Ta’īll makes the meaning incomplete and imprecise and will make the ruling wrong; In such a way that the understanding and interpretation of hadith will go astray.

Imams, peace be upon them, as transmitters of hadith, have paid great attention to Ta’īll, and this great attention shows and confirms their eloquence and keeping in mind the precise concepts. For this reason, religious textual researchers have hired Ta’īll in the process of discovering the meaning and purpose of hadith in working with narrative texts; They have also paid attention to which in the inference stage of the rulling. This kind of dealing with Ta’īll shows the high position of which in textual research and understanding of hadith. In addition to correct and precise recognition of the verdict, Ta’īll can sometimes generalize the verdict to other cases and examples. It is also helpful in identifying Taqiyyah hadiths.

Surahology is one of the most necessary and appropriate fields of modern studies of Quranic sciences Which explains the verses of the Qur'an in accordance with the order of the Holy Qur'an This brings us closer to discovering the main purpose of the surah In this regard, the present study is descriptive-analytical and data collection by documentary method and using Library resources and data analysis are qualitatively compiled The findings of the research indicate that Surah Al-Isra 'is in four thematic axes Invitation to monotheism and denial of various divinities, falsehoods and expression of falsehoods of the polytheists against God and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon her) And the lack of power and ownership of the gods is with the adjacent surah and its partner It also has seven thematic axes Attention and importance to the character of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) Paying attention to the Jewish story, proving the resurrection, the preference and superiority of the Hereafter over the world, ordering charity and avoiding arrogance and stinginess The expression of the false beliefs of the polytheists and the call to monotheism and the denial of divinity is with surahs.

The singular word "halū’a" in the Qurchr('39')an (Machr('39')arij/ 19), according to some commentators, and as it appears from different lexical and interpretive opinions, is one of the strange and difficult words to understand in the Qurchr('39')an, which its definition as "jazū’a" and "manū’a" in the next two verses has neglected scientists to accurately capture its meaning. The first goal of this research was to discover the main meaning of the "hala’a" and its various manifestations through lexical studies. The main question is how "halū’a" is related to "jaza’a" and "man’a", especially in their exaggerated form. The two well-known meanings and interpretations of halū’a, as "intensity of impatient" and "intensity of greed", fail to establish this connection. The present study by descriptive and analytic method clarifies that the central meaning of halū’a is "emptiness of the source from strength" which is accompanied by weakness on the one hand and on the other hand it appears in two branches: "lightness" and "severe hunger". Each of these is accompanied by a kind of restlessness and movement and in the presence of accelerating factors, various manifestations of speed, seriousness, exaggeration, etc. are manifested in this substance. In the Qurchr('39')an, halū’a is used for an anxious person devoid of faith, and refers to his exaggerated and intense action to evil and good; It means it has no direct relationship to the meaning of "jaza’a" and "man’a".

Educational narrations are one of the most important narrations that answer many complex educational problems. Among these narrations, the narrations of "the duration of the first period of education" are among the fundamental narrations that are effective and decisive in other educational narrations. These narrations determine two time periods of six years and seven years for the first period of education. The variety and difference between the two periods of six years and seven years indicate the existence of a conflict between these narrations. The present study intends to resolve the existing conflict by using the rules and regulations of conflict resolution and documentary research. Careful study of these narrations shows that the existing conflict is related to the fluctuation of the first period of education in different people and this fluctuation is due to educational factors such as "genetics", "environment" and the effect of "gender differences" in growth. And seven years, respectively, determine the minimum and maximum length of the first training period for different people in different situations.

in emerging interpretive trends such as "structural interpretation" and "contemplation in the Qur'an", the surah is considered as a continuous whole, whose words, phrases, and verses are gathered around a central theme and speak of this central theme. In this comprehensive and coherent view of the surah, the central issue has a special place and plays a strategic role in understanding the surah. By accepting the importance and strategic position of the focal point in understanding Sur, this research seeks to provide a method and methods for identifying and finding it in Sur started with an oath. The presented method is designed in two stages: "Identifying the divider (answer to the part)" and "Positioning the divider (answer to the part) in the content of the surah". This method has been obtained by a case study of some verses of the surah beginning with the oath and provides a uniform, comprehensive and coherent understanding of the surah for the commentator. This method has been evaluated for verification in Surah Toor and its correctness and accuracy have been proved in this test. At the end of the article, some of the harms of neglecting the focal point are mentioned.

In his sequence of revelation theory, Noldeke uses various tools to discover the sequence of revelation. One of his most utilized and basic tools is "style". The present paper seeks to identify and study Noldeke's use of this tool with a descriptive-analytical method. It explains and evaluates his understanding of the "style" and its application in this theory. The study shows that he considers the "style" as a way of expressing the meaning, purpose, and type of expressions used in the text. He uses "style" to determine the four-phase chronology of his theory, to separate some verses from surah, and to detect how a surah is descended. He also uses it as an instrument to testify other tools for discovering the sequence of revelation. However, his method to use "style" for discovering the sequence of revelation is incomplete and inaccurate, which has prevented Noldeke from achieving true and accurate results.

Noldeke’s theory of “descending order” is one of the most important views among Orientalists and his own, which, due to being detailed and having influence on other Orientalists’ Quranic studies, has ascended to a special position in the field of Qur’anic studies. However, among the scientific endeavors about Noldeke’s views and his theories, there is no writing that surveys and criticizes his method. Because of the importance of this theory and lack of researches regarding the pathology of it, the present paper aims to identify one of its methodological characteristics, i.e. “the extreme use of the length of the verse in discovering the order of descending”, then by tracking it through symmetrizing and collecting signs, it would find the causes and factors of this method of using the length of the verse. In this descriptive-analytic essay two factors of Noldeke’s Quantity-Orientation basis and being affected by German scientific discourse in the 19th and 20th centuries, are introduced as main causes of the extreme use of the length of the verse. As the intellectual principle of Quantity-Orientation leads the studies to quantitative and numerical elements such as the length of the verse, and the scientific discourse undoubtedly will have its effect on the trend of science

The revelation of the noble Quran has been in two manners: gradually and suddenly. The gradual revelation of the noble Quran has been in this way that every time a part of the noble Quran was revealed to the holy prophet. Every part of the noble Quran which is revealed to the holy prophet is a unit of the revelation. The revelation of these units in every Quranic revelation has been purposeful and meaningful (consequential) which they have been defined based on the necessity of the circumstances of the revealed union and the guidance purpose of the noble Quran. Therefore, the exploration of theses revealed units is a prior act for determining the goal of its revelation. The units of the revelation can be known through the different methods and with different tools. But the most original method to know the units of the revelation is lingual method. This method uses the different tools such as verbal, semantic and verbal-semantic. This research tries to present the verbal tools which the units of the revelation can be identified by them in order to determine the limit and boundary of the revelation of the Quranic verses.

This paper presents the petrographic examination results on the thirteen pottery sherds from the first season of excavation of Tepe Gratziani in Sistan plain. In order to specify whether the pottery were local or imported، conducted experiments have been performed by polarizing microscope of Jame Swift Model in the petrographic lab of the Institute of Cultural Heritage which based on the review of test results and geological map of the area. It became clear that the source of all the pottery is local and also the remained structure of kilns demonstrates the local production of Tepe Gratziani’s pottery. Sections of examining pottery sherds show that the baking temperature has not been more than 800 centigrade due to the presence of Meekers “tiny calcite crystals” with less than 4 microns in size as well as the presence of Asparay “coarse calcite crystal” in the pottery sections.