mohammad ali talebi

In recent decades, academic migration has emerged as a pivotal trend in higher education, with students increasingly pursuing studies abroad. In Iran, approximately 23,000 international students are enrolled, predominantly from Afghanistan (Mousavi, 2019). UNESCO data from 2013 indicates that around 17,000 Afghan students were studying overseas, with 53% enrolled in Iranian institutions (Staff, 2016). Given the unique challenges migrant students face in foreign academic environments, understanding their self-concept is critical. Self-concept, encompassing an individual's positive or negative beliefs about themselves, significantly influences their social and psychological adjustment (Hosseinian, Ghasemzadeh, Anousheh, & Rasouli, 2014). Factors such as family dynamics, educational settings, peer feedback, and cultural values shape self-concept (Abouei, 2019).Quality of life, a multifaceted construct, includes physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and health-related dimensions, influenced by social interactions and personal competencies (Rajabli, 2019). Research highlights a connection between self-concept and quality of life (Vaquero-Solís et al., 2021; Mirakbarzadeh, Khanjarkhani, & Nastizaei, 2020; Sanei & Raeisoun, 2020). Similarly, social skills—behaviors that foster positive interpersonal relationships—impact both self-concept and quality of life (Daneshfar, 2013; Seraj Amani, 2015).While prior studies have explored the relationships between self-concept and quality of life or self-concept and social skills independently, no research has concurrently examined the interplay of these three variables among Afghan students. This study addresses the question: How does self-concept influence the quality of life and social skills of Afghan students at Birjand University?This study tests the following hypotheses:Self-concept is significantly associated with quality of life.Self-concept is significantly associated with social skills.Self-concept is significantly associated with both quality of life and social skills.

This study utilized a correlational research design with a convenience sampling approach. The population comprised all Afghan students enrolled at various academic levels at Birjand University, totaling 470 students. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 212 Afghan students participated in the study. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale is a 100-item questionnaire employing a 5-point Likert scale (Jamaluddin, Ahmad, Yusuf, & Abdullah, 2009, cited in Safaei, 2010). It has demonstrated robust validity and reliability across studies, with reported reliability coefficients of 0.92 (Hines, 1989), 0.82 (Rezazadeh Bahadoran, cited in Chenari, 1995), 0.74 (Mahmoudi, 1998), 0.80 (Houshmand, 1997, cited in Safaei, 2010), 0.83 (Moradi, 2002), and 0.98 (Rabiei-Nejad, Kajbaf, Mazaheri, Talebi, & Abedi, 2015). The Quality-of-Life Questionnaire consists of 26 items across four domains. Reliability coefficients for each domain are as follows: Physical Health (0.77 and 0.75), Psychological Health (0.77 and 0.76), Social Relationships (0.75 and 0.70), and Environmental Health (0.84 and 0.79) (Nejat, Montazeri, Holakouie, et al., 2006, cited in Khalilzadeh Behrouzian & Ahmadi, 2013). The Inderbirtzen and Foster Social Skills Questionnaire had 39-item questionnaire features six response options and includes two subscales: positive behaviors and negative behaviors. The overall reliability is 0.84, with subscale reliabilities of 0.90 for positive behaviors and 0.72 for negative behaviors. The internal consistency is 0.88, and the questionnaire exhibits satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity (Daneshfar, 2013).

To test the research hypotheses, multivariate regression analysis was conducted using the simultaneous method. The assumptions of univariate and multivariate normality, linearity, homogeneity of variance, and absence of multicollinearity were verified and met, allowing the regression analysis to proceed. The results for the three hypotheses are as follows:Hypothesis 1: Quality of life components explained 29% of self-concept variance.Hypothesis 2: Social skills components explained 31% of self-concept variance.Hypothesis 3: Quality of life and social skills components together explained 45% of self-concept variance.All three regression models were statistically significant (F-tests, p<0.001), confirming a significant relationship between the predictor variables and self-concept. Analysis of regression coefficients showed:For Hypothesis 1, all quality-of-lifecomponentswere significant (t-tests, p<0.05).For Hypothesis 2, all social skills components were significant (t-tests, p<0.05).For Hypothesis 3, physical health, social relationships, and negative behaviors were significant (t-tests, p<0.05).Only statistically significant components meaningfully contributed to predicting self-concept in each model.

The findings confirm all the three hypotheses of the study. Self-concept is significantly related to quality of life. Self-concept is significantly related to social skills. And finally, self-concept is significantly related to both quality of life and social skills combined.

South Khorasan has been known for a long time as one of the regions with a rich cultural history and human resources due to its cultural history and the importance it has attached to the acquisition of science and knowledge. This article is written with the aim of identifying and developing a social and cultural strategic plan for the media under the supervision of the General Department of Culture and Islamic Guidance in South Khorasan. The research method of this article is qualitative and with SWOT analysis with the help of media and press reporters, bloggers and media activists. The province has been done. Based on this, the mission of the media of the province is: empowering, dynamism and promotion of the media of South Khorasan province in the field of science and technology based on the statement of the second step of the revolution, the cultural engineering map and the development vision document of 1404 of the Islamic Republic in order to increase public trust, media literacy. E, the participation of the general public and the development of Iranian-Islamic culture is defined. Based on this mission, three visions have been defined for the province, empowering the driving dynamics of the province's media in the field of science and technology, increasing public trust, media literacy, public participation, and the development of Iranian-Islamic culture are part of this vision. In each perspective, strategic goals have been developed that can meet the needs of the media under the supervision of the General Department of Culture and Islamic Guidance of South Khorasan for a 5-year plan.

Introduction Management is the most key factor in the life, growth, and flourishing or destruction of organizations. Also, organizations are one of the essential social foundations in today’s society. The manager guides the process of transitioning from the current state to the desired state and is constantly striving to create a better future (Rashid Farokhi, 2008, p. 58). The negative effects of appointing non-local managers over the past decade in South Khorasan have been seen as one of the factors affecting the region’s underdevelopment. Although local and non-local managers have engaged in many successful and unsuccessful experiences, local managers have performed better under comparable conditions. South Khorasan has been the birthplace, growth, and flourishing ground for various scientific, literary, and executive individuals and has always been ahead in providing human resources for neighboring provinces. The successful experiences of local managers, the increasing number of non-local managers in the province, the slow pace of development, and the potential role of non-local managers are logical reasons for conducting this research. The current reality in various private and public organizations indicates that managing these organizations has become increasingly challenging (Babaie, 2008). In management, the term competence means “personal and organizational characteristics based on skills, knowledge, and the abilities that empower a person to perform the tasks assigned to them.” When competency criteria are established, the selection of managers is carried out based on these criteria (Ghasemi et al., 2014, p. 25). The present article answers this question:How does the appointment of non-local managers in South Khorasan affect local social development? Methodology The research method employed in this study is qualitative, utilizing thematic analysis. To ensure the validity of the research, all interviewees were observed and given opportunities to provide feedback throughout the process, in line with the principles outlined by Krusel and Miller (2000). Participants shared their opinions on any changes or modifications made to the coding. The study also employed techniques such as constant data comparison, note-taking, and ongoing analysis during data collection. Once the codes were extracted, a member check was conducted by randomly selecting six individuals from the research population to evaluate whether the codes aligned with their perspectives. After the interviews, the extracted codes were sent to the interviewees via email or delivered in person, as agreed upon beforehand, allowing them to review and reinterpret the data. To further enhance the validity of these codes, they were randomly sent to other interviewees over 20 to 30 days to gather additional feedback. For the analysis, interviews that were recorded or handwritten were transcribed into Word files, and the coding was carried out using MAXQDA software. Coding plays a crucial role in helping the researcher address key research questions, and it is performed in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding, with open coding being the most fundamental. According to Mansourian (2014), at this stage, codes should be generated without any constraints. FindingsThe findings suggest that local managers are well-equipped to address development challenges due to their deep understanding of the province's issues, a more profound connection to the community and geography, genuine concern for the well-being of local residents, and their ability to foster regional synergy and collaboration. Their decision-making tends to be more compassionate and forward-thinking, driven by their expertise, skills, and experience. However, some argue that the distinction between local and non-local managers is less important than their qualifications. Factors such as education, knowledge, creativity, expertise, empathy, commitment, and decision-making abilities are considered more crucial for effective management. According to the interviews, the reasons for appointing non-local managers can be summarized as follows: the lack of succession planning, shortages in expertise and skills among local individuals, a security and politically driven perspective among decision-makers and appointing authorities, the desire to prevent the expansion of networks and favoritism within administrations, the absence of unity among existing forces, groups, and individuals in the province, a bias towards outsiders among the people, meritocracy, governmental policies, indifference and lack of social sensitivity, non-local managers being at the top of power hierarchies under the influence of higher-ranking provincial managers, recommendations from certain oversight and security agencies, the persistence of political and social currents, the significant role of non-local economic cartels and investors, public silence, the lack of personal charisma, and the ineptitude of some provincial representatives.Discussion and Conclusion In this study, the statements of experts regarding the appointment of managers were examined. One of the reasons for supporting the appointment of local managers in the province is the consideration of their personal, managerial, and executive competencies, as well as their effectiveness. According to qualitative interviews, local managers are capable of addressing development challenges because they have a better understanding of the province’s issues, society, and geography. They also have genuine concern for the people of the province and possess the ability to create local and regional synergy. Local managers are perceived to have more expertise, skills, experience, and a more compassionate and forward-thinking approach to decision-making. However, some believe that the distinction between local and non-local managers is irrelevant; what matters is the manager's expertise, with important factors such as sufficient knowledge, creativity, specialization, commitment, and decision-making power being prioritized. The analysis of the interviews suggests that public reactions and demands regarding the appointment of non-local managers are very weak. The reasons for this decline include superficial opposition, short-term and weak demands, lack of strong advocacy for non-local managers (strategically), absence of a culture of demanding accountability, lack of strong and unified political lobbying, and the tendency of the local population to favor outsiders. Social accountability is one of the prominent features of rights-based societies. Unlike duty-based societies, rights-based societies demand accountability, responsiveness, and the fulfillment of their needs from the government, thus obligating the government to respond.According to the findings, the challenges in appointing local managers can be summarized as follows: most people seek the appointment of qualified and experienced local managers, but there is resistance from various groups, political factions, ethnic viewpoints, and a lack of unity among political and non-political forces. Additionally, there is a lack of self-confidence, weak lobbying power at higher levels, narrow-mindedness, and internal conflicts among prominent individuals. Other challenges include high expectations from people of the same ethnicity, group favoritism, division and disunity, lack of managerial self-confidence among local experts and middle managers, lack of boldness, the inability of provincial parliamentary representatives to support local managers, lack of media support, potential obstacles in approval processes, and regional demands for power-sharing from political groups.AcknowledgmentWe express our sincere gratitude to all those who collaborated with us in conducting the interviews.

The Covid-19 pandemic closed schools and other educational centers, and virtual education replaced face-to-face education. The sudden transfer of education from school to home created many challenges for teaching and learning. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the challenges of virtual education during the covid-19 pandemic from the perspective of parents of elementary school students. The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The statistical population of the research was all the parents of students in South Khorasan province in the academic year of 2021-2022, in the number of 91,874 people, and the data obtained by the purposeful snowball sampling method and by conducting semi-structured interviews with 51 of the parents of the students were saturated. They reached an opinion. To analyze the data, the seven-step strategy of Colizzi (2002) and MAXQDA11 software were used. To validate the research data, the four criteria of Guba and Lincoln (1985) were used. Finally, 88 open codes were extracted. By examining the interviews of the participants and analyzing the codes, the experiences of parents of elementary school students were categorized in the form of four main themes, including challenges related to the environment and infrastructure, students, parents and teachers. The results, while explaining the necessity of paying attention to virtual education and its basic challenges, make this important to education administrators to take fundamental steps in order to solve these challenges.

Investigation of social factors affecting media literacy in Shabestan news agency Subject of study: Media associates in the provinces (North Khorasan, South Khorasan and Razavi)abstractabstractIn a world that is surrounded by media, the discussion of media literacy is an inevitable necessity for both the general public and the media. In the meantime, Shabestan News Agency has received special attention due to its expansion in national and regional dimensions and its activity in the cultural and social sphere with a religious approach. This article aims to investigate the social factors affecting media literacy in the Shabestan news agency under study: media associates in the provinces (North Khorasan, South Khorasan and Razavi) using a mixed method. . In the quantitative part of the media literacy questionnaire, the total number of journalists and news managers in the three mentioned provinces using the Taman media literacy questionnaire (1995) and in the qualitative part during an in-depth interview with experts in the field of journalism (14 people) 114 concepts have been extracted from journalists and activists in the field of news. The results showed: Journalists with high media literacy are less influenced by media news because they identify the news well and analyze the news and prepare news that is far more effective. Emphasis on the continuous training of journalists, media literacy training for the general public and preventing the publication of false news are some of the suggestions derived from this research. Keywords: media literacy, journalists, Shabestan news agency, Khorasan porvince.

The purpose of this article is the relationship between cultural capital and health-oriented lifestyle, emphasizing the theory of Bourdieu and Cockerham. The purpose of this article is the relationship between cultural capital and health-oriented lifestyle, emphasizing the theory of Bourdieu and Cockerham. In terms of method, a quantitative approach based on a survey strategy (descriptive-correlation), relying on a standardized questionnaire based on a Likert scale (1 to 7) among 406 citizens aged 20 to 49 in Damghan city as a simple random sampling at the level of the city’s neighbourhoods Damghan findings have been collected. Cronbach’s alpha of the whole questionnaire was equal to (0.930) and the total convergent validity was equal to (0.526). The reliability coefficient of the health-oriented lifestyle variable is equal to (0.930) and the convergent validity value of this variable is (0.540), and for the cultural capital variable, the alpha value is equal to (0.793) and the convergent validity value is (0.508). From the results of descriptive and inferential statistics based on Spss software, the findings have been analysed. Descriptive findings indicate that the averages of the state of cultural capital (4.52) and health-oriented lifestyle (4.29) among the citizens were moderately high, and among the components of the research variables, the component of interpersonal relations (72. 4) and the Institutionalized capital component (5.22) has been more important. The variables of age group, educational group, economic and social base (class) had a significant relationship with the research variables. The results of Pearson correlation (0.588) showed that the relationship between the main variables was medium, positive and significant, and also the assumed relationship between the components of the independent variable and the dependent variable was medium, positive and significant. In the end, cultural assets as tangible goods can be the determining factors of benefiting from healthy life opportunities and the basic choice of factors within the structural framework of a health-oriented lifestyle.

Geoelectrical methods are considered common subsurface geophysical imaging tools that provide significant insight into the electrical properties of targets. Considering the three-dimensional nature of subsurface structures, geoelectrical survey data and their 3D inverted models can yield reliable and accurate results. In this research, using an unstructured tetrahedral meshing, three-dimensional forward and inverse models of electrical resistivity and chargeability data were performed for geological structures with travertine layers.  The Application of the unstructured mesh for the discretization of subsurface geological units increases the speed and accuracy of the modelling procedure, as well as the flexibility in designing and implementing meshing on tough topographies and the complex-shaped geometry of the target mass. Using an open-source and full-item Python software named ResIPy, the forward and inverse models were calculated and interpreted precisely. According to the geological background of the studied area, to investigate the applicability and efficiency of the 3D geoelectrical modelling method in imaging the subsurface travertine deposits, three synthetic scenarios were modeled according to the geological setting of the studied area.  The results of the 3D inversion of the synthetic models indicated the accuracy and validity of this procedure in the exploration of underground travertine deposits. As a real case study, the electrical resistivity and chargeability survey datasets in the Atashkohe travertine mine were inverted in 3D, aimed to inferring schematic geological sections along the three surveyed profiles. The survey was conducted with electrode spacing of 10 and 15 meters, using a combination of dipole-dipole and pole-dipole arrays. Considering the two-dimensional nature of these data and the relatively large distance between the two main profiles, the three-dimensional inversion results may increase the error rate. Therefore, the 2D batch inversion was preferably utilized in order to obtain a more realistic and sensible geological model. According to the geological studies and instrumental analysis of the rock samples, three types of geological structures were identified throughout the study area. Based on the subsurface electrical characteristics inferred along each profile, three geological layers were designed to illustrate the underground structures. The comparison of the inferred geological models and the drilling results along one of the survey profiles demonstrated acceptable compatibility and concordance, indicating the efficiency of the research utilized approach.

The family is the most important social unit that has many effects on the health of the society and the continuity of childbearing. The first pillar of family formation is marriage and the most vulnerable issue for both the family and the society is divorce. Considering the importance of this topic, the current research was conducted with the aim of studying the social, cultural and economic causes affecting divorce among the experts, the most effective and the most informed of the tasmim system in the city of Birjand in the year 1400. This research is of an applied type and based on the type The approach has a qualitative approach.The studied community is a range of experts, professors and psychologists, judges and other people involved in the issue of divorce, who were investigated in the form of a targeted sampling of 19 people by the in-depth interview method and data analysis was also done with the help of MAXDA software. And it was done based on three methods of free, central and selective coding proposed in the grounded theory method. Finally, 26 main categories have been found according to the subject including social and cultural causes in the field of divorce, which according to regional, cultural conditions and religion of South Khorasan province, some of the most discussed causes of divorce among the sample population include addiction, infidelity, economic issues such as financial problems, forced and imposed marriages, adherence to the traditional culture of marriage and divorce,

The study area is situated near to the city of Nimvar, 15 km east of Mahallat, in Markazi Province. This area is located at the border of two structural zones of Sanandaj-Sirjan and Urmia-Dokhtar in terms of the geological division. The exposed geological units in the study area often include shale, marl, sandstone, conglomerate, and limestone sequences with strata extending (north)west- (south)east and a slope to the northeast. The low-slope Plio-Quaternary travertine stone has sporadically occurred within these geological units as an unconformity unit. In first step of geophysical investigations, to evaluate the efficiency of the geoelectric method, laboratory measurements of the electrical resistivity property were performed on the samples taken from the travertine stone and associated tailings. As the laboratory results in differentiating geological units on the basis of electrical properties were acceptable, then electrical resistivity and induced polarization surveys using a combination of dipole-dipole and pole-dipole electrode arrays were carried out in Atashkooh travertine area. These surveys were conducted along three survey lines using electrode spacings of 10 and 15 meters, and as a result, 850 electrical measurements were collected by using Canadian GDD geoelectric measuring equipment with a power of 3600 watts. The ultimate goal of this study is to explore possible travertine depositsthat are buried under an overburden layer or soil and tailings from old mining activities. After processing observations, the raw electrical data, obtained along each survey line, were inverted to image possible two-dimensional (2D) zones of travertine lens occurrence. The results of the 2D inverse modeling were also visualized in three-dimensional (3D) form to better capture the geological trend of the sedimentary units. Considering the electrical resistivity values of various geological units in the Atashkooh area and constructing a blocky model across each survey line, and also, estimating the values of resistivity and chargeability, a geological model was attributed individually to each survey line. Due to high electrical resistivity values of the travertine outcrops, we could only detect one target along the first survey line at a depth of 15 to 20 m that subsequently needed to be excavated for more details. In addition, the quality of the proposed geological models, based on the geophysical investigations, was confirmed by digging two exploratory boreholes in the area. The results indicate that the geoelectric surveys yield valuable information for the exploration of travertine building stones.

Risky behaviors refer to behaviors that increase the possibility of negative and destructive physical, psychological, and social outcomes for a person; Because adolescence is a critical period of life, social, economic and family factors play an important role in the behavioral bias of these people. Recognizing wrong behavior patterns and avoiding these behaviors in teenagers will lead to providing a healthy life and gaining health and empowerment of this group; Therefore, in this research, parental supervision and relationships with peers have been investigated as predictors of high-risk behaviors. This research is on 258 female students of the second year of high school in Birjand city, which was conducted by simple random and correlational method, as well as Mohammadizadeh's high-risk behavior questionnaires (IARS), Singer's parental supervision and Hudson's peer relations (IPR), in order to SPSS software was also used to analyze the results. According to the results obtained from the regression, it can be said that parental supervision is a predictor of the tendency towards the opposite sex, smoking and relationships, or sexual behavior and relationships with peers predict the tendency towards drugs and psychotropic substances, the tendency towards the opposite sex and smoking. Also, according to the Pearson correlation coefficient, an overlap between the variables of high-risk behaviors has been seen. It should be noted here that the obtained results are true only for the girls of Birjand city. In the gender group of boys or in areas with different cultures, it is possible to find contradictory results with the results of the present study.

The consequences of global climate change that Iran and other countries are now facing are the pressures and stresses that have been placed on terrestrial ecosystems, especially forests. This is a serious threat to the extinction of many species. Evaluation of plant functional traits changes along height from sea level gradient is very useful in order to understand the adaptation of communities and their response to the environment in climate change. The purpose of this study was to understand the trend of changes in leaf morphological traits and also to investigate the segregation of populations of three important broadleaf species of Hyrcanian forests in the altitude gradient.

For this purpose, five populations at altitudes of 300, 600, 1200, 900 and 1500 m above sea level in the forests of Neka region were selected according to the natural distribution of the studied species. Leaf sampling was performed in four directions and in the middle of tree canopies and seven leaf morphological traits were measured and calculated. Data were processed using analysis of variance, Duncan multiple comparisons and diagnostic analysis.

The results of analysis of variance showed that all leaf traits of all three species have significant differences between different classes of altitude. The trend of changes in the traits of the three species in the altitude gradient was different. Diagnostic analysis of traits in altitude classes performed grouping of the individuals with high accuracy for all three species. The results of this study showed that among the leaf morphological traits of all three species of oak, hornbeam and beech in response to altitude, the traits of leaf area, perimeter, length and width are considered as the best traits.

In general, considering the trend of changes in leaf morphological traits of species in the altitude gradient based on the nature of the species in the study area and good detection of phenotypic differences of populations by Diagnostic analysis concludes that the forces of natural selection in order to adapt and develop the populations of these three species in the altitude gradient of this region, have a good effect on leaf characteristics and have caused the separation of populations. Also, the leaf area trait was introduced as the most effective applied trait and the difference in height of 300 meters was proposed as hypothetical boundaries of the separation of altitude provenance of all three species. Therefore, with the help of the findings of this study, the stability of separate populations of all three species against some consequences of climate change can be evaluated and also in choosing the optimal forest management method to protect the genetic resources of species and improving risk prevention management can be used.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the social harms of Mehrshahr as one of the neighborhoods where different social strata live. The research method is research-applied and the statistical population of this research includes women heads of households under welfare support and the Imam Khomeini (RA) Relief Committee in Mehrshahr, Birjand. Among the statistical population, 130 people were selected using Cochran's formula as a sample using random sampling method. The research tool was researcher-made questionnaires that examined social harms, social status and the functioning of the police force. The data was analyzed using comprehensive statistical software and regression correlation coefficient and path analysis, and in the research results, it was found that the police force can be effective in reducing the social damage of both groups of these women.

In the present age, when the influx of different information and messages has affected different aspects of people's lives, media literacy is a social need for young people. The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between media literacy and critical thinking and social skills among undergraduate students of the Payame Noor University of South Khorasan. This article is a quantitative field survey method and, in terms of purpose, it is considered as applied research. For data collection, three standard questionnaires for media literacy, Falsafi (1393), Retex (2005) and the social skills questionnaire Matson et al. (1983) were used. Sampling has been done in an accessible way and by publishing a link to answer the questionnaires in cyberspace. The results showed that media literacy has a significant relationship with critical thinking and social skills and its components can explain the above variables. There was also no difference between the male and female students in media literacy, critical thinking and social skills. Due to the difference in media literacy between the undergraduate and graduate students, it was suggested to hold media literacy training workshops to promote critical thinking and social skills to strengthen students' social skills and critical thinking.

Ignorance and non-observance of the rules and regulations set in any society will lead to many problems and negative consequences for that society. One of the most important rules in today's society is related to driving and how to use vehicles. One of the most obvious and obvious examples of lawlessness is the non-use of helmets, which occurs by motorcycle drivers and residents of this category of vehicles. In this article, the causes and factors of lawlessness of motorcyclists in South Khorasan province with the focus on not wearing helmets have been investigated and identified. This research is descriptive, explanatory and applied in terms of survey nature and purpose. The method of data collection was library and field method and the required data for this research were obtained by survey method and by preparing a questionnaire and distributing it among the target community. The subjects of this research are hesitant motorcycle drivers in Birjand, applicants for driving licenses in motorcycle schools, applicants for theoretical and practical exams for motorcycle licenses, and motorcycle drivers who refer to +10 police offices who come to clear their motorcycles. The findings of this study show that there is a significant relationship between motorcyclists' lawlessness in Birjand and cultural and educational factors, structural factors and also environmental and economic factors affect people's lawlessness.

Although more than five decades have passed since the introduction of good urban governance as the superior method of managing urban affairs, this model has not been realized in Iranian cities, especially in middle cities. Existing studies indicate the role of political, institutional, structural, managerial and cultural factors in this inefficiency. However, a review of research related to the pathology of good urban governance reveals three gaps in studies in this area. First, the challenges of not achieving good urban governance are often overlooked or ignored at the level of small and medium-sized cities. Second, existing studies in the pathology of non-realization of urban governance have mentioned obstacles that are themselves the result of underlying conditions and other structural factors that these factors and conditions have not been carefully studied. Also, the existing studies have not looked at the issue of governance through the lens of urban development policy and have paid no attention to the context and context of urban policy in the pathology of good urban governance. Therefore, in the present study, the pathology of good urban governance from the perspective of its institutionalization in the management system and policy-making of middle cities has been studied with a case study of Neyshabur city.

The methodological approach of the research is of a qualitative type based on semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists familiar with the subject in the city of Neyshabor, which has been implemented through 30 interviews. The process was done in such a way that first the specialists who had the highest level of knowledge and experience in the field of good urban governance and were also familiar with the issues and problems of Neyshabor were identified. Then, by conducting a semi-structured interview with six open-ended questions, the contexts and factors affecting the inefficiency of good urban governance at both macro (country level) and local (Neyshabor city) levels were discussed. In terms of institutional status, the members of the experts consist of three groups, including academic experts, managers and specialists based in organizations related to Neyshabor urban management, and activists of non-governmental organizations and NGOs. The interview questions, based on the urban development policy-making system, study both macro and local factors affecting the lack of good urban governance. The data analysis method is based on qualitative content analysis techniques, including step-by-step coding, which was completed at the end through a documentary method and matching and referring to existing research. Step coding consists of three main ones, each of which is identified by a type of code. Descriptive codes include initial categories that are derived directly from the content analysis of interviews. Interpretive codes are the result of merging and categorizing the initial categories, and finally, explanatory codes include fundamental factors. In this study, the step-by-step coding process was performed in reverse over three rounds.

Based on the obtained results, the factors affecting the non-realization of good urban governance in Neyshabor include 87 initial categories, 11 interpretive codes and 4 explanatory codes. Interpretive codes include such as institutional weaknesses, politicization of the urban development process, inefficiency of legal and judicial mechanisms governing the country's urban planning system, inefficiency of mechanisms for monitoring the urban development process, lack of integrated urban management system, organizational management weaknesses, profiteering, awareness and education weakness, weak relationships between actors and stakeholders, economic and technological weaknesses. Explanatory codes were classified into four main areas: "structural barriers", "individual barriers", "communication action barriers" and "infrastructural barriers". A significant point in the pathology of the lack of good urban governance is that first, more attention should be paid to the fundamental and root factors and not only to obvious and superficial ones such as weak participation, weak citizenship culture, lack of integrated management and etc. are not enough and the role of macro-structures reproducing these factors should not be overlooked. Second, all factors and contexts lead to the strengthening of each other in a cohesive and integrated manner and turn the realization of urban governance into a confusing mess.

The results of this study made it clear that the failure to achieve good urban governance is primarily rooted in structural barriers that include institutional, political, legal, regulatory and managerial structures. Each of these dimensions, in turn, indicates major weaknesses in urban development policy and management models. Therefore, overcoming the existing challenges in the urban management system of the country is possible only by making fundamental changes in these macro-structures. Besides structural barriers, three other areas, namely, individual barriers, communication action barriers and infrastructural barriers, were also considered in this study, and in general, an attempt was made to diagnose good urban governance with a newer and more up-to-date classification. The complexity of the factors of lack of good urban governance and their interaction with each other concerning political, social, economic and institutional contexts, makes the implementation of good urban governance in practice a major challenge for the country's cities and despite numerous studies, remains as an attractive slogan to justify the actions of city managers. Finally, based on the results of the present study, it should be acknowledged that the realization of good urban governance first requires requirements that these ones are in the structural field to affect other dimensions of urban management inefficiency, to be able to institutionalize model good urban governance in middle cities.

Coexistence is an issue that has always existed throughout history, and human beings have always sought to find ways and means of living peacefully together. In past societies, the diversity of cultures, languages, ethnicities, as well as other elements of social life was less, and tolerating each other's differences and beliefs was not an important issue; But with the growth and expansion of communication in all fields, on the one hand, cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity has increased, and on the other hand, the amount of interactions and attitudes of individuals has doubled. Therefore, tolerating the beliefs, customs and cultures of other groups will be of great importance. The present study has been done with a descriptive and analytical approach with a documentary-library method and the results show that political, social and moral-behavioral tolerance are the most important in society. The relationship between religiosity and social tolerance has also been examined.

Jokes are considered as examples of subculture in a society, and they represent different social meanings and concepts. Among them, gender jokes represent social attitude of the society toward gender category. As Iranian people in one hand, have the advantage of utilizing modern telecommunication tools such as smart phones and therefore they use messaging apps such as Telegram and  on the other hand, exchange jokes widely in this messaging apps. , these jokes should be studied and considered more than before. This study is a qualitative one and it uses a netnography as its methodology. By applying a social constructive theory, this study compares different gender jokes posted in messaging app namely Telegram. The results of studying jokes in three Telegram channels after filtering that were evaluated in June 2018 showed that 50% of jokes were gender jokes and considering their form, they were mostly verbal jokes; jokes related to women were almost twice as many as jokes related to men in all three channels. Topics of gender constructions for men were related to sexuality and for women they were related to gender stereotypes including "making fool of women", "excessive use of make-up", "eagerness to get married", "inability to drive", "being forced to do household chores", and "irritability". These concepts are somehow redefining women's social role in current social conditions.

The media along with modern technologies have been influential in the transformation of the cultural and social characteristics of a society. In this regard, humor and irony on general and jokes as a part of sub-culture may be effective in the process of social change. In the light of the extension of virtual space and various messengers including telegram, this space, with respect to its potentials, has created remarkable communications and mutual interactions between social context and its output. Restriction policies of virtual space and the use of symbolic violence has led to some changes in the action of telling-jokes. The present article, is based on a descriptive-analytical approach and uses a combined research methodology. Hence, in quantitative section, experts have analyzed explorative factors among the samples. In qualitative section, netnographic method has been used to compare different jokes in virtual space before and after the telegram filtering. Finally, the jokes has been analyzed using Raymond Boudon’s metatheory and Pierre Bourdieu’s symbolic violence. The results of the present study suggest that the filtering of telegram not only did not reduce the jokes intensity and effectiveness, but resulted in the enhancement of black jokes especially associated with sex category andthe reduction of the white jokes aiming at mere laughter. Furthermore, communicative and access challenges contributed to the change of jokes from pictorial to written form.

This study was conducted to investigate the performance of growth and carcass traits of Lori-Bakhtiari (L), Romanov×Lori-Bakhtiari (F1RL), Pakistani×Lori-Bakhtiari (F1PL), (Pakistani×Lori-Bakhtiari)×(Romanov×Lori-Bakhtiari) (¼P¼R½L) and (Romanov×Lori-Bakhtiari)×(Romanov×Lori-Bakhtiari) (F2RL) crossbred lambs. Carcass characteristics of Lori-Bakhtiari (n=50), F1RL (n=41) and F2RL (n=20) crossbred lambs. Lambs were weaned at the age of 90 ± 5 days. Lambs were slaughtered at six month of age. Birth weight in Lori-Bakhtiari (5.12 kg) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in Romanov (4.81 kg) and Pakistani (4.57 kg) crossbred. Weaning weight and body weight in six months were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Romanov × Lori-Bakhtiari crossbred lambs (30.96 and 42.75, respectively) than in Lori-Bakhtiari (28.81 and 41.69, respectively) and others genetic compositions. F1RL and F2RL crossbred lambs for lean percentage were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in Lori-Bakhtiari lambs in constant age (59.57, 60.57 and 50.03, repectively) and in constant weight (60.99, 59.24 and 49.56, repectively). Weight and percentage of total fat of carcass in Lori-Bakhtiari lambs (7.56 kg, 31.57% in constant age 6.65 kg, 30.46% in constant weight, repectively) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than of F1RL (4.25 kg, 20.91% and 4.30 kg, 20.08%, repectively) and F2RL (2.95 kg, 17.97% and 5.12 kg, 22.46%, repectively) lambs. In conclusion, crossbreeding between Romanov and Lori-Bakhtiari (F1) improves body weight at weaning and at six months of age, and carcass composition.

From the basic and controversial issues of Ta'zir, the issue is the amount of ta'zir. An issue with two completely opposite approaches. In the first approach, some jurisprudents have expressed different opinions, sometimes incommensurable, about the amount of ta'zir, with the sole emphasis on the terms of some narratives or following their previous jurisprudents, which makes it impossible to obtain a single theory. In the second approach, other jurists, according to other narratives, as well as the phrases of the narrations of the ta'zir, have given the theory, without specifying the amount for ta'zir, that the ta'zir is indeterminate and entirely in the hands of the Imam or the ruler, so as to determine the amount of expediency. In this paper, with full text in all jurisprudential books, all theories of early to contemporary jurisprudents are collected, categorized and criticized. By examining theories of the first approach and the implications for them, the second approach is due to the acceptance of the arguments mentioned, discretion and explanation.

Morning exercise is a branch of outdoor workouts which has been given special emphasis on military centers. The current study was aimed to assess the effect of morning activities on mental health of the students and employees at NAJA (Disciplinary Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran). In this descriptive survey, 250 employees and students from NAJA (Shahid Dastghib ​​NAJA Training Center, Jahrom, Iran) were chosen using an availability sampling method. Morning exercise sessions were performed three times per week, with each exercise session lasting for 45 to 60 minutes with an intensity of 60-50%. For data collection, the depression, anxiety and stress questionnaire (DASS) and the mental health questionnaire were used in pre-test and post-test. A total of 250 employees and students from NAJA with an average age of 32 years were included. 94.4% of the participants were single. There was a significant relationship between morning exercises and a reduction in level of depression, anxiety and stress (P≤0.05). There was also a significant relationship between morning exercises and increasing general health level as well as controlling stress level of employees and students in a positive way (P≤0.05). Morning exercises in military centers could affect psychological features and consequently lead to a better mental and health state if conducted on a regular basis with proper standards and intensity factors.

The Sabzkoh and Parvaz are very important rivers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, especially for rainbow trout culture. The present research has been carried out to determine the water quality and the amount of contamination of these rivers and the possibility to build the new trout production units. For this purpose, water quality parameters were assessed for these rivers. For each river, seven sampling stations were selected. The water samples were collected once a month from May to October and were sent to laboratory for assessing: Nitrite, Ammonium, Soluble Phosphate, BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, Cu, Zn, Hg, Cl-, organophosphate toxins, pH, Malachite green and EC. The Nitrite concentration in Parvaz River (0.104 mg/l) was equal to standard (P>0.05) and in Sabzkoh River (0.068 mg/l) was lower than standard (P<0.0001). The soluble Phosphate concentration was higher than standard (P<0.05) in the studied rivers (0.239 and 0.163 mg/l for Parvaz and Sabzkoh, respectively). Difference between measured TDS (202 mg/l) and its standard amount, was not statistically significant for the Parvaz River. Except for the low number of stations, BOD5 and COD concentrations, were equal or lower (P<0.0001) than its standards, for two rivers (3.7 and 6.1 mg/l for Parvaz river and 1.9 and 3.6 mg/l for Sabzkoh river, respectively). There was some malachite green toxin in studied rivers especially at their last station (0.047 and 0.078 mg/l for Parvaz and Sabzkoh rivers, respectively). Other parameters in the both rivers, were lower than the standard (P<0.05). There were increasing trend for the most part of recorded parameters from first to last station. Generally, water quality of Parvaz and Sabzkoh rivers was absolute, but, to create new trout culture units, Nitrite, Phosphate and Malachite green must be controlled.

Captivity is one of the traumatic phenomena of war, which inflicts considerable damages on individual, interpersonal and ultimately, quality of marital life of prisoners of war. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting quality of marital life in the couples with POW experience using phenomenological research method. 65 participant couples were selected using purposeful sampling method respecting for diversity and homogeneity. Semi-structured interview was used to collect data and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings on the factors affecting prisoner of war quality of marital life included 25 sub themes that were classified into five main themes, including: interpersonal pathological interactions; individual psychological disorders; socio-economic factors; spiritual-ideological factors; and physiological pathological factors. The analysis of the structure of lived experiences of couples with POW experience revealed that the concept of quality of marital life in this community is a synergistic multi-factorial structure that requires an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach in applied interventions and theoretical researches at the prevention and treatment levels

This study was conducted to compare the feedlot performance and growth traits of Lori-Bakhtiari (n=39), Romanov × Lori-Bakhtiari (n=38) and Pakistani × Lori-Bakhtiari crossbred (n=12) lambs during two consecutive years. Lambs were weaned at the age of 90 ± 5 days. After weaning and preliminary fattening period, three groups of lambs were fattened for 90 days in the same conditions. The results showed that weaning weight in Romanov × Lori-Bakhtiari crossbred lambs were significantly higher than in Lori-Bakhtiari and Pakistani × Lori-Bakhtiari crossbred lambs. Lori-Bakhtiari and Romanov × Lori-Bakhtiari lambs were not significantly different (P

Water quality of the Samsami and Dinaran rivers of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were assessed in year 1393. For each river, 7 stations were determined. Water sampling has been done monthly (May to October) and samples, under standard situation, were sent to laboratory for assessing: Nitrite, Ammonium, Soluble Phosphate, BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, Cu, Zn, Hg, Cl-, Organophosphate toxins, pH, Malachite green and EC. Soluble phosphate was higher than standard in studied rivers (p