mohammad bagheri

 This study, adopting a design-oriented approach, seeks to examine the potential of silence-oriented spaces as a medium for restoring concentration in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

 First, the psychological and environmental foundations affecting attention and behavior in hyperactive children were analyzed. Then, through an integration of theoretical studies and field analysis, three educational and therapeutic centers in Isfahan that admit children with ADHD were investigated in situ. Data were collected through direct observation, qualitative interviews with instructors, and analysis of the physical characteristics of the spaces. Components such as light intensity and color, furniture arrangement, materials and textures, acoustic quality, spatial scale, and sensory boundaries were evaluated in terms of spatial quality. In the next step, based on the integration of theoretical and field data, a design checklist for silence-oriented spaces was developed.

 The research indicates that reducing disturbing environmental stimuli, adjusting light and sound, and enhancing spatial legibility can reduce behavioral tensions and improve cognitive performance in hyperactive children. Silence, in this context, is not merely the absence of sound but rather a designed quality intended to create mental balance.

 The study demonstrates that conscious design, focusing on perceptual and behavioral principles, can provide an effective basis for enhancing concentration, self-regulation, and mental relaxation in learning environments for children with ADHD. Finally, by presenting a design-oriented checklist, a practical outlook is offered toward integrating architecture with the cognitive needs and behavioral health of children.

European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the main pests of apple trees worldwide. The main purpose of this research was to study the lethal and sub-lethal effects of Salvia officinalis and S. rosmarinus essential oils (EOS) on the European red mite. It was found that the LC50 values of EOS of S. officinalis and S. rosmarinus were 581.95 and 460.67 µL l−1 for contact toxicity, and 3.40 and 4.03 µL l−1 air, for fumigant toxicity respectively. With increasing the concentration of EOS, the death rate of mites was increased. To study the lethality of S. officinalis and S. rosmarinus EOS on the European red mite, concentrations of the LC25 values of the mentioned EOS were 443.32 and 273.48 µL l−1, respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) in the control and in the treatment with S. officinalis and S. rosmarinus EOS were 5.18 ± 0.94, 3.12 ± 0.49 and 3.28 ± 0.51 offspring/female/ individual, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) in the control and in the treatment with S. officinalis and S. rosmarinus were 0.10 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.01, and 0.07 ± 0.01 day−1, respectively. The finite rate of population increases (λ) in the control and the S. officinalis and S. rosmarinus treatments were 1.11 ± 0.13, 1.07 ± 0.07 and 1.08 ± 0.07 day−1, respectively, which were significantly smaller than the control. The results showed that both tested EOS have lethal and sub-lethal effects on the European red mite, whereas, S. rosmarinus EO caused significantly more casualties compared to S. officinalis EO. Also, the effect of S. rosmarinus EO in reducing parameters such as the immature longevity, female longevity, and fertility was estimated to be greater than that of S. officinalis EO. Finally, the mentioned plant compounds have noticeable effects on the age-stage specific survival and fertility rates in the European red mite and possess the capability of significantly reducing its population under controlled condition.

Pyonephrosis (PN) is a urological emergency that rapidly progresses to sepsis, requiring prompt diagnosis and drainage. Distinguishing PN from hydronephrosis (HN) remains a significant challenge in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine the optimal Hounsfield unit (HU) cut-off on non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scans and other CT features for accurate diagnosis of PN. Additionally, this study compared the diagnostic performance of CT with ultrasound. This prospective study included 80 patients undergoing nephrostomy placement. Clinical and laboratory data, ultrasound, and non-contrast CT scans were collected prior to the procedure. The turbidity of the aspirated fluid was recorded, and the specimen was sent for culture. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical, ultrasound, and CT parameters in predicting positive cultures and pus turbidity was analyzed. Eighty patients were included in this study. The main ureteral obstructions were due to urolithiasis (53.8%), followed by bladder cancer (15.0%) and prostate cancer (11.3%). Among the patients, 42.5% had a positive culture, and 6.3% demonstrated highly turbid pus (class IV turbidity). An HU cut-off of 5 yielded 85.3% and 89.1% sensitivity and specificity in predicting the positive urine cultures, respectively (p<0.001). Furthermore, an HU threshold of 14.3 diagnosed pus turbidity class IV with 100% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity (p <0.001). Non-contrast CT also demonstrated superior diagnostic performance compared to ultrasound and other conventional clinical parameters. CT with HU estimation can reliably distinguish PN from HN, enhancing diagnosis and prompt treatment in such urological emergencies. Although CT outperformed conventional parameters in PUS detection through our study, further robust studies are required to draw strong evidence in this superiority.

In this paper, an optimal Electrical Cam (Ecam) profile is obtained by identifying the best breakpoint positions for piecewise polynomials using the cubic spline interpolation method. To achieve a curve that best tracks the reference Ecam curve, the breakpoint positions are determined using particle swarm optimization with random inertia weight (RNW-PSO). The previous programmable logic controller (PLC) used in the sanding mechanism was the DELTA DVP40ES2, utilizing the Ecam capability of DELTA ASD-A2 servo motors. To implement the Ecam function independently of the servo motor type, it has been integrated into a PLC, specifically the SIEMENS SIMATIC CPU 1215C. The optimized Ecam curve is then applied to a computer numerical control (CNC) sanding machine. Practical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, showing improved sanding quality and better compliance with the reference curve.

The issue of providing evidence in civil proceedings has always been of great importance, and in this regard, according to an ancient and comprehensive rule, the burden of proof is on the claimant, however, sometimes a person invokes an evidence that is in the possession of the other party or a third party. In this hypothesis, the mechanism of discovery and diclosure can be used in order to obtain an evidence, in fact, disclosure of evidence is a process whereby at the request of one of the parties to the lawsuit, the other party or a third party is obliged to provide evidence and information related to the lawsuit that it owns, controls, or possesses, in favor of the applicant. Now, the issue is whether a person is obliged to provide and disclose any evidence he has, or whether there is a restriction and limitation in this regard. In American law, although the scope of disclosure of evidence is widely accepted and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows a wide range of information, the disclosure of evidence will not be without exceptions and limitations, because some information and evidence have been excluded from the scope of disclosure. for example, information exchanged between the lawyer and the client has been excluded from the discovery of evidence. In Iranian law, as in American law, there are some of these restrictions, for example, Article 30 of the Law on Advocacy, which prohibits a lawyer from disclosing client information.

Oils and fats are among the most important ingredients in the diet and valuable sources of energy for humans, which act as solvents and are therefore very suitable carriers for fat-soluble vitamins (18). These compounds, along with carbohydrates and proteins, not only protect body tissues, but are also effective in metabolic processes. Edible fats and oils are chemically unstable and sensitive to oxidation, especially when exposed to oxygen, light, moisture, heat, enzymes and rare metals (42). Soybean oil is widely used in cooking and frying processes. This oil, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, contains about 23% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 58% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which has a high potential for oxidation (Ali et al. al., 2019). Soybean oil is extracted from the seeds of soybean (Glycine max) and is known as one of the most widely used edible vegetable oils in the world, which has domestic and industrial uses due to its unique compounds and characteristic features. It is abundanThe aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of ethanolic extract of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) seed at 200 and 400 ppm and TBHQ as the synthetic antioxidant on concentration of 100 ppm on the most important chemical properties of soybean oil during the first and twelfth days. In order to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the extracts in soybean oil, the maceration method was used to extract. The results showed that with increasing storage time, all parameters studied increased. This increase in the treatments containing two extract was significantly lower than the control sample and TBHQ treatment. Treatments containing 400 ppm of Cinnamon extract had the lowest peroxide, anisidine, totox value and acidity during storage, while the control sample and TBHQ treatment with the highest levels of peroxide, anisidine, totux and thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The lowest TBA on the final day was shared by two treatments containing Cinnamon extracts. In contrast, the highest acidity was related to 200 ppm of Cinnamon extract. Except for acidity, the treatment contained TBHQ, which had the highest levels of peroxide, anisidine, totox and TBA in comparison with the treatments containing two cinnamon and ajwain extracts. It can be concluded that ethanolic extract of Cinnamon with a concentration of 400 ppm had a more significant effect on the chemical properties of soybean oil. Key words: Antioxidant, soybean oil, Cinnamomum verum, Trachyspermum ammi L., extract.

ABSTRACT The use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural production has been a cornerstone of modern farming practices, significantly enhancing crop yields and food security. This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of chemical fertilizers, highlighting their role in increasing nutrient availability and promoting rapid plant growth. However, the reliance on these inputs has raised concerns regarding soil health, environmental pollution, and long-term sustainability. The adverse effects, such as soil degradation, waterway contamination, and the disruption of local ecosystems, necessitate a critical evaluation of their continued use. Furthermore, this article explores the future of agricultural practices in the context of rising environmental awareness and the need for sustainable alternatives. Potential substitutes, including organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, and innovative agronomic practices, are discussed as viable options that can mitigate the negative impacts associated with chemical fertilizers. By assessing current research and case studies, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the implications of chemical fertilizer use in agriculture, ultimately advocating for a balanced approach that integrates both traditional and alternative methods to ensure sustainable agricultural productivity and environmental stewardship. Key words: Inorganic fertilizer, Agricultural productions, Benefits, Difficulties

Choosing a stock portfolio in investment discussions is a difficult and difficult task, deciding which stock is in a better condition compared to other stocks and deserves to be selected and placed in one's investment portfolio, and how to allocate capital between these stocks It is packed. The main purpose of this article is to choose a stock portfolio based on risk and portfolio returns: the case study of the Tehran stock market.

The research method of the current research is based on the purpose of the research (assessing the performance of risk and portfolio returns in the selection of asset portfolios in the Tehran Stock Exchange market) of an applied type, which is through mean-variance designed by Markowitz, the average expected return and variance It shows the portfolio risk. Collecting information and data in conventional methods (risk and return of asset portfolio) in order to test the hypotheses, in order to fulfill the goals and finally answer the questions raised and faced by this research, according to the developed models and the studied variables from the audited financial statements of the companies. Tehran Stock Exchange and in some cases using "Rehvard Naveen" information software and websites related to Tehran Stock Exchange which contain data of Tehran capital market, it has been compiled in the period of 1391 to 1402. From the mean-variance model and to obtain the optimal capital portfolio selection in the Markowitz method, which has the minimum variance, the linear programming model is used.

Strategy one shows; The investor should allocate 0.041% of his chosen portfolio to Khark Petrochemical shares; Allocate 0.065 to the share of Finavaran Petrochemical, 0.2030 to the share of Rohtargar, 0.0357 to the share of Pars Industrial Carbon Black, 0.407 to the mineral processing and 0.2477 to the share of Amir Kabir Kashan Steel. The second strategy shows; The investor should allocate 0.072 to the shares of Fanavaran Petrochemical, 0.1422 to the shares of Rohtargar, 0.0448 to the shares of Pars Industrial Carbon Black, 0.4058 to the mineral processing, 0.275 to the shares of Amir Kabir Kashan Steel and allocate 0.0592 to the share of pharmaceutical factories. The third strategy shows; The investor should invest 0.098/098 in the share of Finavaran Petrochemical, 0.0161/0 in the share of Rotagar, 0.0436/0 in the share of Pars Industrial Carbon Black, 0.3770/0 in the processing of minerals, 00/3216 in the share of Amir Kabir Kashan Steel and 1626/0. allocate 0/0 to the share of pharmaceutical factories. The fourth strategy shows; The investor should allocate 0.1159/0 to Fanavaran petrochemical shares, 0.011/0 to Pars industrial carbon black shares, 0.3468/0 to mineral processing shares, 0.4174/0 to Amir Kabir Kashan steel shares and 0.1260/0 to Daropaksh factories. The fifth strategy shows; The investor must allocate its selected portfolio of 0.1159 to the Fernavaran Petrochemical Company, 0.3051 to the share of mineral processing, 087.50 to Amir Kabir Kashan Steel and 0.0704 to the share of pharmaceutical factories. The sixth strategy shows; The investor should allocate 0.1311.01311 to the petrochemical share of Fanavaran, 0.2585.000 to the share of mineral processing, 0.5950.000 to the share of Amir Kabir Kashan Steel and 0.0115 to the share of Daropakhsh factories. The seventh strategy shows; The investor should allocate 0.1377 to the share of Fan-Avaran Petrochemical, 0.6749 to the share of mineral processing and 0.6749 to the share of Amir Kabir Kashan Steel. The eighth strategy shows; The investor should allocate 0.1410/0 to the share of Fan-Avaran Petrochemical, 0.066/0 to the share of mineral processing and 0.7523 to the share of Amir Kabir Kashan Steel. The ninth strategy shows; The investor should allocate 0.1443 to the share of Fan-Avaran petrochemicals, 0.259 to the share of mineral processing and 0.8298 to the share of Amir Kabir Kashan Steel. The tenth strategy shows; The investor should allocate 100% of his chosen portfolio to Amir Kabir Kashan Steel. The eleventh strategy shows; It is better for an investor to leave the stocks of Alborzdaro, Iran Khodro, Iran Daru, Shazand Petrochemical, Tractorsazi, Chadormelo, Shimi Darupakhsh, Fars Chemical, Sepahan Industrial, Khuzestan Steel, Mobarake Isfahan Steel, Khorasan Steel, and automobile parts in their selected portfolio. Based on the performance efficiency frontier diagram, the latest stock price of the companies shows based on return and risk, for example, Amir Kabir Kashan Steel has less risk and more return than all the items. Pars industrial carbon black is less risky than Fan Avaran Petrochemicals, Chem Daro Pars. However, it is less efficient compared to Techno-Avaran petrochemicals, but it is more efficient compared to Dorofos chemical. Khuzestan Steel has more risk and zero return than all items and should not be chosen. Chader Melo, Khark Petrochemical, Mobarakeh Steel have more risk and very very little return. And should not be chosen. Choosing a stock portfolio in investment discussions is a difficult and difficult task. Deciding which stock is in a better position compared to other stocks and deserves to be selected and placed in one's investment portfolio, and how to allocate capital between these stocks, is a complex issue. Theoretically, the issue of stock portfolio selection in the case of risk minimization in the case of fixed returns can be solved by using mathematical formulas and through a quadratic equation, but in practice and in the real world, according to the number of choices Much like in capital markets, the mathematical approach used to solve this model requires extensive calculations and planning.

The results and analysis show that the selection of the efficient portfolio is based on the efficiency frontier diagram of the latest stock price of the companies based on yield and risk, for example; Amir Kabir Kashan steel has less risk and more yield than all the items. Pars Industrial Carbon Black is less risky than Fan Avran Petrochemical, Chemical Daro Pars. However, it is less efficient compared to Techno-Avaran petrochemicals, but it is more efficient compared to Dorofos chemical. Khuzestan steel has the highest risk and zero return of all items and should not be chosen. Chador Melo, Khark Petrochemical, Mobarakeh Steel have more risk and very very little return; And should not be chosen.

with the emergence of fundamental changes in the way home construction , the method of management and exploitation of them also changed ; however , there is not enough knowledge about the effect of design and construction of house on house management and the behavior and habits of the inhabitants . the aim of the present study is to recognize the effects of residential architecture on living and space management in traditional and contemporary homes with an emphasis on residents ' rights . for this purpose , three main questions ( a ) the nature of home management and its implementation , b ) the difference between traditional and contemporary houses management and c ) how the design relationship with house management and the way of living of residents by analyzing the content of texts and adapting biological experiences in traditional and contemporary houses of zanjan have been studied . based on the findings of this research , the hierarchical management of space in the traditional house , according to the lifestyle and residential culture of the past has been achieved in the experience of long years and the physical - spatial structure in accordance with family management in three aspects of privacy - privacy , hospitality - orbital event and nature - self - sufficiency is formed . in the flexible space of the traditional house , a variety of informal and formal guests were managed and the residents were guided by gradual attendance and collective behaviour proportionate to the guest status . with the advent of modern architecture , renovation of the house with limited performance and space , non - flexible and without a coherent hierarchy , became the foundation of personal life and family family and led to the fragmentation of living spaces from the center of home , open space and integrated inner space , separation of living spaces and livelihoods , limitation of guest reception and discrete management of house spaces . by comparing the human components of space in traditional and contemporary houses , it is possible to infer that the revival of local traditions is possible by modification of the design pattern and construction of the contemporary house provided that preferences , needs , lifestyles and local culture are considered and appropriate compensatory strategies for the fragmented management of residential spaces and individualistic life style in the core family .

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of parents' religious attitudes on the mental health of female high school students. The background of the research shows that female students suffer from more mental distress than boys. However, none of the conducted researches is as comprehensive and inclusive as the present study. Therefore, according to the official religion of the country and also the scope of the audience, the necessity of investigating this issue becomes clear.

 The research population consists of all the female high school students of Kahrizak district (650 people) in the 10th to 12th grades who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. The size of the statistical sample in this research was 250 students, who were selected by simple random sampling. In this research, the religious attitudes questionnaire and the SCL90 test were used. The SCL90 test was designed in 1973 by a person named Dragotis and his colleagues. To measure the reliability of the nine dimensions of this test, two methods including internal reliability analysis and test-retest reliability were used for reliability analysis. The questionnaire for measuring the religious attitudes of Muslims was adapted by Sirajzadeh to Shia Islam based on the model of Glock and Shark. In this research, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors of the article reported no conflict of interest.

 The research results showed a significant relationship between parents' religious attitude and students' depression, anxiety and hostility. According to the analysis of findings, there is a 92% inverse and significant relationship between children's hostility and anxiety scores and parents' religious attitudes. This means that with the reduction of parents' religious attitudes, children's hostility and anxiety increase.

 Based on the findings, if correct religious attitudes and belief dimension can be strengthened in the parents of the students, the mental health of the students will increase significantly.

Aflatoxins are toxic chemicals produced by Aspergillus fungi. Reports exist on the relationship of aflatoxin exposure via contaminated food and feed to hepatotoxicity and liver cancer. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) are two dangerous types of aflatoxins for human health. Bovine α-lactalbumin (ALA) is the second major whey protein in milk which bear diverse biological functions. In this study, the interaction of AFB1 and AFG1 with the ALA protein was studied using fluorescence spectroscopy, molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The spectroscopy experiments showed that the interaction with AFB1 and AFG1significantly quenched the intrinsic fluorescence emission of ALA via a static quenching mechanism. The free energy of binding and binding constant (Ka) obtained from the intrinsic fluorescence results were –5.32 kcal per mol and 0.80 × 104 L mol-1 for AFB1 and -5.64 kcal per mol and 1.35 × 104 l mol-1 for AFG1, respectively. Molecular docking studies were conducted before and after the MD simulation to estimate the binding sites, Ka s and binding mode. Results from the molecular docking showed that AFB1 and AFG1 bound to ALA via hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond. After MD simulation, the precision of the Ka obtained from the docking results was improved and it was more similar to the experimental results of fluorescence spectroscopy. Other simulation results were aligned well with the molecular docking and fluorescence spectroscopy results. Accordingly, AFB1and AFG1 could form complex with ALA, however, AFG1 showed higher affinity for binding to ALA and more compact complex structure.

Demographic characteristics apparently play a critical role in the incidence and prevalence of uveitis in different societies. Numerous studies have investigated the demographic-epidemiological factors and clinical patterns of uveitis in Iran; however, no study has been conducted in the west of the country yet.

To assessed epidemiologic pattern of uveitis in patients residing in the west of Iran.

This study investigated 358 files of uveitis patients referring to the specialized retina-uveitis clinics in a referral hospital in the west of Iran from March 2016 to September 2022. The demographic characteristics, clinical patterns, and complications of uveitis were evaluated in this study.

The uveitis patients’ mean age (± SD) at the diagnosis time was 48.14 (± 11.91) years (18 - 72 years), the patients with anterior uveitis had the lowest mean age (45.47 ± 11.54 years), and the patients with panuveitis had the highest mean age (52.90 ± 10.14 years) at the diagnosis time. The prevalence of the disease was equal in both genders; however, posterior uveitis and panuveitis significantly involved males more than females (P < 0.01 and 0.01 respectively). The most common anatomical pattern of involvement belonged to anterior uveitis (34%), followed by panuveitis (23.4%), posterior uveitis (22.9%), and intermediate uveitis (19.5%). The prevalent etiology in anterior, intermediate, and panuveitis were idiopathic and Toxoplasma chorioretinitis was the most common causes in posterior uveitis (34.14%). Moreover, acute clinical course and non-granulomatous pathology were also more prevalent. The most common complications of the disease were cataracts and cystoid macular edema (CME). Also, patients with panuveitis followed by posterior uveitis had the worse visual prognosis.

The predominant pattern of involvement in patients referring to the referral center in the west of Iran was in the form of anterior uveitis, acute in terms of clinical course, and non-granulomatous in terms of pathology. This clinical view for evaluation in a referral center differs from the pattern expected to be observed in the general population and even in general ophthalmology centers.

A new species of Eustigmaeus Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Stigmaeidae), E. pseudosetiferus, is described and illustrated from Astragalus sp. (Fabaceae), in Urmia, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. A key to the species of Eustigmaeus known from Iran is provided and E. isfahaniensis is considered as a junior synonym of E. ottavii.

  Self-sufficiency in agriculture is the serious challenges in the world. A country whose economy and production is weak has to be under the burden of political and cultural attacks from the owners of the economy. Countries should consider agriculture as a national asset and wealth and in the direction of security goals in order to achieve economic independence and break the domination system in the world. Due to being in a sensitive position in the Middle East and the world, Iran has always been exposed to political threats, all-round economic pressures and sanctions from abroad and sometimes inappropriate domestic policies. Therefore, achieving sustainable self-sufficiency of strategic agricultural products by using the power of scientific centers of the country, by relying on the pattern of resistance economy and avoiding extravagance, it can be a powerful tool for the independence and foreign policy of our country a deterrent against the world powers.

Imamzadeh Hossein ibn Musa, one of the sons of Imam Musa Kazem (AS), lived in the second half of the second century AH and the first half of the third century AH. According to the reports of many sources about his burial, the question arises as to where he was buried. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, first explains the reports of many sources about his burial and then analyzes and considers their authenticity. The available reports mention his burial in cities such as Shiraz, Behbahan, Jopar Kerman, Kufa, Dezful and Tabas. The result indicates that the tomb of Imamzadeh is most likely located in the city of Tabas.

. One of the ways to reduce the risks caused by traffic accidents is the use of seat belts, which can be one of the indicators of compliance with laws and regulations in addition to increasing the safety and health factor of passenger traffic in the car. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to identify the effective factors of returning to the use of seat belts for the rear passengers of passenger cars on the suburban roads of Tehran province.

This research is descriptive-survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of quantitative data collection methods. The statistical population includes all the passengers of passenger cars traveling on the suburban roads of Tehran province, which are 384 people by regular sampling method. were selected and evaluated. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.840, which indicates the high reliability of the tool.

The findings of the research showed that the factor of legal rules and regulations with an average of 4.813, the factor of law enforcement by the traffic police with an average of 4.188, the factor of training traffic behavior with an average of 3.938 and behavioral and cultural factors with an average of 307. 3 has a significant effect on the use of seat belts by rear passengers.

Iran's Islamic revolution has many dimensions, although various theories and theories have been presented by different researchers about why and how it happened, but it still has many aspects that should be investigated and researched. One of these topics is the issue of the leadership of the revolution, who was called by the title of Imam, even though this title had a completely theological meaning in Shiite literature. This article has proposed the main question of how the concept of Imam was formed in the Islamic Revolution and what were its foundations and principles. For this purpose, the article relied on Ali Shariati's opinions. The hypothesis of the article is that according to the nature of the Iranian revolution, which was neither bourgeois nor labor, but basically a religious movement, and therefore, according to the value foundations of the Islamic revolution and the opinions of some of its ideologues, the causes of convergence between the concept of the Shia Imam And the revolutionary leader was provided so that this transformation takes place in the meaning of this concept and "Imam" finds the meaning of leading the revolution. The findings of the research have shown that with the development of revolutionary ideology and its emphasis on Islamic values and divine principles, the social and historical foundations for the overlap between the Shia imam and the leader of the revolution were basically provided, and with the renewed reflection that Ali Shariati in the book Ummah and Imamate of the relationship society and imam presented, its intellectual grounds were also provided so that finally the title of imam would have a revolutionary meaning. Historical-analytical article method and library data collection method.

Concept of social wealth includes social relations in the way of improving resident’s mental health, strengthening their solidarity, reducing social dilemmas and development of settlement; But despite of identifying indicators of social wealth, the influence of physical- spatial pattern of urban neighborhoods on this field, has been analyzed less. According to the hypothesis of this research, there is a meaningful relation between the physical- spatial plan of urban neighborhoods and amount of social wealth of neighborhoods. In theoretic part of the research, analytical method of content of texts and in practical part, analytical- descriptive method have been used to explain and test the hypothesis. At first indicators of social wealth in two neighborhoods of Zanjan city have been explained in seven axes and physical- spatial indicators (access network, variety and mixture of functions, equipped pedestrian path, spirited neighborhood center, local outdoors and green spaces) identified by field and documentary studying. For analyzing the social wealth, the seven above indicators with thirty six secondary indicators were weighed by random cluster sampling method and participation of 305 people from the residents of Mesgar-ha traditional neighborhood and Golshahr modern neighborhood, by statistical model and influence of the indicators in neighborhoods was examined. Results show that levels of safety indicators and public awareness are close together in two neighborhoods; But Mesgar-ha traditional neighborhood is at a higher level in terms of trust, participation, coherence, being a member of group, and sense of belonging to the neighborhood.

Today, air pollution and energy consumption are metropolitans’ main transportation issues. In these cities, most people consider their mode of transportation based on the appropriate means, including passenger, travel characteristics, population growth, urban space, and transportation. Therefore, the systematic optimization of travel demand in the actual road network in urban areas is necessary. Travel Demand Management (TDM) is one of the well-known methods to solve these problems in congested areas. TDM is a strategy to reduce the efficiency of the urban transportation system by granting special concessions to public transportation methods, implementing the ban on private cars in certain places or times, and increasing the cost of using some facilities such as parking in busy areas pricing network. Transportation demand management is one of the most effective methods to reduce traffic and control air pollution, especially in crowded areas of the city center. A few studies have optimized urban transportation in congested cities by combining Markov decision processes based on decision processes with reward and evolution-based algorithms and simultaneously considering customers and travel characteristics. Therefore, this study provided a new network traffic management for urban cities with multiple objective functions related to the expected reward value of the Markov decision system using a genetic algorithm. Shiraz is considered as a benchmark to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. Then, the impact of toll levels was evaluated on changes in user and operator cost components.

Research Problem: 

Cities and residential areas as a product of human substitution, until around the 1960s, the experience of centuries was the experience of human design, but the method of planning and designing cities and neighborhoods changed drastically in the last one hundred years, and with rapid urban growth, urban planning was given to professional planners and urban planners. Dedicated traffic planning for the traffic of cars in the urban environment intensified the riding traffic in the urban environment to the population, which makes spatial planning with urban and local quality and livability forgot and a lot of problems. Improving the sense of community and collective interactions is one of the widespread demands in contemporary residential environments. This is rooted in the lack of attention to people and their needs in the planning and design of the residential area, which has been approved by international and Iranian theorists. This research aims to propose a framework for improving social sense by using the theory of mental schemas (the field of cognitive psychology) and matching it with Alexander's pattern language theory (the field of environmental planning and design).Research Question: The questions raised in the research include the following:What is the relationship between residents' mental schemas about collective interactions and the sense of neighborhood with the pattern languageHow can the pattern language in residential areas promote collective interactions and a sense of neighborhood

In this process, the pattern language theory and 253 patterns proposed by Alexander have been examined in residential areas. 35 patterns were identified that are related to residential areas. Then, using the qualitative research method, the internal connections between mental schema and language concepts were identified by describing and analyzing the content of related texts. In explaining the relationships and logical integration of the data, the method of logical reasoning was carefully used in the opinions of the experts. In the following, three residential schemas were explained by examining the concept of mental schemas in cognitive psychology knowledge, including residential identity, individual-social interaction, and local attachment. These schemas are presented using Kim and Kaplan's theory.

By examining the concept of mental schemas in the field of cognitive psychology knowledge, three schemas related to the residential environment including residential identity, individual-social interaction, and local attachment were explained. Examining the relationship between the design patterns of residential areas with the residence-base schemas revealed a solution to strengthen the sense of community in these spaces. In order to improve the social sense of residents, residential identity schema with 11 patterns, individual interaction schema with 10 patterns, social interaction schema with 8 patterns, and local attachment schema with 6 patterns can play a role. Considering the cognitive nature of schemas, the interweaving and continuity of planning and design patterns through event-oriented plays an important role in the qualitative improvement of residential areas. The results of the research reveal the internal validity of the model language theory in connection with the theory of cognitive schemas to strengthen the interactions of residential areas. So the application of the proposed framework in the historical neighborhood of Sarcheshme neighbourhood in Zanjan reveals its external validity through mind structures, components, model language, and planning and design solutions.