mohammad hasanpour

The management of the legislative system in any society is one of the important legal and political duties and important missions of the government. Based on the principle of normative hierarchy as one of the design principles of the country's legislative management system, the monitoring of laws based on two indicators of compliance with Sharia standards and the constitution is foreseen. Shari'a and basic supervision over the laws is specified in the principles of the constitution. However, there is no unanimity in Iran's legal system regarding the possibility of basic and shari'a hindsight supervision. Considering the importance of this issue, in this article, the above issue was investigated in a descriptive analytical way, using library sources and referring to laws and regulations. The conducted research showed that according to Article 4 of the Constitution, the retrospective supervision of the jurists of the Guardian Council over the laws in force (both the laws approved before and after the revolution) in Iran has been identified; However, in order to ensure the legal security of citizens and prevent the weakening of laws, etc., it was suggested that this is possible with the consensus of the jurists of the Guardian Council. Regarding basic posterior supervision, some authors based on the argument that the constitution itself is considered as an example of Islamic standards, have identified the basic posterior supervision of laws, but the studies carried out showed that this issue is in Iran's legal system. It has no legal basis and cannot be applied.

International law, in its turbulent path, has moved away from a state-centered perspective and has adopted a human-centered approach. In this regard, the formulation of human rights rules has played an important and fundamental role. These rules are primarily the product of philosophical and theoretical discourses on human rights that define the framework of human rights rules, and secondarily they are indebted to the commitments that states have accepted without any benefits for them. In fact, the realistic view of state power has been adjusted and with the formation of civil societies in the form of democracy, they have confirmed the sustainability of this process. What played a role more than any other factor in establishing international peace and security, and the interests of all states lay in it, was the product of this Kantian view that the preservation of human rights at home leads to the preservation of peace and security in the international arena. Undoubtedly, globalization also played an important role in issuing this message. But what disrupted this process and weakened human rights, which were trying to place humans under their umbrella of protection with greater power, was the confrontation between the two perspectives of universalism and cultural relativism. A confrontation that was not only further fueled by the Cold War atmosphere, but also by the emergence of Third World countries that accepted the belief in relativism more, which led to the document of human rights being formulated in a fragmented form.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred neuroradiologic tool for evaluating the sellar region. Pituitary adenomas account for about 15% of primary intracranial tumors. The optimal time for postoperative MRI of central nervous system neoplasms is 48 hours after surgery. Nevertheless, controversy exists regarding the timing of postoperative MRI in the sellar region. This study analyzed the sellar MRI findings of patients with pituitary adenoma at different times before and after surgery. Finally, we suggest the optimal time for postoperative sellar MRI imaging in patients with pituitary adenoma.

A total of 28 patients with pituitary adenoma were evaluated. All patients did four sellar MRIs. The first MRI was done before surgery, and three were done 48 hours, two weeks, and three months after the surgery. Finally, the MRI findings at different times were compared to each other.

The pituitary gland and adenoma signals were constant at all time points. The signal of the packing material showed no differences in T1-weighted and T1-weighted with contrast sequences but showed changes in T2-weighted sequences. 

Contrary to other intracranial neoplasms, there were no apparent changes in MRI signal intensity during the 3 months after surgery in patients with pituitary adenoma. There was also no superiority of one time point for performing follow-up imaging.

The right to education is one of the basic rights of people, which is considered not only an independent right, but also provides the basis for people to benefit from some other fundamental rights or puts people in better conditions to use other rights. Due to the importance of this right, many international documents, both general and specific (thematic and territorial) documents, while recognizing this right, have obliged the governments to provide the necessary facilities for the realization of this right for all members of the society and the obstacles facing Eliminate the use of this right by people. This article examines the dimensions of the violation of the mentioned right in the attacks of the Zionist regime on Gaza. Examining the hostile attacks of this regime on Palestine (Gaza) shows that these attacks have clearly violated the right to education of the people of Gaza, contrary to all international documents. Violation of this right in the attacks of the Zionist regime has multiple and extensive dimensions, including damage to students, damage to the government and parents (supporting bodies of the right), and damage to educational structures and authorities (schools, universities, teachers, professors, etc.). Considering the widespread and systematic violation of the aforementioned right in Gaza, international organizations should take appropriate measures in this regard. It is reminded that the violation of the right to education, unlike the violation of some other rights, can seriously overshadow the political, economic, social and cultural future and fate of a country, and from this point of view, it deserves the special attention of competent international institutions and authorities.

The use of dairy by-products as a new feed source in order to reduce the costs of raising livestock is very important. Whey powder is a residual cheese or casein, which is one of the animal proteins used in the human food chain. It is also a feed source of protein and contains some useful minerals. Whey can be used in the diet of livestock due to its proper nutrient balance. Also, the fact that whey can reduce the consumption of concentrate without any negative effect on daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, so the purpose of this study was performed to investigate the effect of using different levels of whey powder in diet on growth performances traits, apparent digestibility of nutrients and some blood parameters in fattening male crossed Zell lambs.

To perform this study, 24 mixed fattening Zell lambs were examined with a means age of 4.5±0.52 months and a means initial weight of 24±2 kg in a completely randomized design for 90 days. Experimental treatments included control treatment (without adding whey powder in the diet) and treatments containing 1.5, 3 and 4.5% whey powder in the diet. Chemical analysis of whey powder used included pH, 6.8 to 5.8, protein 12.5%, lactose 64%, fat 1.5%, moisture 4.5%. Whey powder used in the study was given to the experimental animals at different levels after mixing with the diet. The daily diet was given as a TMR to the animal twice and the amount consumed was recorded. Live weight measurement was performed every 14 days with 12 hours of feed and water deprivation. Measurement of the apparent digestibility of nutrients in the last days of the experiment as well as the study of carcass traits and blood parameters were performed on day 90 of the experiment.

The growth performance results of experimental lambs showed that there was a significant difference in end weight, DMI and daily weight gain between experimental treatments (P <0.05); So that the highest final weight and daily weight gain was observed in the treatment containing 4.5% whey and the highest dry matter intake was observed in the treatment containing 3% whey. The results of apparent digestibility of nutrients showed that there was a significant difference in apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and NDF between experimental treatments (P<0.05). The highest apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was observed in the treatment containing 4.5% whey and the highest apparent digestibility of NDF was observed in the treatment containing 3% whey. The results of some blood parameters showed that there was a significant difference in the concentration of glucose, triglyceride, HDL and BUN between experimental treatments (P<0.05). The results of quantitative traits of carcasses of fattening lambs showed that there was a significant difference in hot carcass weight, hot carcass percentage, cold carcass weight, cold carcass percentage, thigh percentage and shoulder percentage between experimental treatments (P<0.05). The results of qualitative traits of carcasses of fattening lambs showed that there was a significant difference in the rate of TBARS of the straight muscle 48 hours after slaughter between experimental treatments (P <0.05).

The overall result of the present study showed that the weight at the end of the fattening period, dry matter intake and also the apparent digestibility of nutrients were significantly improved by consuming 3 and 4.5% levels of whey powder. There was a higher carcass percentage and improvement in valuable carcass parts in the treatment containing 3% whey powder.

Effective postoperative pain control in microdiscectomy surgery is crucial to managing the disease and improving the patient's quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential effectiveness of 2% lidocaine in reducing pain immediately after discectomy surgery.

A total of 60 patients who underwent microdiscectomy surgery were enrolled in this randomized clinical trial study. They were randomly assigned to three groups: one group received lidocaine just before the incision, another group received lidocaine just before closing the incision, and the third group served as the control. Pain scores were measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 h after the surgery using a Visual Analogue Scale.

The demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population, including age, weight, length of surgery, gender, and history of diabetes, hypertension, and previous surgery, were comparable across all three groups (P>0.05). There was a significant reduction in pain scores over time in the groups that received lidocaine before (P<0.001) and during surgery (P=0.002). Moreover, there were significant differences in pain scores at all time points among the three groups. Both groups receiving lidocaine showed significantly lower pain scores than the control group (Pbefore surgery=0.005 and Pduring surgery<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the groups receiving lidocaine (P=0.080).

These findings highlight the effectiveness of a local injection of 2% lidocaine either before or during the surgery in managing post-incisional surgical pain after discectomy.  

Organized crime, as one of the most complex and threatening criminal phenomena, needs a redefinition based on criminological, economic and legal developments. In this regard, examining organized crimes through the lens of economic crimes, especially relying on white-collar criminology, can lead to a deeper understanding of the nature of these crimes. With the aim of redefining organized crimes, this article investigates and analyzes the overlaps and interactions between economic and organized crimes and provides new solutions to deal more effectively with this type of crimes.

It was done in the form of descriptive and analytical method.

Organized crime is part of the growing field of white-collar crime and deserves a place in it. On this basis, despite the obvious apparent differences between conventional accepted economic crimes and organized crimes, the second crime is a type of serious economic crime and as such deserves careful attention and a research position in white collar crimes. Due to the lack of a precise and accepted definition of economic crime, it is difficult to determine the full conceptual scope of this term, and crimes in this broad category can be described and defined in different ways and with various constituent elements. Also, the common aspect of the crime Economic and organized crime is motivated by profit. Profit motive is the intention or desire to achieve financial gain. It acts as a strong incentive to engage in an illegal activity. Therefore, the main reason for organized criminal groups to engage in illegal activities is to benefit from financial or other material benefits.

Introduction : 

One of the valuable unconventional foods is whey powder, which is a by-product of cheese production. Whey powder is used as an important source of energy and protein in animal nutrition. By reviewing the composition of whey powder based on dry matter and comparing it with the needs of livestock, its nutritional value can be understood. Whey powder as a feedstuff also has properties of a prebiotic; it contains a significant amount of lactose that is not absorbed to a large extent, but is fermented and converted to lactic acid and volatile fatty acids, which may stimulate the establishment of lactobacilli in the small intestine. Whey powder in animal feed, in addition to preventing environmental problems, reduces feed costs and improves yield. Adding whey powder to this juice probably improves and increases the weight of animals fed with whey powder by stimulating the microorganisms of the digestive system and as a result, by better synthesizing the required nutrients and improving the absorption of nutrients from the digestive system. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of whey powder on growth performance, fermentation parameters, ruminal morphology, degradability and microbial protein biosynthesis in fattening Zell lambs.

In the first experiment, ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein were measured with nylon bag technique using three fistulated Zell sheep with mean weight of about 40 kg and mean age of about 10 months. In this experiment, nylon bags made of polyester (Dacron) with a pore diameter of 45 ± 5 micrometers and dimensions of 9 ×7 cm were used. Incubation time in rumen consisted of 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96. In the second experiment, the effect of different levels of whey powder on fermentation parameters, ruminal morphology and microbial protein biosynthesis, an experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with four diets containing zero, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 % whey powder on 24 male lambs with initial mean weight of 24± 2 kg and mean age of 4.5±0.52 months for 90 days was performed. Every day, a certain amount of feed in the form of TMR was weighed for each experimental treatment and was provided to the experimental lambs at 8 am and 5 pm. To determine the daily weight gain of the experimental lambs, weighing was done with a digital metal scale every 14 days until the end of the 90th day of the experiment. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Comparison of experimental treatment means was done using Duncan's multi-range test at a significance level of 0.05.

A significant difference was observed for final weight, dry matter consumption and daily weight gain among the experimental treatments, and the highest values ​​were found in the 4.5% whey powder treatment. Significant differences were observed in pH, ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, and acetic acid among the experimental treatments. Specifically, the treatment with 4.5% whey powder exhibited the highest levels of fermentation parameters. Additionally, the 4.5% whey powder treatment showed the highest population of total bacteria at 2 and 4 hours after feeding, as well as the highest protozoa population at 4 hours after feeding. Moreover, the 4.5% whey powder treatment demonstrated the highest thickness, height, and density of villi compared to the other experimental treatments. Furthermore, significant differences were found in the degradability parameters of dry matter and crude protein among the experimental treatments. In particular, the soluble, degradable, and effective rumen degradability in passage rate constant parts exhibited significant differences. The amount of gas produced from the fermentable part also showed a significant difference between the experimental treatments. The control treatment showed the lowest amount of gas produced from the fermentable part, which was significantly lower than the other treatments. However, no significant difference was observed between the experimental treatments in other parameters of gas production.
The highest amount of microbial protein production was observed in the treatment of 3% whey powder.

The consumption of higher levels of whey powder at a maximum of 4.5% in the diet of fattening lambs improved the growth performance and some ruminal indices and decomposability of dry matter and crude protein.

Surgical placement of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt constitutes the most common surgical treatment for hydrocephalus in pediatric patients. However, complications of VP shunt surgery are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. We aimed to investigate the results of ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement surgery in pediatric patients.

This is a single-center retrospective study performed from the 21st of March 2018 to the 21st of March 2022 in the neurosurgery ward of Akbar pediatric hospital, Mashhad, Iran. All pediatric patients undergoing ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement surgery with hydrocephalus were evaluated and followed.

In total, 192 patients, including 107 males (56.6%), with a mean age of 58.85 ± 41.16 months, were studied. The mean follow-up period was 26.53 ± 13.61 months. Hydrocephalus was idiopathic in the majority of patients (86.5%). The most frequent indication for surgery was brain tumor (47.7%). Cognitive, verbal, and motor development were normal in 84.5%, 72.7%, and 41.8% of cases. Shunt infection and dysfunction occurred in 8.8% and 18.2% during the follow-up period, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 23.4%.

Our study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of complications and outcomes of VP shunt surgery in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus in northeastern Iran. Further research is warranted for developing measures to prevent or reduce the prevalence of these complications.

Case Report: 

A 2-year-old girl was referred with the chief complaint of limb weakness following a mild trauma. She had been suffering from restlessness and neck pain for a month. Laboratory findings were normal. In MRI, there was evidence of craniocervical junction extra-axial mass lesion arising from the posterior aspect of the dense process ligamentous complex extending from the foramen magnum to the posterior fossa with engulfment of the right vertebral artery. Regarding the compressive effect of the tumor, a right trans-condylar suboccipital surgical approach was used to resection the mass, near totally, and decompress the brain stem. Immune-Histo-Chemical Staining (IHC) showed a grade 2 meningioma. Low-dose radiotherapy was applied; but the pathology result corroborated the tumor’s radiologic features. Due to the follow-up MRI evidence of aggressive tumor recurrence the clinical behavior of the tumor and the patient's progression, there was a possibility that the first diagnosis was not correct; hence, a second operation was performed during which a smaller portion of the tumor could be resected compared with the first operation. Pathological study and IHC staining reported MRT and tumor markers, including pan-cytokeratin (CK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and vimentin, were strongly positive. So, a chemotherapy regimen was added to radiotherapy. Unfortunately, the patient did not respond well to the follow-up treatment, and she expired after one year.

In similar cases, where the radiological and pathological features of the tumor are atypical, the histological examination should include molecular examination, as meningioma in this age group is extremely rare. And, confirming the pathological and molecular characteristics of the tumor by different experts is strongly recommended.

Photography, since its invention in the mid-nineteenth century, has been considered and used in many modern scientific disciplines and has been able to develop and advance various scientific goals. Anthropologists and ethnographers used photographs to discover, capture, and study various societies, and photography became virtually an integral part of the study and research, and much later in the third decade of the twentieth century,various branches of social photography (such as social documentary photography) arose from these surveying, geographical, ethnographic, and anthropological photographs. The question, however,is to what extent did anthropological photography adhere to the inherent characteristics of this emerging medium (objective and direct recording)?The answer to this question seems important because we look at some of the results of the purposeful use of such photographs in the fields of Orientalism and colonialism in Western societies. For this purpose, and to achieve a more accurate answer,in the present study,we will define and study anthropological, humanistic and ethnographic photographs using the method of historical analysis, and critically analyze it in the context of social studies of history.We conclude that the different interpretations of the photographs are generally and largely the result of the obvious interests pursued by Western anthropologists.

A stratigraphic section from the upper part of Ziveh Formation (Middle Miocene) has been surveyed in north Ojagh Kandi village, northeast Kalibar, Azarbaijan province. Ziveh Formation overlayed by Tortonian sediments as an angular unconformity in the studied section and its lower boundary covered by recent alluvium. A diverse body fossil assemblage includes molluscan, plants, and vertebrate collected from this section. Among them, abundant ichnofossils of bivalves on woodground, Teredolites longissimus discovered in a horizon. Occurrence of wooden substrate in this horizon shows first events of rising of the sea level, and its basal background is considerable for the lower boundary for TST. On the other hand, Teredolites bearing horizon indicates beginig of transgressive event in the sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the studied section.

In order to reduce environmental hazards, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a legal requirement for the construction of metal processing and production factories. The purpose of this study was to assess the environmental impacts of the establishment of Sungun cathode copper factory using flash furnace method and also its compatibility with the environment was studied in this research. Civil part of the factory is under construction in the north of East Azarbaijan Province and is adjacent to Sungun copper mine. The location of the project site is in the vicinity of the Arasbaran Protected Area and is therefore important in terms of environmental impact in the area.

In this study, at first library studies were carried out and then, data and information on environmental impact assessment were collected by relevant experts, and eventually the Iranian version of the Leopold Matrix (modified Leopold) was selected as the evaluation method. Next, activities during the construction phase and environmental parameters in each of the physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural aspects of the project were determined. Then, project activities and environmental parameters were placed in columns and rows of the matrix, respectively. This matrix was bearing cells containing two values of amplitude and magnitude of the impact. The numeric value for amplitude was 1-5 and for magnitud was 5+ to 5. With the production of two amplitude and magnitude, the final score was obtained for each cell with positive or negative scores. The mean scores for each row and column of the matrix were calculated, based on which conclusions were made for the matrix.

In this study, at first library studies were carried out and then, data and information on environmental impact assessment were collected by relevant experts, and eventually the Iranian version of the Leopold Matrix (modified Leopold) was selected as the evaluation method. Next, activities during the construction phase and environmental parameters in each of the physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural aspects of the project were determined. Then, project activities and environmental parameters were placed in columns and rows of the matrix, respectively. This matrix was bearing cells containing two values of amplitude and magnitude of the impact. The numeric value for amplitude was 1-5 and for magnitud was 5+ to 5. With the production of two amplitude and magnitude, the final score was obtained for each cell with positive or negative scores. The mean scores for each row and column of the matrix were calculated, based on which conclusions were made for the matrix.

Environmental assessment of the construction of a cathode copper processing plant using Flash Furnace was rejected because of the large volume of contamination even after two environmental reforms. Therefore we propose that, the athouriteis of the factory examin the possibility of other methods to produce cathode copper including hydromeatalurogic methods and a new introduced technology named SKS.

The present study was designed to provide a native model of organizational citizenship behavior in the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. Research is a developmental application in terms of purpose, and is a survey in terms of how information is collected. The statistical population of the present study consists of staff of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance who have at least a bachelor's degree of 1112 students. According to the Cochran formula, the sample size was 279 people. SPSS and LISREL software were used to analyze the data. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to calculate descriptive and demographic statistics and normalization tests by SPSS software and to model the variables of research using soft LISREL software has been implemented using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Factor Analysis. Based on the findings of the research and after analyzing the collected data, five personality, value, supportive, cultural and multiplicity dimensions were identified as effective dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, with the highest rank of Personality dimensions and after that the supportive, value, multiplicity and cultural dimensions are ranked second, third, fourth and fifth. Thus, it can be concluded that based on the collected data, personality dimensions are one of the most significant determinants of organizational citizenship behavior in the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.

Cesarean section is among the most important gynecological surgeries and is the most common surgery in the present era. Delayed wound healing is among the main post-cesarean complications. It dramatically affects female’s quality of life and causes frequent medical visits and even re-hospitalization.
This study aimed at investigating the effects of grape seed extract on the approximation of cesarean section wound.
This double-blind randomized controlled trial was done during year 2015 on a convenient sample of 129 eligible females, who had undergone a cesarean section at Valiasr hospital, Birjand, Iran. The candidates were randomly allocated to a placebo and two experimental groups. In one experimental group, the participants were treated with 2.5% grape seed extract ointment (group A) while in the other, 5% ointment was used (group B). Wound approximation was measured by using the redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, approximation (REEDA) scale at three time points including before ointment application (T1) as well as at the sixth (T2) and the fourteenth (T3) post-intervention days. The data were analyzed via the SPSS (v. 19.0) software and through analysis of variance, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, Friedman’s, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, at a significance level of 0.05.
Before the study intervention, the difference among the groups regarding the mean score of wound approximation was not statistically significant (P = 0.14). However, there were significant differences among the groups regarding the mean score of wound approximation at T2 (P = 0.002) and T3 (P = 0.02).
The findings of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of grape seed extract ointment in accelerating cesarean wound closure. Therefore, the ointment can be used to accelerate wound healing after cesarean section.

Photograph always traces something form the past. The importance of its presence replacing the referent in the photo is absolutely derived from an understanding of it، questioning the sense of such a trace on the body of photograph. Communicating to a past which photograph as a being in-itself yearns its revelation، concerning present time which makes it visible، is supposed to be a latter action being comprehended by the photograph-oriented audience. Thus viewing the photograph، one is reading a past that its «presence» might not be studied so as document. In other words، what makes photography different from other forms of art is the unique presence of the referent in a very specific moment or period of time which its non-existence is unthinkable especially with the advent of photography. Painting might be created with no referent، being made out of the painter’s «fantasy and imagination». Verbal signs as well might represent a referent، but a one arising from delusion and illusions. In photography، however، there is always a trace. Referent in photography brings forth the permanent presence of the object there. In this notion، there is a combination of past - happened in front of the camera and gone in a blink of an eye - with present - the being-there presence of object and photo reference. By way of explanation، photographs in their semantic system yield a referent which «its turning back to the past reality» occurs in the first step of content analysis. It can be said that the «aliveness» which the photograph points out to، is among the inherent، specific and unique features of photograph. Photography، even facing a dead body، emphasizes the aliveness of the corpse as «there corpse» and points out to the presence of the corpse. As if it testifies that the corpse as the corpse is alive! Photograph always does not represent ‘where it has been «but showing us» that it is here «as the corpse. Facing any photograph، we think of life as superior to death and seeing the photographs of the dead، even not recognizing the subject، we are moved and shocked merely coming to know the subject is dead; even we might break into tears emphasizing that we are alive، crying for those whose death being demonstrated by the photo. Us being alive، they as dead، this is the difference. The photograph shows their aliveness in a specific time and there in order to repeat their temporary aliveness while knowing they are dead forever. Photograph sometimes highly emphasizes the temporal distance in past. Seeing the photograph of a living person، we might be overwhelmed since the photograph takes the aliveness as its reference which does not exist as it used to be in the» past «. The existence of past time whit-in the photograph is associated with elements، containing a pre-understanding، for the audience، of whatever in his lost life bears meaning while emphasizing the temporariness of all objective and subjective assumptions، running between him and the surface of the photograph. Therefore، how does the eternal being-there of the referent and the perpetual bond between» reality and past «from which the» reference«of the photograph originates lay the foundation for the unification of the photo truth (the referent which presence is bound to the frame facing us) with photo reality (»that-has-been«of the referent which really existed before the camera)? Thus، reference as the fundamental structure of photography، is supposed to be the purpose of the photograph. Whatever the photograph represents is a text remained from its audience’s past as its viewer that in fact is a reference to whatever he/she is done with. Such a reference is more than the certainty of photography documentation that we see in documentary photographs. Reference in personal photos leads to explore the reinterpretation of identity، ancestry، internal relationships of a family members and understanding of love and affection while concerning documentary photographs، the function of photograph reference to past is taken as a ‘witness’ for acknowledging a historical event. On reference as witness in documentary photography، some believe that photographic images are among the items being collected and organized by historians to explore the past. In 19th century and after the photography invention، gradually to emphasize the originality، the use of phrases such as ‘adopted from the original copy of photograph’ has become widespread and since then photograph has been used as a witness. Reading personal photographs، reference alone clarifies the past as an apparent، gone reality and astonishes the viewer with its knowledge of the era which has passed. ‘Witness’، here، means the privacy of the understanding process between the audience and the photograph. Roland Barthes in his last book، Camera Lucida، speaks of»reference «as the essence of the photograph; the reference to» that-has-been «، existing as a present and acting element in the photograph. The paper studies the existentness of past time in the photo context while explaining the different features of» referring to the past «in private photos. It as well tries to explore how the audience’s reading، interpreting the photograph is affected by these» references«as the photograph being.

This article’s aim is to expand and promote theoratical evaluation of national security, embracing ethnicity factor concerning third world national security framework. It is necessary to recognize the internal complexities and national values as influential factors. Furthermore, since the process of national - building is completed in westerndeveloped countries, the security challenges of these countries differ from those of third world countries. This reality necessitates revision of realistic patterns or widening of national security concept. In ran the ethnicity factor which represents social heteriogenity is an important factor in assessment and designing national security policies and factors such as being third world country, regional transformations and expansion of Globalization process increase the threatening potentials of ethnicity factors. Thus, it is necessary forscholars and elites to seek mechanisms for transformation of theats to opportunities.