mohammad hosseinzadeh

This study aims to evaluate the curriculum of Persian medicine by distinguishing between the planned curriculum, the implemented curriculum, and the experienced curriculum. The goal is to identify existing issues and propose solutions to overcome these challenges.

This qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews. Participants included students, graduates, academic staff, group heads, and members of the Persian medicine board involved in the evaluation and planning of the Persian medicine curriculum. Data from the interviews were coded and classified using MAXQDA10 software.

The analysis revealed seven main themes: inadequate educational facilities, curriculum defects, the nature of the Doctoral Degree of Philosophy, the profile of incoming students, shortage of faculty members, the impact of unauthorized courses, and health market challenges in recruiting experts in this field.

Our evaluation indicated that policy decisions at various levels, such as allocating funds for better educational spaces, revising the curriculum, and hiring new academic staff, can significantly enhance the educational and professional quality of Persian medicine.

Exposure to ionizing radiation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) which leads to oxidative stress in the involved tissues. The oxidative stress may be minimized by using natural antioxidant products, such as Zingiber officinale or ginger. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective and antioxidant effects of ginger extract on the inhibition of oxidative stress in the serum and liver tissue of rats after exposure to x-ray irradiation.

Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups. Groups 1 and 2 received normal saline and DMSO, respectively; group 3 was placed in a turned-off X-ray device; group 4 was treated with ginger extract (100 mg/kg); groups 5 and 6 received X-radiation (4 Gy) and X-radiation + ginger extract, respectively. All treatments were orally administered once daily for four weeks. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the serum and liver tissues of the animals.

X-ray radiation significantly increased the levels of MDA and TOS and decreased TAC in the serum and liver tissues of irradiated rats compared to those of the control group. Ginger pretreatment prior to X-ray, significantly decreased the MDA and TOS levels and increased the TAC levels in the serum and liver samples of the rats compared to the rats irradiated with X-ray alone.

This study demonstrated that ginger acted as a protector against X-ray radiation by suppressing the oxidative stress in the rats’ liver and serum samples.

Among the interpretations of mental existence, only a few of them have ruled on the existential contradiction between the acquired knowledge and mental existence; Gholamreza Fayyazi’s view is the latest among them. One of the consequences of this recitation is the reconstruction of the representative apparition (al-shabaḥ al-muḥākī) theory and the substitution of representative correspondence (al-muṭābiqaẗ al-ḥikāyī) instead of substantive correspondence (al-muṭābiqaẗ al-māhawī) in the famous recitation. Fayyazi has argued on the ontological distinction between the acquired knowledge and mental existence in two ways:  the inner vision and the argument of correlation. This article has explained Fayyazi’s interpretation of the theory of mental existence in seven parts. The critical examination of this interpretation led to the conclusion that the theory of the unity of the knower and the known does not require that acquired knowledge be other than "mental form" from an ontological point of view; In addition, it was concluded that it is not correct to replace the representative correspondence instead of the substantive correspondence; because, it lacks the criteria necessary to explain the presentation and the correspondence between the mind and the object.

When dividing the acquired knowledge into concept and judgment, not only concept is one of the divisions, but the source of division is also a “concept”. The principles of division necessitate the source of division and the division not to be conceptually identical. Accordingly, in order to remove the problem of the “oneness of the source of division and division” or “the division of the thing into the self and other-than-the self”, the “concept” in the source of division must be different from the “concept” in the division. This paper examines Muslim logicians’ most important explanations in this regard and analyzes Mullā Ṣadrā’s standpoint in comparison to theirs. Moreover, based on his statements and the principles of the Transcendent Philosophy, concept has been explained as the source of division, division, and divided in two modes: the first is quiddative reading, which requires the division of concept (absolute acquired knowledge) into two simple types of “concept” and “judgment” and signifies their whatness. The second mode deals with realization and existence, which demonstrates the reliance of judgment on divided concept and is derived from Ibn Sīnā’s statements in this regard.

Among different interpretations of the theory of mental existence, only a few vouch for the existential contradiction between acquired knowledge and mental existence. Gh. Fayyazi is the most recent of these interpretations. According to him, the theory of the unification of the intelligent and the object of intelligence necessitates an ontological distinction between acquired knowledge and mental existence. One of the consequences of this interpretation is the reconstruction of the theory of the representative apparition and the substituting of representative correspondence with substantive correspondence in the well-known interpretation. Through two directions, Fayyazi argues for the ontological distinction between acquired knowledge and mental existence: inner vision and correlation. In seven sections, this article explores Fayyazi’s take on the theory of mental existence. The article concludes that neither the theory of the unification of the knower and the known nor inner vision necessitates the ontological duality of acquired knowledge and mental image. Also, the article concludes that it is not correct to replace representative correspondence with substantive correspondence as it lacks the necessary criterion for representation and correspondence between mind and object.

Policy-making on the teaching of ethnic and local languages, like any other issue, cannot be based only on value and normative guidelines and without considering the requirements of the environment and strategic considerations. For this purpose, a research was conducted with the aim of identifying the driver factors and influential actors in the issue of teaching ethnic and local languages in Iran. In order to identify the driver factors, we used the method of “Cross Impact Analysis”  using Micmac software, and for "actor analysis" we used Mactor software. As the most important to prevent the important group of "ethnic activists" from falling into the coalition of opponents of the political system; To continue the alliance with"Convergents who want to increase the ethnic share"; And also, in order to neutralize the factors of "ethnic nation-building" and "ethnic divergence", it is suggested that the policymaker should put aside his relative inaction in the issue of teaching ethnic and local languages and take control of the field with a deliberate action. However, the educational program of ethnic and local language and literature should not have the characteristics of "public" and "standardization" which is the main demand of "ethnic fighters" with the aim of nation building. On the other hand, the desired educational program should be "elitist", with the aim of identifying and flourishing talents and considering the preservation of different varieties of native languages as the linguistic heritage of the country and away from being influenced by foreign varieties.

The present study aimed to compare the levels of the inflammatory biomarkers of fibrinogen and highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) among type 2 diabetic patients treated with empagliflozin and other hypoglycemic drugs.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 90 patients with type 2 diabetes ( ≥ 30 years) receiving empagliflozin, metformin, and sulfonylurea who were referred to the diabetes clinics affiliated with Arak University of Medical Sciences. After obtaining consent to participate in the study, the patients were categorized into the treatment groups of metformin, metformin + empagliflozin, or metformin + sulfonylurea, and their characteristics and hypoglycemic drugs were recorded in the information checklist. The data were analyzed in SPSS 16 statistical software.

The fibrinogen level was minimized in the metformin + empagliflozin group, although the three groups were not significantly different in this regard (P = 0.382). Based on the results, the parameter was higher in the individuals with ischemic heart disease, while a lower level was found among those treated with a lipid-lowering agent. In terms of hs-CRP level, no statistically significant difference was observed among the three groups, although the metformin group had a lower level (P = 0.522).

The minimum fibrinogen and hs-CRP levels were related to the metformin + empagliflozin and metformin groups, respectively. Further, several factors such as comorbidities and other consumed drugs could affect the concentration of inflammatory factors. Thus, it is suggested that clinical trials should be conducted in this respect.

Addiction of internet is new-fashioned issue that nowadays displays in human society to state of chronic temptation or rotation resulting of rapatitious uses of internet. By creat resistless desire for renewed use to bring up metod, social and personal issue. For prevention of this damage, will be key in this issue to explanation view of holy legislator.This article by descriptive-analytial method is seeking to gathering analysis shia jurists views and inference of sharia ruling addictive of internet of shia religious view. results it seems that several of current jurist dont know possess religious prohibition, permitted use of internet by itself. But els some jurist dont permitted in case of extravagance in use and reach of significant physical or mental injury or intellectual injury. By adduce of holy legislator, tradition and wisdom, since that this phenomenon lie under the titles similar injustice and injury to self and profusion, posses more certanity its illegitimacy sentence.

Suhrawardī has leveled five criticisms in order to demonstrate the inefficiency of the Peripatetic theory of definition and, in return, has suggested another method for defining things. This method, which is known as the “conceptual definition”, is based on a common sense understanding of the meanings of words. According to this method, words are defined through providing their conceptual bases in the view of linguists or the people of language. Here, the author firstly explains Suhrawardī’s method of defining things and then examines it critically. The critical analysis of his view reveals that the logical conclusion of his criticism of the Peripatetic theory of definition is the correction of this theory through employing intuition rather than leaving the definition of things based on their quiddity aside and advocating the theory of conceptual definition. Moreover, Suhrawardī’s theory of definition, as a replacement for its Peripatetic counterpart, suffers from several problems. Therefore, even if Suhrawardī’s objections to the Peripatetics’ theory of definition are accepted, his own method in this regard is not acceptable by itself. At the end of this paper, the author explains and criticizes the views of a contemporary researcher of Suhrawardī’s ideas who believes that the relationship between Ibn Sīnā’s and Suhrawardī’s logic of definition is one of completion rather than difference.

Is it possible, in Islamic philosophy, to achieve a kind of definition by limit or an essential definition (al-taʿrīf bi al-ḥadd) for the Necessary Being through the application of logical rules? Many scholars’ answer is negative since they hold that an essential definition is limited to quiddity while the Necessary Being is not a kind of quiddity. Although some of Ibn Sīnā’s statements show that in some cases, like the relative aspect of the soul’s faculties, he has provided a real definition by limit for things that are not quiddity, he did not offer an essential definition for the Necessary Being and in this case, he was satisfied with a “conceptual definition”. The main idea of the present article is that IbnʿArabī and Mullā Ṣadrā have extended this Avicennan logical idea in their philosophical system. The result is as follows: IbnʿArabī has presented two solutions to define the Necessary Being and Mullā Ṣadrā has added one explanation to IbnʿArabī’s solutions.

One of Mūllā Ṣadrā’s logical innovations based on the theory of the primacy of existence is that “the definition of an object is unique to its recent differentia”. Mūllā Ṣadrā believes that in order to achieve true unity in composite quiddity, it is necessary to gather all the previous genuses and differentias in existence or in the same recent Form and differentia; in other words, in the recent Form and differentia, they are merged and depreciated. One of the consequences of such an attitude towards the recent Form and differentia - as the provider of the true unity of the composite quiddity - is that the previous materials and genuses are integrated in a simple way in the recent chapter, but each one, in a detailed way (that is, with actualities multiple) are not the constituents of the compound object and are considered outside of its truth. The inevitable result of the above point is that the inclusion of previous genuses and differentias in the definition of quiddity is not as an intrinsic component of that, but as equipment or branches of quiddity. Ṭabāṭabāʼī, as one of the most important commentators on Mūllā Ṣadrā’s view, did not accept this view and proposed three objections to it: 1) it is not appropriate to be content with the differentia alone; while the “definition” must be detailed 2) the exclusion of previous genuses and differentias from the truth of the object requires a revolution in essence 3) The exclusion of the genuses and differentias from the truth of the object is in conflict with “dress after dress” in the substantial motion. This article, after a brief reference to Mūllā Ṣadrā’s view on the uniqueness of the definition of an object through its recent differentia, presents Ṭabāṭabāʼī’s threefold criticisms with a critical attitude. Examination of these three criticisms led to the conclusion that none of Ṭabāṭabāʼī’s criticisms is correct and that Mūllā Ṣadrā’s intention is to exclude the genuses and differentias present in the detailed order, not the genuses and differentias mentioned in the brief and simple order of the recent differentia. Also, during the study and response to Ṭabāṭabāʼī’s criticisms, some of the hidden dimensions of Mūllā Ṣadrā’s view, such as the affirmative actuality of the genuses and the previous differentias.

The non-uniform stress distribution that occurs in a tension member adjacent to a connection, in which all elements of the cross section are not directly connected, is commonly referred to as the shear lag effect. This effect reduces the design strength of the member because the entire cross section is not fully effective at the critical section location. This phenomenon has long been taken into account in various structural codes, however the rules of the codes used are somewhat conservative and it seems that they need to be reviewed. In this research, a series of steel box section connected through two wings and plate sections were studied through finite element method using ABAQUS software, and the ultimate member capacity was obtained. It can be seen that in this regard the relationship between the rules is somewhat conservative and optimized relationships have been proposed to address this issue. Parameters used include connection length, axial force eccentricity, and weld size. The results show that the length of the connection, the gusset plate thickness and also the eccentricity have a significant influence on the shear latency coefficient.

A change in the philosophical foundations of logic requires a change in the approach to dealing with its problems, and sometimes a change in the problems themselves. One of the important issues of logic is the structure of the definition and the role of various “genus” and “differentia” in the “limit definition” and how they are arranged. According to the theory of the primacy of existence, this article rereads and explains Mūllā Ṣadrā’s view on the “limit definition” and analyzes how he deals with the views of most philosophers. An analytical study of this issue led to the conclusion that the theory of the primacy of existence and its derivatives has led to a different approach in Mūllā Ṣadrā’s philosophy in which the “last differentia” provides the true unity of composite quiddity and the former genuses and differentias in the form of simplicity and In short are included; accordingly, Mūllā Ṣadrā has explicitly stated that in “complete limit” it is not necessary to observe the order between the components of quiddity, but it is a matter of admiration. In this innovative approach, the “limit definition” of quiddity is merely the last differentia, and each of the earlier genuses and differentias in detail with multiple realizations, as most philosophers have drawn, are not part of the object and are outside its truth; as a result, the mention of previous genuses and differentias in “limit definition” is superfluous to the truth of the object.

In this study, the effect of sun tracking on the performance of an evacuated tube solar cooker is experimentally investigated. For this purpose, sun tracking is manually performed in time intervals of 5 min. Moreover, in another experiment, the solar cooker is placed towards the south with a tilt angle of 30º. In this research, the evacuated tube solar cooker is utilized to boil water. In addition, the comparison of the performance of the solar cooker in the fixed and movable situations is conducted from the energy and exergy viewpoints. The results indicate that the time required to boil 800 gr of water in the experiment in which the solar cooker is in the fixed situation is 2 h and 25 min. However, the sun tracking by the solar cooker reduces the mentioned time by about 1 h and 5 min (44.83%). Using sun tracking, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the solar cooker also increase about 4.92% and 0.57% in order.

The effect of chemical composition and amount of inoculant on microstructure specially ferrite phase and graphite nodule count and mechanical properties containing ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness of ferritic ductile iron were considered. In this project, three conditions were evaluated. They were without inoculant, barium and silicon base inoculants were used. Inoculant percentages were 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 percent. The results show that inoculation encourages the ferrite formation from 75 percent to 90 percent in matrix, increasing the nodule count from 125 to 175, decreasing the hardness from around 200 HB to close 160 HB and decreasing the UTS from more than 500 MPa to close the 400 MPa. In comparison between barium and silicon base inoculants, it was seen that effect of inoculants on the microstructure was same but on the mechanical properties was different and barium base inoculant had more appropriate effect in comparison with silicon base inoculant.

The Sinan approach to the theory of definition is an explanation and expanded from of Aristotelian definition. He has accepted Aristotle’s definition of objects based on analyzing their quiddity in terms of their genus and differentia and extended it. Moreover, Ibn Sīnā has added some innovative views to it that have not received the attention that they truly deserve, and researchers have not explained and organized them in a consistent and structured from. Following a descriptive-analytic method, this paper explains the theory of Sinan definition within a consistent framework and analyzes the quality of Ibn Sīnā’s encounter with the views of Aristotle and Fārābī. Moreover, it refers to Ibn Sīnā’s innovations regarding the problem of definition and, by emphasizing its less studied aspects, responds to the following questions: to what extent is the unknown nature of objects’ differentia consistent with Ibn Sīnā’s theory on the definition and knowledge of objects? Does the theory of Sinan definition merely target quiddative affairs, or does it also extend to non-quiddative affairs? Which mechanism does Ibn Sīnā provide for defining non-quiddative affairs?

Up to date, most of the bending moment connections are designed to follow a weak beam-strong column rule, which imposes extensive fabricated and material costs and welding applications at the project site. Therefore, in order to eliminate these shortcomings, a relatively new bending moment connection that connects steel beam and column to each other only by connecting a plate in the direction of the beam and column web are studied as the parametric studies. The design criterion for the connection sheet was such that its flexural bending capacity was less than the bending capacity of the beam so that the connection plate would act as a metallic yielding damper and other elements would remain in the elastic state. Parameters such as thickness, height, slope, and plate material were considered in nonlinear static analyzes and the simulation of 12 numerical models of finite element in the Abaqus program under cyclic loading. Initially, the numerical model was compared with the test sample, and the behavior of the two samples in terms of failure mode and the hysteresis curves of the bending moment-rotation were well matched. Numerous numerical models were then simulated to consider the effect of parameters on the overall behavior of the connection. The results of the analysis showed that the appropriate range for the thickness of the connection plate to act as a fuse and energy absorber must be between one and twice the thickness of the beam web. Also, the free distance should be between 4 and 6 times the thickness of the plate.

Mullā Ṣadrā has used the same terminology and style of the earlier logicians in many of his discussions on logical belief (Taṣdīq); while his two theories, “principality of existence” and “union of the knower and the known”, require that he address the issue to present the problem of “conception and belief” in a philosophical system different from the philosophical system of the sages. According to the theory of principality of existence and using the method of textual analysis, this article has re-read Mullā Ṣadrā’s view in explaining the truth of logical belief and has analyzed his approach in the face of the view of previous logicians. In this regard, it was concluded that Mullā Ṣadrā has expressed his view with two different approaches and on two levels: One approach is based on the principles of earlier logicians (essential approach) and the other approach is based on the theory of the principality of existence (existential approach). It was also argued that Mullā Ṣadrā’s view of the truth of logical belief was the same as Fārābī’s view, emphasizing that such a view was based solely on Mullā Ṣadrā’s existential approach and backed by theories of the principality of existence, the gradation of existence, the substantial motion and the union of the knower and the known.

 A large number of students enrolled in many universities and the low ratio of supervisors to the student have challenged the process of developing education and research. Today, information and communication technology (ICT) tools have changed the learning environments. We assessed the improvement in challenges in the thesis process for Master’s degree virtual students using learning management systems (LMS).

 This study is a translational research design focusing on adaptation of educational technology and was conducted in three stages: Preparation, implementation, and assessment in the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2017. In the preparation stage, we matched LMS with technical support requirements. In the experimental stage, the effectiveness of a web-based system (LMS) for thesis support was assessed in 67, 65, and 51 master students in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively, and they were followed two years. In the post- experimental stage, the program was assessed using quality criteria. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc tests.

 Data of 67 students as the first entry group were collected after two years of implementation of the program and 22 quality criteria were extracted by literature review and validated by focus group discussion. The results of students’ perspective showed that the scores of the quality criteria after using LMS in comparison other alternative methods were at the desirable level (mean score > 7), the social network and email scores were mostly at the moderate level, and the meeting was almost less desirable (mean score < 4). The results of the supervisors’ perspective also showed that the scores of the quality criteria were at the desirable level. The ANOVA result for most criteria was statistically significant at 95% CI. The results indicated the higher scores in all quality criteria after using LMS in comparison with alternative methods from the viewpoints of the supervisors and students (95% CI: 8.76 ± 0.83) and (95% CI: 8.71 ± 0.64), respectively.

 The results of this study indicated that implementing LMS for thesis support was almost twice more successful in achieving the considered criteria than other alternative methods in terms of both students’ and supervisors’ perspectives. Implementation of LMS in the thesis process, which significantly affects the quality and quantity of research through improvement in feedback quality, saves time, and increases the rate of thesis completion.
 

Mulla Sadra's view of the principality of existence has been interpreted in various ways. In the prevailing interpretation of the theory of the principality of existence, the quiddity is purely subjective, and since it is not present in external reality, it cannot literally represent external reality. The interpretation of Obudiyyat - which is the explanation of the interpretation of Agha Ali Modarres Zenozi - while at the same time emphasizing the subjectivity of quiddity and recognizing quiddity as an image, introduces quiddity's representation as a true indication. This paper, with a descriptive-analytic approach, examines Mulla Sadra's statements and shows that this interpretation cannot be a proper explanation of Mulla Sadra's view of the principality of existence. Mulla Sadra, influenced by the mystics, depicted the relationship between God and the creatures between existence and quiddity and used the mystic's words to depict the relationship, including image, fantasy and Representing the creatures from God. Contrary to Zenozi and Obudiyyat's understanding, such words have been used in the ontological rather than the epistemological sense; hence, they cannot be interpreted as a purely mental object in Sadra's view.

Free will is one of the philosophical topics that have important and significant functions in the humanities, and is one of the theoretical foundations of the humanities. Various forms of free will have been provided; each of these forms has functions in the humanities that are completely different from other functions of the other form. One of these functions is the use of legal theories about the punishment of offenders. In this paper, after introducing different theories of free will and two major legal theories about punishment (Retributivism and Utilitarianism) , the ratio of different forms of the free will to the legal theories of punishment is measured and the result is obtained that the legal theory Retributivism is based solely on an incompatible form of free will, and it is only this type of freedom can apply the theory of punishment; contrary to the legal theory of Utilitarianism, which is non-conditioned to free will, and all the different forms, and even the attitude of hard determinism, can use this theory of punishment. According to this result, Mulla Sadra's view was drawn on punishment, and it was clear that he - as a Compatibilist philosopher - did not deny the ability to praise and deserve punishment; but in a diminishing approach, he reduces the concentration of these concepts in an incompatible intellectual system and reduces them in the sense that it can be used in the system of Compatibilism; this has led him to be very similar in terms of practical functions, to the theories of Utilitarian punishment.

Organizational pathology is often considered as the most critical component of establishing an organizational transformation plan; therefore, an important step that successful organizations take to improve their effectiveness regards performing accurate and timely pathology. This research is mainly intended to identify the defects of the transformatio and training system of Salehin from the views of trainers and headmasters, and their ranking in the Basij Organization of Khorasan Razavi province. Harrison's completed model is used to classify the defects. This applied research follows mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method for data collection and descriptive analytical method for analysis. The statistical population of this study includes instructors (team leaders) of Salehin selected on the basis of stratified random sampling containing 168 people according to Cochran's formula. The main research tool contained a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 93%, measured by SPSS12 software. The results indicated that the defects of Salehin training system contains 28 items, which received the score of 5 and less respectively, in terms of their significance: 1) consideration of quantity, rather than paying sufficient attention to quality by most managers without to quality (extreme attention to quantity), 2) inconsistency of the speech and the deeds of instructors and their practicality, 3) lack of a certain plan for studying the content, 4) lack of a clear and consistent definition of training system of Salehin by  managers and commanders, of the righteous educational system, 5) lack of attention to the needs of the trainees.

The importance of using modern electronic and virtual education in medical sciences, which can be used without any time limit, is increasingly increasing.

The current study aimed to provide a framework for distance education based on the Electronic Learning Management System for the staff of the Deputy for Public Health.

This study had three phases. First, the level of preparedness of the staff of the health department (trainers and learners) was assessed through a descriptive-survey using a questionnaire. In the second phase, the analysis of the educational programs that were implemented during the last year was carried out. Finally, in the third phase, to manage the e-learning process based on the selected Instructional design model, considering the newness, a structure was proposed, guaranteeing quality while taking into consideration the deputy’s current facilities and staff.

According to the results, 84.4% of the trainers and 87.4% of the learners were agreed with E-learning. 72.2% of trainers noted that their educational programs could be held electronically, and 84.4% of trainers and 64.4% of learners believed that moving toward E-learning is necessary. 82.6% of the goals of the curriculum were cognitive, and 92.4% were theoretical. The design of the structure of E-learning was carried out in the areas of planning, content creation, course implementation, evaluation, and electronic loading. Besides, the tasks of each area were tailored to the Instructional Design Model of Gagne and were based on the capabilities of the Deputy for Public Health.

The present study showed that trainers and learners are ready to conduct E-learning and that educational programs also can be held electronically, and a structure that incorporates the quality and proper management of this department is designed based on the potential and personnel resources of the department.

In Allameh Tabatabai's works, two different approaches to the issue of discretion are presented: the adaptive approach and the authoritarian approach. Allameh Tabatabai's authoritarian approach is his innovative vision which is drawn through the credit of the obligation, as one of the credits before the community, on an individual and personal level - not a social one. Habermas also by authoritarian approach depicts human free will, through separating the realm of causality in the natural world from the realm of reasoning in the social world. This article seeks to answer these questions: What are the similarities and differences between the authoritarian view of Allameh Tabatabai and the authoritarian view of Habermas? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of these two perspectives? Are these views acceptable and can they explain human’s free will? In this paper, these two perspectives on free will are compared and examined. Habermas's authoritarian view is similar to Allameh Tabatabai's authoritarian view in that he explains free will through a symbolic and credible world which is not subject to the law of causality and causal necessity. With the difference that in Allameh Tabatabai's approach, credit is a credit dependent on the creditor and one of the credits before the community. But in Habermas's account, credit is a social world that is independent of the established person and the person has not credited it. We conclude, by examining these two perspective:  both perspectives have their faults and cannot be considered an acceptable approach to explaining the issue of free will.

Humanities discuss human voluntary action, hence the man's free will is the most important basis for distinguishing the humanities from the natural sciences. In view of the fact that there are, in general, two Compatible and Incompatible versions of free will, it is necessary, in general, to consider the ratio of different perspectives on the distinction of the humanities from the natural sciences with these two general statements of free will, in this way the humanities and sciences Naturally, they define their relationship between their last and next, according to the free will's statements. This paper, by descriptive-analytic method, examines the role of different statements of free will in the distinction between humanities and natural sciences, and concludes that the intrinsic distinction of the humanities from the natural sciences is possible only on the basis of an Incompatible narrative, and the attitude of Compatibility can not distinguish the human sciences from the natural sciences, except through exogenous factors.