mohammad javad haghshenas

 

The history of the party in the sense of population in Iran has a long history and the political party in a specific way and with the framework of conventional and new resistance of parties in Iran does not exceed about a century and dates back to the constitutional period or a little earlier. Throughout the history of Iranian political thought, clerics, especially since the Safavid era, have played a fundamental and important role in the political actions of the people.

The method used in this research is a combination of documentary and descriptive-analytical methods. This research is not based on political sociology and aims to study historical events and historiography, so not all historical cases are mentioned for the titles and only important evidence is used. The method of data collection is content analysis.

The victory of the Islamic Revolution opened a new chapter for the activities of groups, organizations and political parties; And witnessed the confrontation of different political factions and, in contrast, the unification of different groups around a common axis. The issue of the relationship between the clergy and the parties in charge of which the clergy are responsible has long been an important and challenging issue in the field of clergy. The small number of clerics who rushed to party-building or even to use the existing modern order before the revolution were also openly criticized and subjected to various accusations.

In any country, one of the signs of moving towards democracy is the tendency towards elections and creating security and transparency in elections. The origin of political systems, the role of people in politics and government, the process and degree of influence of citizens in political decisions and finally electoral systems in countries. It is the elements that determine the coordinates of the "election". E-elections include electronic tools used to collect and count votes. The purpose of this study is to compare the consequences of the e-election process in the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this research, the library method was used to collect information. The question that arises in the research is what effect does electronic elections have on democratization? Therefore, two hypotheses are raised in this discussion 1. E-elections in the United States have little effect on the quality and extent of democracy due to their political development and democratic structure. 2. In Iran; Electronic process of elections due to increasing the security of elections, its facilitation and transparency can have a significant positive effect on the process of transition to democracy. The research findings confirmed the hypotheses. The results showed that if the e-election process is implemented and accelerated in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it can not only increase security, but also bring transparency and trust.

The unintended consequences of policies are an important issue that is often overlooked by policymakers. This paper describes four case studies of the law of unintended consequences as it applies to government policy. These case studies include federal income tax, cigarette taxes, minimum wage and alcohol prohibition. The well-known result that government policies designed to bring about one set of goals often create unanticipated outcomes has taken on increasing importance as governments become ever more involved in social and economic affairs. At the end, author advice to policymakers to be careful what they wish for policies.

Syria has had the highest level of relations among arab states and the Islamic Republic of Iran. This country was supporters of Iran during the imposed war. After the war, two mentioned countries completed political relations by economic exchanges and cultural relations Tehran and Damascus were considered as strategic allies in the middle east. To find the cause of the intimate relations between Iran and Syria, we must pay attention to the ideological and strategic context of these relations. Essentially The common ideology of Iran and Syria was an anti-imperialist orientation which was crystallized in anti-American and anti-Zionist tendencies and support for Palestinian groups. On the other hand, confronting with common threats in the periods of imposed war (Saddam Hussein and Israel) after that, Saudi Arabia and then Iran's effort to reach to the position of regional power are the main factors of strategic alliance of two countries (Hypothesis). As a result, the policy of both countries is not only maintaining the independence exploit of transnational forces in the region but also creating a kind of stability against the security threats of the middle east, which caused from the global pressures of powers, mostly. Thus, the alliance of Iran and Syria brings a new balance of power in the region that challenges the regional order influenced by Western global politics. In this study, we will look for reviewing a system of balancing power in the Middle East and the status of the coalition of two countries.

"Good Governance or Favorable Governance" was originally created in the United Nations Charter and International Law and nurtured in the light of UN support. All definitions of governance represent a broader concept of government. The new use of the word includes three institutions of government, civil society and the private sector in addition to the state institution. The task of good governance is to co-operate and coordinate between these sectors. In the meantime, transparency is a must in all areas of good governance. The present study, using analytical-descriptive method, seeks to investigate transparency in the Islamic Republic of Iran with or without good governance.The results of the analysis showed that transparency could not emerge in the first ten years of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1979 to 1989 due to the two characteristics of war conditions and the presence of Imam Khomeini's charismatic personality. In the period from 1989 to 1997, transparency could not be realized because of focusing on economic activities and starting the process of growth of the middle class. During Khatami's presidency, despite hopes for transparency, this was not achieved due to the weakness of civil society and the resistance of political power. With Ahmadinejad's victory in the election, a return to revolutionary slogans and radical demands for justice and arrogance was taking place. What was observed in the study of transparency between 1977 and 2011 shows that because of the revolutionary conditions and the seizure of power by the revolutionaries, transparency was in place, and it has become increasingly clear that the political system, although committed to democracy, has failed to achieve transparency over the years due to institutional and structural weaknesses.

This article has focused on the Barrier's facing women's political participation in parties. The main question of this article is that What are the obstacles of women's participation in parties after the ratification of Laws of parties in answering to this question, the main hypothesis of this article is that patriarchal political culture along with unofficial political barriers have had negative effects on three factors (Characteristic Features, Political Motivations and Women’s Social Status) which are in relation with women's political participation. This process has had some consequences like the necessity of women's following of men; or undermining the social status of women; and creation the sense of political inability and so, have provided unfavorable political atmosphere for women and decrease the level of women's political participating. In order to examine the main hypothesis, structural questionnaire method has been used.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the centralized and highly complex mechanism for water resourced allocation in Central Asia turned into a complex cross-border water management problem and left unresolved bilateral claims. Under such a situation, transboundary rivers caused national and regional instability and created a new source of conflict between coastal governments by abandoning regional integration in Central Asia. In addition to natural and historical reasons, the tie between water and energy issues, climate change, population growth and its disparate distribution in Central Asia has exacerbated the security challenges of the water issues in the region. Accordingly, the main question of the present paper is that "On what principles the management of transboundary rivers in Central Asia has been based since the Republic’s independence and how it has affected the security of this region?" The findings of the research, which are descriptive-analytical using documentary and transactional methodology, show that "the principles ruling management of transboundary rivers in Central Asia during the past quarter century have been based on competition, self-orientation and separate national interests of the Republics in Central Asia which have led to local and national conflicts and can be studied as an indirect or complementary source of security instability in Central Asia.”

An effective combating with corruption requires knowing its size and aspects. Bribery and embezzlement are two kinds of corruption in most countries, where billions of dollars are wasted for them every year. Therefore, it is important to know the amount of costs incurred for these corruptions. To this end, various methods have been developed by anti-corruption experts to measure and estimate the amount of bribery and embezzlement. Some of these methods are objective but others are based on perception. This paper attempts to introduce various methods of measuring bribery and embezzlement with objective examples from different countries

Azerbaijan´s water challenges and threats, highlights the necessity of paying attention to water management. The present article addresses the following question: what are the serious obstacles for the implementation of water management in the Republic of Azerbaijan? This question is formulated against the backdrop of the following given: water crisis in republic of Azerbaijan is rooted in the shortage of economic water rather than tangible water. The hypothesis is that reemphasis on the role of government, lack of attention to the system of water co-management, lack of integrated management of water resources based on watershed divisions as well as inappropriate water infrastructures are the four main obstacles. In order to compensate the existing shortcomings, the Republic of Azerbaijan has chosen the approach of partnership with international institutions especially European Union, and is less dependent on its own scholars and scientific researches. Using explanatory – analytical research method and documentary methodology, the authors try to tell why the research findings provide an answer to the research question.

This book discuss and define cultural policy in countries such as:America,France and countries with legacy of Coloniality or Internal Coloniality and the Olympics opening ceremony,an internationally recognized platform for a host country to present their national identiy and their cultural policy.The Author use comparative methodology for this research because this method would explain the wide variability in modes of cultural policy as a reflection of broader political ideological and administrative traditions.
This research answers to this question: Is public policymaking fundamentally political or not? By adopting pragmatic approach, author responds positively to this question. The study of the political nature of public policy makes it possible to understand its importance in the policy process. To question the political character of policymaking consider that the activities carried out by the stakeholders to shape public policy are core processes not only in understanding the forms that public policy eventually takes but also in understanding the unfolding forms of politicization and the modes of legitimacy used by those who govern. The author believes that policy making in the context of political science has many benefits and helps solve many public issues. He presents a solution to social problems as a complex process in which there are actors and policy proposals that lead to a final solution through a complex process.

Parliamentary and health services Ombudsman is one of the most important institutions for handling public complaints from UK enforcement agencies. It was set up by Parliament to provide an independent complaint handling service for complaints that have not been resolved by the NHS in England and UK government departments. Parliamentary and health services Ombudsman share its findings to help drive improvements in public services and complaint handling. It is not part of the government or the NHS in England. Ombudsman combines the two statutory roles of Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (the Parliamentary Ombudsman) and Health Service Commissioner for England (Health Service Ombudsman). Ombudsman powers are set out in the Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 and the Health Service Commissioners Act 1993. This Paper reviews the latest Parliamentary and health services Ombudsman report.

Achieving an efficient and effective health system, requires designing development programs and proper implementation of them. In recent years, various countries including Iran have defined development programs in this field; Evidence suggests that the success in Health Care depends on several factors, among them is to review the experiences of other countries. This article introduces the Health development program and its challenges in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Then the health development programs in Turkey, as a successful example, and Obama Health Care Insurance as an unsuccessful example have been examined. Findings show that the determination of macro-political management, financial plan, the proper definition of functions and structures, and having vision and integrated plans, play an effective role in the success of health development plan.

Corruption is one of the most important problems in developing countries and this causes the government in these countries to set various policies to deal with corruption. In order to prevent and combat to corruption, Islamic Republic of Iran has implemented various policies in the past three decades. Some these policies can be found in development plans. The purpose of this article is study of these policies during the third, fourth and fifth development plans. In this paper three approaches are identified: economic approach, judicial-administrative approach and social-cultural approach. Then with reviews of each of these approaches in documents and international reports, contents of these indicators and desired content has been extracted. Then with content analysis method the number of materials of every program was examined. The findings show that while the economic approach has been dominated on the third plan in the fourth and fifth plan social-cultural and judicial-administrative approach has been ruled.

In this paper the author compares process of anti-corruption policymaking in the Islamic Republic of Iran، Turkey and Pakistan and thereby identify barriers of policymaking. Based on the results، while Turkey has tried to strengthen the private sector and civil society organizations and political parties established a good correlation between public، private and civil society that result was control of corruption. But in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan، for various reasons، it has not been achieved yet. Desirable model of anti-corruption in this article comes from the notion of good governance in which based on partnership of public، private sectors، and civil society in all aspects of economic، political، cultural - social and management.

After collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the East Europe countries were one of the problems that become as a trouble for Western European countries and America and at that time these countries (East Europe) were a membership of verso treaty.
For these countries, it was necessary to delivered them to join the Western European during a long- term program, so that they cannot be leagued once more with Russia on any conditions in the future .So the development of Nato to the East is pursued at that time. Nato’s development to the East is unnecessary by Russia and knows it as a treaty for his national security.
These two developments are into opposition to each other for more than two centuries, but the scale of policy is in far out of Westerners, because up to now , nine countries of Eastern Europe and three countries that become as an organ of Nato and were a part of Soviet territory (Litvani , Letoni , Estonia) for a time .
This paper attempts to explore that the styles of Russia’s cooperation with Nato’s development to the East , and also studding the possible method’s between Russia and Nato.

With respect of being in Iran strategic environment, Afghanistan is one of the most important components of it. Iran’s strategic environment is such as that Afghanistan has become one of it’s the most important members so that after the enforced war, Afghanistan has made the most important security problems for Iran.
Each group with ideological idea in Afghanistan is resulted in security problems for Iran.
Being of western countries especially United States of America in the region, has promoted the border sensitivities between Iran and Afghanistan. Being of western forces in Afghanistan, has brought opportunities and problems for Iran, this paper is going to investigate these problem and opportunities.

Monitoring or inspection has an unmatched role in implementation of successful policies. This is especially the case for social policy, because these policies are more in need of care due to their breadth and depth. In order to monitor social policies, different approaches have been presented. Among them, four have been more interesting including: social systems accounting; social auditing; social testing; and synthesis of research and practice. Given the theoretical vacuum regarding these approaches and their impact on the improvement of social policies, in the present paper we have tried to besides introducing these approaches and their strengths and weaknesses with a descriptive - analytical approach, examining the application of them in monitoring the budget and development programs in Iran. Results show that one of the major causes of failure to achieve the development goals defined in the budget laws and programs is lack of understanding and applying new approaches to monitoring.