mohammad mazidi

Understanding the Components of Childhood Socialization from the Viewpoint of Al-Farabi Abstract: The purpose of this study is to understand the components of socialization in childhood from the viewpoint of Al-Farabi. This study is a qualitative one with a non-emergent design; and for data collection, the documentary method and regular or systematic note-taking method are used. In this study, a descriptive-interpretive approach and inductive content analysis method are used for data analysis. In order to extract the components of socialization and answer the research question, data are analyzed using a constant comparative method until saturation point, ensuring that no newer information is obtained. Resulted components based on the viewpoint of Al-Farabi include social affection and solidarity, peer group and socialization, social justice, art and socialization, body training and socialization, conscious acceptance of social roles and trying to co-operate in childhood. Finally, we discuss and conclude on the subject, limitations and suggestions. Keywords: Al-Farabi, components of socialization, childhood

The present research aims to understand the components of socialization in childhood from the viewpoint of Khawaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. This study is a qualitative one with a non-emergent design; and for data collection, the documentary method and regular or systematic note-taking method are used. In this study, a descriptive-interpretive approach and inductive content analysis method are used for data analysis. In order to extract the components of socialization and answer the research question, data are analyzed using a constant comparative method until saturation point, ensuring that no newer information is obtained. Resulted components based on the viewpoint of Khawaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi include family institution and socialization, courage, wisdom, chastity, justice, social work division, co-operation, social affection and solidarity, conscious acceptance of social roles and social norms and laws, Social etiquette. Finally, we discuss and conclude on the subject, limitations and suggestions.

By understanding the process of modernization in various aspects of human life, postmodernism has critically analyzed this process. The main goal of this research is to critically analyze the function of the media with a postmodern approach and provide its educational guidelines. To achieve this goal, a critical analytical method has been used. For this purpose, firstly, the most important components of post-modernism were identified in the subject area, and the categories that looked at the media and its socio-educational functions were examined and identified. In the following, along with a critical analysis of the function of the media based on the most important postmodern components, its educational guidelines have been explained by using examples of media citations - especially movies and social networks. The most important components inferred in this research are the critical use of information, respect for the media fence, acceptance of otherness and freedom from the monotony of thought, fundamental reading of the theme, and finally cultural eclecticism in the direction of tolerance of incompatibilities. The results of this research show that knowing the place of media in today's life and moderation in its use, identifying reliable sources and useful information, acquiring media literacy and familiarity with techniques such as persuasion and stereotyping are necessary for effective educational exposure in this field. Giving importance to the values of local communities against elitism and individual and cultural stardom, critical analysis of messages and diversity in information sources are considered educational requirements of this research.

The aim of the current research was to explain the position of media in the document of the fundamental transformation of education in order to extract the themes of media education with focus on the reflections of Jean-Francois Lyotard and Jean Baudrillard as the two prominent postmodernists. Considering the challenges of modern media, postmodernism deals with the critical reading of modern enlightened imperialism in general and modern media in particular. The research paradigm was qualitative, documentary data collection method was used and data analysis method was thematic analysis. Findings showed the importance of the transformation document's attention to the educational media and media education. Paying attention to the pivotal position of the media, educational coordination and participation and purposeful production in the intra-organizational domain, access and utilization, and active exposure to the new media in the extra-organizational domain of education are among the presented strategies. In the next step, Lyotard and Baudrillard's views were divided into constructive and destructive categories based on the components of the first step, and the amount and type of access. Epistemic relativism, familiarity with persuasion techniques, advertising techniques and critical approach to media messages were brought up in the active confrontation. Finally, in term of purposeful production, cultural pluralism and acceptance of differences, internal dynamism and conformity with society's needs were taken into consideration. Findings showed that it is possible and necessary to apply the themes of postmodern thinkers in line with the media education, in accordance with the criteria of the fundamental transformation document.

Civil education is known as one of the important functions of education, and to teach and learn civil education, there must be a model. One of the important theories related to civil education belongs to Farabi, who is an Iranian-Islamic philosopher. The present study aims at exploring the model of civil education from Farabi’s viewpoint. The approach of the study is qualitative and its method is content analysis. All Farabi’s first- and second-hand translated works, which were selected using the purposeful sampling method and convenience sampling, were explored. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the results of this study. The findings of the thematic analysis were organized in the terms of 50 categories, 34 basic themes, 7 organizing themes and 4 global themes. The results showed that civil education and its dimensions appropriate to the culture and values of our society should be introduced into the educational system. Furthermore, this study introduced some methods of active and participatory civil education and the way to use them from Farabi’s viewpoint.

Researches in recent decades have attempted to study the relationship between art and education and examine its theoretical and practical foundations. questions about beauty and art are questions that have occupied the human mind for a long time. Eshraq philosophy, by using the principles of Islamic wisdom, mystical and enlightenment principles it can be a suteble basis for analyzing the ideas and concepts in Iranian art. one of the important fields of education is art and aesthetics. accordingly, this research is an attempt to analyze and understand art education based on Iranian philosophy and extracting its implications in education, especially in educational planning and educational adminstration. the method of this research is qualitative content analysis. using constant comparative method, the categories of art education were deduced from the perspective of Eshraq philosophy.

This research aimed to investigate the possible challenges of the national curriculum for student' ethnic identity. This study used a qualitative approach based on grounded theory with a systematic approach. Data were collected by semi deep interview. Selection of the participants was purposive and attempted to apply the rules of maximum variety and saturation points. Samples were selected according to the nature and characteristics of the participants based on the snowball method. The interview was conducted with teachers who have teaching experience in rural areas and curriculum experts and sociologists. Interview were analyzed based on grounded theory and the open and axial coding methods were used. In the open coding the concepts were related to each other and the initial categories were determined, and in the axial coding central categories were achieved by continuous comparison of the raw data. The analysis of teachers' interview revealed the final political-educational strategies of the education, and the analysis of the experts' interview revealed the Multi-authored policy of the main category.

In line with the increasing developments in the field of media and especially with the dominance of social networks, attitudes and social life have also changed. The collection of these developments has challenged traditional tools and media and highlighted the need to adopt transformational approaches and approaches appropriate to the current social situation. For example, the pulpit, as a traditional media network that has social, cultural and especially political functions, faces challenges with the epidemic of virtual networks and structural and behavioral changes in Iranian society. Is. Considering the institutional and functional importance of the pulpit in the political and social field of Iran today, the present study has explained and approached the pulpit media approach in contemporary times. For this purpose, using the research process method, to analyze the discourses produced by two contemporary pulpits, including Mohsen Gharaati and Naser Rafiei, and to examine the approach of persuasion applications, methods of generating motivation and their audience has done. The results showed that political discourses, social ethics as well as narrative applications are the most important persuasive and motivational applications and the youth spectrum considered as the most prominent examples of rhetoric. From an epistemological point of view, given the generational changes in the youth spectrum and the dominance of social networks, it seems that the persuasive and motivational uses of the pulpits need serious consideration.

The current research aims to understand social pathology of education on the southeastern borders of Iran. This work was conducted in a qualitative paradigm. Data were collected by tow methods in-depth interview and documentation. The Manuscript of Fundamental Transformations in Education were considered as the research document and a group of teachers and educational experts who were selected purposively considered as the research participants. The maximum variation sampling and saturation regulations were applied during the sampling procedure. The Grounded Theory procedure with constant comparative method and interpretive-abstractive approach were used to analyze the data gathered from interviews and the inductive or relational content analysis was applied to analyze the data gathered from the selected document. Four main categories derived from the interviews` analysis: social pathologies, educational pathologies, economic restrains and religious restrictions. Based on the research findings four strategies or solutions were presented in four areas of cultural affairs, community, religion and educational affairs. Comparison of the results, extracted from the selected document and interviews, showed that they were consistent to some extent. The consequences of the emergence of these disorders affected the whole southwestern part of the country in both short-term and long-term periods.

Any area of human knowledge is based on special philosophical foundations. These foundations determine the basic framework and paradigm of the area. Ontology, epistemology, methodology, and anthropology are the philosophical foundations that form a specific knowledge area. Ethics in medical sciences has its own philosophical foundations in Islamic framework. Using Islamic texts in general and the holy Quran in particular, this research/study attempts to analyze and identify these foundations, and, in an attempt to execute a part of the objectives of the Comprehensive and Scientific Map of Iran, it tries to localize and Islamicize these foundations.  

This is a qualitative research that is based on emergent design. The data collection procedure is documentary and library resource and the data analysis approach is considered to be descriptive-interpretive. Islamic texts and the holy Quran in particular are sources of extraction of our intended components and criteria.

According to the foundations of Ontology, Epistemology, Methodology, and Islamic Anthropology, the most important characteristics of ethics in medical sciences include monotheism, motivations for closeness to God, kindness, and virtue. Other practical concepts such as thralldomand purification of soul are also taken into account in this study.

Using the capacity of Islamic moral education system, doctors and other healthcare providers could achieve Islamic and humanity goals in medical sciences. The medical education system of universities of medical sciences can use philosophical principles of Islamic ethical system in their curriculum programs and internships as a basis to improve students’ attitude, motivation and skills based on Islamic foundations.

Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems are growing technologies that are widely used to collect energy for different uses. This widely usage can be due to their high efficiency, considerable energy storage potential, and low operating cost. In this paper, a ground source heat pump, which its ground heat exchanger is embedded in the building concrete pile, is going to be analyzed. Building piles, also known as energy piles, reduce the cost of drilling boreholes. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to evaluate and understand how energy piles work and the effects of some parameters such as thermal conductivity coefficient of the pile, pile diameter, pipe diameter and pile loops are investigated by using it. The results show that the increase of each of these parameters results in rising GSHP efficiency. Furthermore, increasing the number of the pile loops can affect the pressure drop and the power needed for fluid flow. The results of this work can be used for designing or optimizing the performance of the GSHP systems with the ground heat exchanger embedded in the building concrete pile.

Precision agriculture is rapidly growing worldwide, which is mainly based on positioning. While with the evolution of technology the accuracy of GPS data is continuously improved, the use of these sensors in the less developed countries is still challenging. The direct price link with the accuracy of the GPSs has led to attempts to use low-cost GPSs. The use of low-cost GPSs comes with various sources of error. In this study, a new method has been proposed to overcome the challenge of improving the accuracy of positioning while reducing equipment prices. The proposed method is based on the nature of the GPS error (random noise and bias) and is divided into two parts. First, the random noise was eliminated by employing the simple classic filter. In this regard, a comparison was made between the Kalman filter, Low-pass filter and the Moving Average filter. The settings of the filters were made in such a way that in addition to reducing the power of random error, it reaches the desired error range in the shortest possible time. The results showed that the Kalman filter was more efficient than the other filters. Bias removal is not possible except by using a DGPS receiver that can receive corrections sent from base stations. To solve this problem, a base station was designed that could send the corrections needed by low-cost receivers. The proposed low-cost differential positioning method leads to a 89% reduction in the horizontal error index, which is the accuracy obtained is suitable for various operations in precision agriculture. Second, the bias was removed by inspiring from DGPS technique, via providing a base station, incorporating three low-cost GPSs. in noise reduction and the proposed low-cost differential positioning at best resulted in 89% reduction in the error index. Such an enhanced accuracy can be used for many applications in precision agriculture.

This paper aims to investigate the position of critical thinking in the high level documents of Iranian education in terms of the application of components of Peter Facione's critical thinking. To this end, the researcher has used a qualitative paradigm. From among the research population, national curriculum documents and theoretical foundations of fundamental change were selected in a purposeful way, taking into account the rules of maximum diversity and reaching the level of theoretical saturation. This research used the method of qualitative content analysis of the deductive categorization system and focused on two tendency and skill dimensions of critical thinking from Facione's point of view. Findings obtained from the analysis of the content of documents show that in the tendency dimension, the most attention is paid to the tendency of confidence in one’s rationality, and the least attention is paid to the tendency of curiosity. In the skill dimension, the most attention is paid to evaluation skills and the least attention is paid to explanation skills. The research findings indicate a relatively close relationship between these two dimensions in these documents. It is suggested that, based on the necessity for the principle of amendment and revision of the documents of the fundamental transformation of education in different time periods, the national curriculum document be revised and amended in terms of critical thinking tendencies.

In a constantly changing world, all societies, and especially societies which are more in need of fundamental transformations in their social, cultural and scientific structures, need to implement reforms in their educational system. Iran is no exception in this regard. Considering this, the Document of Fundamental Transformation in the Education System of Iran was issued in 2011 and submitted to all educational organizations in the country, but many experts believe that this document has not been adopted yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand major challenges in the execution of the Document of Fundamental Transformation in the Education System of Iran with a focus on its main subsystems.

To achieve this, both the Strategic Transformation Document and the Guidelines on the Philosophy of Formal and General Education were examined in relation to the theoretical foundations of the Fundamental Transformation Document. This study benefits from a qualitative approach to research and simultaneous data collection and analysis. The data required for this study was obtained through conducting semi-structured interview with 17 designers and past and present officials in the Ministry of Education of Iran involved in preparing the document. The collected data was then analyzed through the use of grounded theory method and by adopting inductive and interpretive approaches to research.  First, the researchers briefly review the data and used the constant comparison method to examine compatibility of the data. Then, side categories, central categories and the main category were identified through performing open coding and axial coding. In recent years, the country's education system has been faced with some serious problems and solving these problems has been one of the major concerns of the responsible officials. One of the main needs of the education system of Iran is to bring about a fundamental change, and the most important obstacle to change in any education can be resting on the basis of an old-fashioned and inefficient educational system. Accordingly, the Ministry of Education has established a committee/council for producing a fundamental change in education. In fact, the main responsibility of this council is to study the issue of change in its different dimensions, to identify the existing challenges, and to remove main obstacles through benefitting from intellectual capacities of the country’s experts and the wise decisions of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution, the Supreme Council of Education and the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Transformation in the education system can be considered as an important educational issue which should rest on a sound theoretical basis related to the entire education system and factors as change, reform, innovation and promotion. Transformation requires innovations to redefine the ideals, goals, and desirable educational outcomes. This can only be possible through the application of a system of accurate, scientific philosophy which is based on the national and religious identities of people in the country. Therefore, in the educational system, the dynamics of the system. On the one hand, it can start from change, reform and innovation and end with the impact on the promotion of the system to its final point, ie change in the educational system, and on the other hand, it can change theoretical approaches and redefine the ideals and achievements of the educational system. Lead to change, reform and innovation to improve the education system.

The results revealed that there are some serious challenges to the execution of the Document of Fundamental Translation, challenges which include weaknesses in document preparation and in the process of producing comprehensive and strategic documents, ambiguity in the content of the document, and extremely centralized structure of the educational system. Furthermore, weaknesses in provision of specialized and developed human resources, decline in living standards and social status of teachers, lack of facilities and financial resources, and low participation of people and related organizations were found among other major challenges in this regard. It is worth noting here that the effects of political, economic and social instability on the government’s four-year plan for the execution of the Document of Fundamental Transformation in Education cannot be neglected in this regard. The ambiguity in the document and crisis in practice was the main category which was identified through inductive analysis of data.

Finally, it can be stated that provision of transformation mechanisms in a large educational organization requires efficient and effective management to make maximum use of available facilities and resources and to establish active and effective interaction with stakeholders in the transformation process, setting the ground for achieving transformation goals, and early identification of challenges and solving them. considering that the educational system is one of the most important areas of thought, science, life and spirituality, compile a strategic document Accurate, integrated and comprehensive identify an important part of the Iranian Islamic model of progress.

Somatostatin receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumors have been targeted using various peptide analogs radiolabeled with therapeutic radionuclides for years. The better biomedical properties of radioantagonists as higher tumor uptake make these radioligands more attractive than agonists for somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. In this study, we tried to evaluate the efficiency of Luthetium-177 (177Lu) radiolabeled DOTA-Peptide 2 (177Lu-DOTA-Peptide 2) as a new radioantagonist in HT-29 human colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. DOTA conjugated antagonistic peptide with the sequence of p-Cl-Phe-Cyclo(D-Cys-L-BzThi-D-Aph-Lys-Thr-Cys)-D-Tyr-NH2 (DOTA-Peptide 2) was labeled with 177Lu. In vitro assays (saturation binding assay and internalization test) and animal biodistribution were performed in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) and HT-29 tumor-bearing nude mice. 177Lu-DOTA-Peptide 2 showed high stability in acetate buffer and human plasma (>97%). Antagonistic property of 177Lu-DOTA-Peptide 2 was confirmed by low internalization in HT-29 cells (<5%). The desired dissociation constant (Kd =11.14 nM) and effective tumor uptake (10.89 percentage of injected dose per gram of tumor) showed high binding affinity of 177Lu-DOTA-Peptide 2 to somatostatin receptors.  177Lu-DOTA-Peptide 2 demonstrated selective and high binding affinity to somatostatin receptors overexpressed on the surface of HT-29 cancer cells, which could make this radiopeptide suitable for somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy.

The present research exploration will contain studying the molecular structure, bonds nature, stability, reactivity and electronic properties of the title molecule.The molecular optimization and all theoretical computations were carried out by density functional theory (DFT) method using the hybrid B3LYP (Becke, three-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr) exchange-correlation functional employing the 6-31G(d,p) basis set of theory. Quantum-mechanical (QM) computations of the molecular structure geometry of the molecule under study were calculated with scaled quantum mechanics. The global reactivity descriptors like energy gap (Eg), ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), chemical hardness (η), chemical softness (S), electronegativity (χ), electronic chemical potential (µ) and electrophilicity index (ω) can be obtained from the energies of the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO). The calculated global reactivity indices indicated that metoclopramide which was a stable small molecule can bind with the residues of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). Molecular docking studies showed that the steric interactions of the ligand with the residues Phe 198, Phe 382, Ala 122, Thr 119, Ser 197, Trp 386, Phe 390, Val 115, Cys 118 and Asp 114 from the protein binding site are the main binding modes between the ligand and the receptor.

The purpose of this research study is to prepare Exametazime (d,l-HMPAO) kit for labeling with 99m-technetium radionuclide as a brain perfusion diagnostic system. In first step, the active pharmaceutical ingredient d,l-HMPAO was prepared in two steps with the purity of 99.29 %. Its molecular structure was characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. In second step, the d,l-HMPAO kit was prepared using six different formulations and labeled by technetium-99m radionuclide. The high radiochemical yield was attributed to the high amount of SnCl2 and adding phosphate buffer. The animal studies were conducted on three-month old male Wistar rats. The biodistribution studies revealed that, the mean activity in brain of all rats was above 1% ID/g. This showed the high isomerism purity of the synthesized compound (d,l-HMPAO) and optimization of the suggested formulations.

Breast cancer is a complicated disease that it is accompanied by different symptoms. Diagnosis of this disease is performed by various techniques. Using Radiopharmaceuticals is a new method to diagnose the said tumors. [18F]-FPTT is one of these nuclear medicines for detection of breast cancer. It seems that the binding of the title radiopharmaceutical to the progesterone receptor is the main cause of the breast cancer diagnosis. Studying the electronic properties, stability, reactivity and binding of the title compound to the progesterone receptor are the main purposes of the present research work. In first step, [18F]-FPTT molecular structure is optimized at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory at room temperature. Then, its stability and reactivity properties are calculated by frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) energies. The global reactivity indices show this medicinal molecule may be interacted with active reagents into the cell such as free radicals. Also, this radiopharmaceutical has a molecular structure with high reactivity and it prefers to interact with nucleophile agents or residues. Analyzing the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) graph of the compound indicates it prefers to interact with the residues of a receptor by its oxygen atoms. On the other hand, the docking analysis of the ligand-receptor complex shows the steric interactions play the main role in this complex formation. The docking analysis data shows the progesterone receptor (PR) residues containing Arg 899 [B], Phe 895 [A], Phe 895 [B], Ser 898 [B], Ser 910 [A], Ile 896 [A], Ser 898 [A], Ile 896 [B], Val 903 [B], Glu 911 [A], Ser 902 [B], Arg 899 [A] and Glu 904 [B] are the major amino acids participating in the ligand-receptor complex formation.

During the present study, the structural, vibrational, electronic and biological properties of the novel antagonist LY2157299 as a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor I kinase inhibitor are explored by quantum-mechanical (QM) and molecular docking methods. The characterization of the title compound is done using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy methods. The above computations were carried out using density functional theory (B3LYP) method with 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) energies were used to calculate the global reactivity indices of the said compound. The results explored the stability, reactivity and bioactivity of the compound under study. To identify the nucleophilic and electrophilic sites in the said compound, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), electron localization function (ELF) and Mulliken charge distribution graphs were generated. The present paper further explains the ligand-protein interactions through molecular docking investigations. The results of the molecular docking studies indicate that the most important interactions between the ligand and protein are related to the residues His 285, Val 341, Lys 342, His 283 and Glu 284.

Considering rapid changes and predicting future status, social reconstruction theory with a futuristic approach can be effective in solving future cultural challenges. Alvin Toffler is one of the theorists in this area. He describes the future developments of the world, especially in the cultural field, based on the present realities. Using the qualitative content analysis method, this research obtained five important cultural features of future societies including the development of cultural relations over the world, the development of ethnicity, the growth of values and spirituality, the development of individual identity and the family institution. Then, the 1404 Prospectus Document and the Sixth Development Plan Document were analyzed based on these characteristics. The results of the research showed that it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of worldwide cultural relations. Also, more attention must be paid to the future cultural challenges and changes in the production of newer development documents.

Man is a social being and the reality of his social life has begun since the advent of Adam and Eve and continues to this day. The apparent and primordial issue in human social life seems to be the existence of laws, criteria, structures, cultures, and systems that can define their actions based on them. Hence, the need for citizenship education is indispensable at local, national and global levels. Nevertheless, despite the need for universal citizenship education, there seems to be no full coordination between existing schools. In order to explain the contrasts or differences between Islamic schools and pragmatism in the field of citizenship education and its causes, in this paper, education and, in particular, citizenship education from the two schools mentioned have been compared. The present study is a type of qualitative research which has been carried out in accordance with the principles of qualitative paradigm. The required data were collected by documentary method and according to the principle of maximum diversity and the principle of saturation in selecting the documents related to the research topic. Data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical method. The result is that although Islam and pragmatism have distinct characteristics, their similarities in education, including citizenship education, are greater.

In this study Isoniazid (INH) as one of the first line drugs in treatment of Tuberculosis was investigated to be loaded in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for reducing hepatotoxicity as well as prolonging drug release. High shear homogenization method was performed to prepare INH SLNs. To compare biodistribution of INH before and after loading in SLNs, INH was labeled by Technetium 99 (Tc99) after derivatization. The particle size of the prepared SLNs was 167 and 200 nm before and after lyophilization, respectively. Loading efficiency was calculated using the reverse method and release study was performed by using the dialysis sack method. Loading efficiency was 98%, and more than 85% of the loaded drug released in 3 h. Differential Scanning calorimeter (DSC) studieswere performed for evaluating of the probability of happening hydrogen bonds or other chemical interactions between cholesterol as carrier and isoniazid as active pharmaceutical ingredient. The results could support the probability of hydrogen bond formation between cholesterol and INH. Gamma Scintigraphy studies showed that after administering INH SLNs, longer drug retention in the body was obtained compared to free INH. Quantitative gamma counting showed that the concentration of INH in the liver and intestines could be decreased by using nanotechnology.

The concept of citizenship and the role of education in its development in the era of globalization have attracted the attention of many researchers in different countries as well as in different schools. Citizenship education is now considered Challenging but vital concept for the education system and society.If education of citizenship is not planned on the basis of an optimal worldview, there will be adverse consequences for individuals and society. The concept of citizenship in terms of Islam and pragmatism is the best way to get an understanding of the interpretation of the components of citizenship education. This article attempts to express the philosophical dimensions of citizenship education between Islam and pragmatism. This study is a qualitative research that has been carried out in accordance with the principles of qualitative paradigm. The required data were collected using the documented method and according to the principle of maximum variation and saturation principle in selecting the documents related to the subject of the research. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive-interpretive method. The results of the research include the philosophical dimensions and educational implications of citizenship education.

99mTc-Macroaggregated Albumin (99mTc-MAA) has been used as a perfusion agent. This study described development of the 68Ga-MAA via commercially available kits from Pars-Isotopes Company as a 99mTc-MAA kit. 68Ge/68Ga generator was eluted with suprapure HCl (0.6 M, 6 mL) in 0.5 mL fractions. The two fractions with the highest 68GaCl3 activity were generally used for labeling purposes. After labeling, the final product was centrifuged 2 times to purify the solution. Five rats were sacrificed at each exact time interval (from 15 minutes to 2 hours post injection) and the percentage of injected dose per gram (%ID/g) of each organ was measured by direct counting from 11 harvested organs of rats. The RTLC showed that labeling yields before centrifuges were 90% and 95% for Pars-Isotopes and GE kits, respectively and after centrifuges, they became 100%. The microscopic size examination showed a shift in the particle sizes post centrifuges and the biodistribution data revealed the efficiency and benefits of centrifuges in terms of preventing the of liver and bone marrow uptakes especially for Pars-Isotopes kits. Our results showed that after centrifuges of the final product, the lung uptakes increased from 89% to more than 97% of %ID/g after 5 min post injections. The whole procedure took less than 25 min from elution to the final product. Since 99mTc-MAA remained longer than 68Ga-MAA in the lung and 68Ga-MAA showed better image qualities, using 68Ga-MAA is recommended.

The religious intellectualism, resulting from the religious confrontation with modernity, has become one of the most contentious, though influential, approaches in the contemporary Islamic world. This phenomenon has also given rise to many controversial debates among the scholars subscribing to different theoretical and ideological orientations. These orientations have provided grounds for the religious intellectualism in Iran to be labeled as different intellectual waves such as Islamic revival, Islamization of knowledge with its very recent trend recognized as an epistemological and philosophical orientation. The recent religious intellectualism in Iran claims to possess the ability to adapt religion to modernity and its components such as citizenship. The main purpose of this study, first, was to verify the possibilities and capacity of the recent religious intellectualism so that a program for educating appropriate citizens could be drawn up. This research was conducted under a qualitative paradigm using a descriptive-interpretive approach to analyze the data. The results of the study reveal that the current intellectualism in Iran, with all of its pre-suppositions and principles which prioritize epistemology over ontology has been able to adapt itself, in many cases, to the assumptions of modernity and modern citizenship thus making provisions for the realization of the modern citizenship training.