mohammad-khaje-daluee

The review of published articles shows that medical schools in Iran use similar methods and formats for assessment. While assessment is considered an important pillar in educational planning and a valuable step for the training of expert and committed doctors. The aim of the study is to examine the assessment methods in terms of evaluation formats, Miller's evaluation levels and implementation capability.

 The required information was started by searching in Persian and international databases, magazines, curriculum of prestigious universities in the world in the last 20 years alongside with virtual conferences AMEE international virtual conferences in August 2021 and the summary booklet of medical education articles of Shahid Motahari 2021 (the 22nd national conference of medical education) were reviewed. Data analysis was done by Beredy's adaptive model. The results were provided to assessment experts during a focused group meeting for further review

According to the extracted data, the approach of assessment is towards formative assessment format and improvement of traditional methods along with modern methods, which was clearly observed in the study of the curriculum of Harvard University in America and Oxford University in England. Opinions of experts were collected about the appropriateness of assessment methods with evaluation formats and levels of Miller's pyramid, the solution and the implementation conditions. The majority of opinions and suggestions of experts were related to the change in the way of executive policies of universities and providing a context for the emergence of new idea.

The data analysis led to the identification of the evolution of suitable methods, formats of assessment and providing educational-executive solutions. It is suggested that the obtained results be used to develop assessment models according to Miller's assessment levels.

Information literacy, as a critical skill, is not limited to library-bibliographic skills but it includes analytic-critical thinking skills. The importance of information literacy skills and critical thinking skills in finding information, evaluation, etc. of finned resources is not well known. So this study was designed to determine the critical thinking status and its relationship with information literacy among Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) residents.

The least sample size determined by the Cochrane formula was 195. Two instruments were used in this study: the thinking skills questionnaire, and the information literacy questionnaire. The questioner went to different wards, explained the study to residents, got the informed consent, took their questionnaires, and finally got back the filled questionnaires. The data was analyse by SPSS ver11.5.

195 clinical residents involved in this study, 66.6% of which were female and 53.3% were married. About 62.05% had a moderate level of information literacy. The best performance regarding the critical thinking domains was analysis and the poorest was evaluation. Information literacy did not have a relationship with general characteristics (p-value>0.05). But being male (p<0.002 , p<0.001)and unmarried (p<0.001 , p<0.001)had positive effects on critical thinking especially in regards to interference and deduction respectively. 

Residents did not have an acceptable level and were far from the desired level; neither in information literacy nor critical thinking. This study showed a significant correlation between critical thinking and information literacy.

Considering the high prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in tropical and subtropical countries and the urgent need for an economic approach to the treatment sector, this study aimed to investigate the economic burden caused by this disease in Northeast Iran.
   This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3558 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis whose data were registered in the disease surveillance system at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. The disease care model was designed from the stage of suspected disease to diagnosis, treatment, treatment/care of disease complications, treatment/care of drug side effects, disease recurrence, and drug resistance. Then, the direct costs were calculated.
   Overall, 7.5 billion Rials (equal to $750,000) have been spent on providing health care services to 3558 patients with leishmaniasis. The per capita cost of diagnosis/treatment of the disease was 1,600,100 Rials (equal to $160), the per capita cost of care/management was 505,902 Rials (equal to $50), and the per capita cost of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease was calculated as 2,106,002 Rials (equals to $210).
   Leishmaniosis has a considerable economic burden on society and the healthcare system. Considering that the predisposing factors are avoidable, it is possible to reduce the economic burden by using less expensive and effective solutions.

The potency of health systems to effectively respond to crises varies between high- and low-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous challenges for hospitals worldwide. In this context, the resilience of health systems and the capacity of health institutions and populations play a key role in mounting an effective response to crises.We gathered data on the condition and resilience of health systems in the two main hospitals in Mashhad, Iran, during three peaks of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results highlighted the fact that health systems officials and managers need to consider the consequences of COVID-19, such as the need for more beds and trained healthcare workers. Hospitals should take into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across all wards and departments and prioritize the well-being of healthcare workers since they are at the forefront of the fight against this pandemic.

By examining the comprehensive system for evaluating the academic progress of general medical students, often the objectives of the cognitive domain and the form of cumulative evaluation were used, and the tests were not used much for feedback to the students. The aim of the study is to develop a model that fits the levels of Miller's evaluation pyramid in formative-cumulative forms.

The search was started in Iranian and international databases, magazines, curriculum of prestigious universities in the world. To find out about the latest events in the field of assessment, AMEE international virtual conferences in August 2021 and the summary booklet of medical education articles of Shahid Motahari 1400 (the 22nd national conference of medical education) were reviewed. Data analysis was done by Beredy's adaptive model. The search and analysis lasted for 11 months. Finally, a model was developed according to Miller's evaluation pyramid. Its validation was done in the focus group meeting in two ways, in person at Mashhad Medical School and virtual.

According to the extracted data, the approach of assessment is towards formative assessment format and improvement of traditional methods along with modern methods, which was clearly observed in the study of the curriculum of Harvard-Stanford University in America and Oxford University in England. Integrating the results with Miller's evaluation levels, and the formative and cumulative evaluation format, led to the formulation of a model with the most favorable opinions of experts. In addition, the majority of opinions and suggestions of experts were related to the change in the way of executive policies of universities and providing a context for the emergence of new idea.

A model including measurement methods according to the levels of Miller's evaluation pyramid was developed in formative-cumulative. It is suggested that the model be reviewed by the relevant experts and notified by taking into account the implementation conditions for the correct evaluation process.

AIDS is a disease for which there is currently no effective vaccine and basic treatment, the only way to fight AIDS is to prevent infection, which is possible with health education. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of two types of AIDS prevention, educational interventions by peer and adult groups on awareness and behavior among high school students in Mashhad.

 This interventional study was performed to compare two methods of education via peers against education by adults about awareness towards HIV/AIDS among high school students of Mashhad city in 2014- 2015. The studied groups included three groups of peer education, adult education, and control. Examining the level of knowledge and attitude of the subject was conducted through a questionnaire of the designated researcher, whose validity and reliability were tested again in a pilot.

The initial awareness of students was evaluated at about 28%. The most important source of information was television. In enhancing the level of awareness post-intervention in different areas of the peer and adult intervention groups, there was significant difference compared to the control. However, no significant difference was found between the two genders when comparing the peer and adult groups.

The peers' good understanding of the social and cultural environment of the target group would improve social norms and healthy behaviors, which are among the advantages of this method. The results can be used for the educational planning of students because it shows the level of knowledge of students at the pre-university level and the educational needs of students for appropriate educational planning.

Hearing loss is one of the most common congenital disorders. The Early Diagnosis and Intervention Process is designed for the early diagnosis and intervention of hearing loss in infants. The present study aimed to examine the results of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) in northeastern Iran from 2005 to 2019. Setting: Northeastern Iran.

In most cases, the two‑stage protocol (otoacoustic emissions [OAE] and automated auditory brainstem response [AABR]) has been used. Infant assessment methods included the use of OAE, ABR, auditory steady‑state response, high‑frequency tympanometry, and behavioral audiometry. Interventions included medical interventions, hearing rehabilitation, hearing aids, and cochlear implants.

1,162,821 infants were screened. The screening coverage increased from less than 1% in 2005 to about 99% in 2018. The referral rate has been about 1%. 2.17 out of every 1000 infants are hearing impaired, and the most common cases are bilateral hearing loss and mild to moderate hearing loss.

During 2005 to 2019 the coverage rate reached to more than 95% of live births. To improve the EHDI process in this population, better follow‑up of diagnosed neonates and expansion of diagnostic and intervention services are needed.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of adult mortality in many developing countries. This study aims to compare the estimation of the ten-year relative risk of cardiovascular events using the Framingham criteria with a native model.

This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014, focusing on the adult population (≥16 years) of Mashhad. Stratified random cluster sampling was employed to gather participants' information based on Framingham's criteria. Data mining, utilizing the decision tree algorithm design, was evaluated using Rapidminer v5.3 software and the cross-validation method.

Out of 2978 individuals, 1930 (64.9%) were women and 1041 (35.1%) were men, with a mean age of 43.5±14.7. Applying the Framingham criteria, the ten-year risk levels of cardiovascular disease were estimated as follows: 77.8% at a low-risk level, 13.4% at a medium-risk level, and 8.8% at a high-risk level. Regarding data mining, model number (1) achieved an accuracy of 79.56%, indicating that the predicted risk levels using the Framingham algorithm matched the observed values at 95.24% for the low-risk level, 90.8% for the medium-risk level, and 33.13% for the high-risk level. As for model number (2), an accuracy of 82.78% was obtained, with the matching values being 98.20% for the low-risk level, 0.42% for the medium-risk level, and 53.01% for the high-risk level.

The Framingham criteria demonstrate limited effectiveness in predicting medium and high-risk levels in the Mashhad population. According to the local model, smoking and high blood pressure in adulthood are the most significant factors in predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases in young individuals.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem, so for better planning in the health sector, it is necessary to know the real burden of tuberculosis in our country. The main aim of this study was to calculate the burden of TB for the Iranian population in 2001-2012. 

The Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) index was calculated using a computer model (DisMod version II) in Iran between the years 2001 and 2012. DALYs are age-weighted (β= 0.04) and are discounted for time preference (r= 0.03).

The trend was decreasing from 2001 till 2006, and after it, there is an increasing trend. The incidence was more in younger age groups and in female, and the YLL is higher in men (11744 in male vs 7897 in female in 2012); it showed that the life lost is higher in men. The YLD in men and women are very close. In comparison, the DALY of TB was higher in men than women.

In the present investigation, it has been found that the overall tendency to get TB was higher in the female population. It shows that the incidence was higher in the younger age groups but the mortality was higher in the elderly   groups. It that shows the significant success of the country in controlling the disease.

Statement of the Problem: 

Need assessment considered as a key element of health care planning. Subjective measures can be useful tools in epidemiologic surveillances.

The aim of study was to evaluate inequality in perceived unmet oral health need (PUOHN) in adults in east of Iran.

In this cross-sectional population-based study, the target population included adult residents in the Mashhad and Kerman city. Data was collected through telephone interviews using a validated structured questionnaire. Phone numbers were obtained from telecommunication company. Participants were selected by stratified random sampling. Predisposing and enabling variables associated with PUOHN were included gender, age, educational level, job, insurance coverage, dental insurance, type of insurance, residential location, household size, and family economic indicators. Logistic regression was used to examine association of PUOHN and predisposing and enabling factors.

1475 individuals participated in the study [response rate of 63%]. 52% of participants stated that during the past year, their dental needs haven’t been met. Mean age of respondents were 39 years old and 69.8% were female. Logistic regression analyses indicated living in rental house [OR=2 [95% CI 1.25-3.21], p Value=0.004] and higher household size [OR=1.19[95% CI 1.003-1.43], p-value =0.04] significantly associated with PUOHN.

The results of this study indicate high PUOHN in the adult population of East Iran. Effective strategies must be implemented to provide accessible dental services regardless of socioeconomic status.

Health is the most important and expensive components of the socioeconomic development in social development of any country. In each country, the economic resources are annually allocated to various sections of the industry, agriculture, health, and etc. The health budget is due to the views and priorities of the policy makers and planners in any country. This study evaluated the health budget trend and allocation of the total budget to it during the first to fourth socioeconomic developmental programs. This study focused on the analysis of the health policies. The collected data were based on the books “Law of the country budget" in four socioeconomic developmental programs. The allocated percentage to health and the growth trend of total and health budgets were calculated during the fifth developmental programs. All three budgets in the total and health areas have increased in five programs except in the last year of the fourth program. The allocated budget to the health from total budget in industry, agriculture, and etc. was decreased from 5.99 % in the first program to 0.81 % in the fourth socioeconomic developmental program but it increased in the fifth program. Despite the growth in health budget from the first to the fourth program, the allocated budget to health was constantly decreasing compared to the other sections such as industry and so on. Therefore, policy makers and planners should pay more attention to allocation of resources to health.

The relationship between HPV infection and skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development in immunocompetent individuals is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the association between HPV infection and skin SCC.
HPV DNA prevalence was evaluated in the paraffin embedded specimens of 70 immunocompetent patients, of which 35 patients had skin SCC and 35 had normal skin. PCR technique and GP6/5 primers were utilized for HPV DNA detection.
Based on this study, 14.3% of the cases (5 of 35, 2 with low risk and 3 with high risk viruses) and 2.9% of the controls (1 of 35 with low risk virus) had papilloma viruses. However, there was no significant statistical relationship between the HPV DNA presence and the SCC development in skin.
The direct effect of HPV on skin cancerogenesis remains questionable.

Due to the rapid growth of science and the increasing number of articles that have led to increased research misconduct, the purpose of this study was to design a comprehensive questionnaire about research misconduct.

After searching and finding relevant studies, using available questionnaires and various studies, and contacting the corresponding authors of the articles, questions database were designed. Based on the expert opinion panels, the questions were selected from the database in each field and then the face validity, content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were examined.

The final questionnaire was approved with 75 questions in three areas. The content and structure validity and the importance of each question was presented separately and was acceptable. The reliability of the tool was calculated with Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.77, which indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire.

Considering the comprehensiveness, acceptable validity and reliability of this tool, this tool is recommended for future studies.

Influenza in infants and young children is a major medical problem which causes excess medical visits, antibiotic prescriptions and hospitalization even in otherwise healthy children. Many of the developed countries have recommended influenza vaccination for all children (>6month old), but the economic benefit of this strategy is not clear especially for developing countries.

To find the difference in the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) and economic cost related to it between TIV vaccinated and non-vaccinated infants in Mashhad, Iran.

This was a community randomized controlled trial which was started in November 2005 and ended up at May 2006. Each of the study and control groups were composed of 500 infants between 6 month and 20 months old who were brought for routine vaccination. The study group was given two doses of TIV; the control group received routine care without any extra intervention. Both groups were followed by monthly telephone calls (up to six months after the vaccination) and were asked about signs and symptoms of flu like illnesses and any cost related to them. SPSS 11.5 was used for statistical analysis, P<0.05 is considered as statistically significant.

There was no significant difference in the monthly occurrence of ILI between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups (P: 0.06- 0.97). The costs related to ILI were similar between vaccine and control groups, except for physicians visit cost in the third month, which was more in the control group (P<0.05).

In influenza season of 2005-06, TIV vaccination did not decrease the rate of influenza-like illnesses and was not cost saving in infants (6- 20 months old) in Mashhad.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females. At present, evidence exists to support an association of breast cancer with several risk factors such as occupational risk factors. The aim of this study is to further characterize potential associations between breast cancer risk and occupation.
In this case-control study, we reviewed records from 965 histologically confirmed breast cancer cases. From these, 104 employed women were chosen. The control group consisted of 112 age-matched employed women. Required data were gathered through in-person interviews and medical records reviews. Occupations were classified into four categories: teachers, administrative/clerical workers, healthcare workers, and miscellaneous jobs. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression model.
A higher proportion of cases (60.6%) were teachers. Physical activity, smoking, and family history of cancer significantly differed between the case and control groups. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that teachers had a higher risk for breast cancer compared to other occupations (P The teaching profession can be an important risk factor for breast cancer. Emphasis on early screening programs seems necessary. According to the high percent of female teachers, we recommend a detailed evaluation of exposures in this occupation.

Prisoners are a certain part of the population. Prisoners are kept in a closed environment for a long period of time and are prone to various diseases. Inflammatory biomarkers, including hs-CRP, are new risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

The aim of this study was to compare hs-CRP levels in male and female prisoners and investigate the relationship between hsCRP levels with related factors.

In this cross-sectional study, 316 prisoners in Mashhad Prison were investigated. A blood sample (7ml) was taken from each subject. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to measure serum levels of highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Descriptive statistics, chi-squared test, T-test, Pearson and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used. P<0.05 was considered to be the level of significance.

316 prisoners were investigated of whom 211 (66.8%) were male and 105 (33.2%) were female. Mean hs-CRP level was 5.72±7.93 µg/ml in men and 7.48±8.39 in women. The difference between the two genders were statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean hs-CRP level was significantly higher in prisoners who did injection drug use compared to those who inhaled or consumed drugs (p<0.001). A significant correlation was observed between age, systolic blood pressure, frequency of imprisonment, height and BMI and hs-CRP levels.

Since hs-CRP is an important biomarker for non-communicable diseases, considering these factors and other risk factors for chronic diseases in the high-risk and vulnerable groups of prisoners, prevention and control measures can be planned by this group of people.

Perception of the need for oral healthcare plays a key role in creating motivation and demand for utilization of oral healthcare services. Furthermore, while the lack of resources, people with perceived needs to oral healthcare, due to the higher profit potential of services, will be on higher priority for services. The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic review of the existing literature about questionnaires used for assessing the perceived oral healthcare needs.
The search was conducted in PubMed, ISI and Scopus databases in March 2016. Questionnaire-based and the papers which aimed to determine the perceived need for any type of oral healthcare and dental treatment were included to this study. After determining the appropriate papers, related data were extracted and reviewed.
Out of 7069 records found, 190 questionnaire-based papers were included in the review. Ninety-four papers were related to the overall evaluation of oral healthcare need, which did not ask the need for types of oral healthcare service. Sixty-six papers studied the need for a specified dental service, and thirty papers recorded the types of oral healthcare service via asking the open or multiple choices questions. There were not comprehensive and standard questionnaires covering all the common types of oral healthcare services.
Despite the importance of considering the perception of needs for oral healthcare, there is a lack of the comprehensive and standard questionnaires. Studies aimed to assess perceived oral healthcare needs should use questionnaires which include appropriate items on common types of oral healthcare services based on the characteristics of the target group. Concordance with perceived and normative need is an issue that should be addressed in future researches.

Hypertension (HTN) is an important public health challenge worldwide. The prevalence of HTN varies across countries. It is necessary to obtain valid information about the prevalence of chronic condition like HTN and its predictors in different societies. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of HTN and associated factors in Mashhad, Iran, 2015.
This cross-sectional study was performed on 2974 adults residing in Mashhad in 2015. Multistage random sampling was used. A checklist was fulfilled for each subject, and a blood sample was taken for measuring fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. The height and weight of participants and their blood pressure were measured according to protocols.
The prevalence of HTN in this population was 22% (25.9% in male and 20% in female). Most interestingly, smoking and drug abuse were more prevalent in men (14.9% and 3.8%), but the sedentary behavior was more prevalent in women (51%). Interestingly, by increasing the age, the frequency of optimum, normal and high normal type was decreased and the frequency of HTN, specially sever form were increased. In binary logistic regression model, age [odds ratio (OR): 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.09], gender (Ref:Female) (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.05-1.83), and obesity (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06-1.12) were the predictors of HTN.
The prevalence of HTN among this population was found to be high; which indicates the need for HTN-screening programs, especially for the elderly, male and obese population. Given the close relationship between obesity and various diseases, including HTN, practical solutions, including lifestyle interventions, need to be developed.

Diabetes mellitus type 1 is one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases in pediatrics. Diabetic ketoacidosis is considered as one of the most threatening clinical pictures of DM1, especially if occurred as the first presentation of DM1 in children.
The current study aimed to identify factors which may play a role in DKA onset in children.
This case-control study included all patients under 18 years old who referred to department of pediatrics endocrinology at Mashhad University Hospital (Imam Reza) from January 2013 to December 2015 as newly diagnosed patients with DM1. Patients who fulfilled DKA criteria at diagnosis were considered as DKA group and those who referred with other presentations were considered as control group (non-DKA group). Data were analyzed by SPSS software ver. 16.
During the study period, 97 (39.2% male) newly diagnosed patients were included as DKA group. Accordingly 97 gender- and age-matched patients were added as non-DKA group. The most prevalent symptoms in both groups were polyuria (91.88%) and polydipsia (88.66%). Fever and cold symptoms were significantly higher in the DKA group (P In conclusion, a recent febrile illness was found as the strongest risk factor and father’s education level as the main protective factor in the DKA to diagnose children with DM1. The study findings suggested that DKA is a severe form of DM1 instead of a neglected or misdiagnosed disease.

Prisoners are at high risk of blood borne and sexually transmitted infections due to their high involvement in risky behaviors. In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, the prevalence, sero-prevalence, and risk factors for bloodborne tumor viruses including HTLV-I, HBV, HCV, and KSHV were evaluated among inmates of two central prisons in the northeast of Iran..
Blood samples of 1114 inmates were analyzed for the presence of anti HTLV-I, KSHV, and HCV antibodies and HBsAg by ELISA. PCR tests were performed to confirm the presence of these viruses in plasma and identify the current infections..
The sero-prevalence of HCV, HBV, HTLV-I, and KSHV was 24.5%, 4.2%, 3.4%, and 3.2% and the prevalence of HCV, HBV, HTLV-I, and KSHV was 19.1%, 2.1%, 2%, and 3%, respectively. HCV infection was significantly associated with history of imprisonment, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, intravenous drug use, length of imprisonment, and type of crime committed. Thirty one (2.8%) prisoners had HCV-KSHV co-infection, 16 (1.5%) had HCV-HTLV-I co-infection, and 14 (1.3%) had HBV-HCV co-infection. Triple co-infection was observed in seven cases and one case had four infections concomitantly..
This epidemiological study indicated different rates and transmission risks for these viruses. HCV was the most contagious viral infection and HTLV-I was the weakest in the prisoners. Apart from KSHV infection which its prevalence was as twice as in the general population, the prevalence of HBV and HTLV-I in prisoners was nearly in ranges of the general population..

Despite the mandatory rules and established efficacy of seatbelts and helmets, using them is still unsatisfactory. It seems that there are several factors associated with seatbelt and helmet use in the general public..
The aim of this study was to assess the factors associated with the use of seatbelts and helmets..
Patients and This questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was a part of the national survey including 1,000 respondents in 2008 - 2010. After compilation of the collected data, analysis was carried out using SPSS version 11.5. In all calculations, P The research sampling consisted of 500 men and 500 women ranging in age from 17 to 67 years. Seatbelt use differed according to certain factors, such as location (P Some factors seem to play a very important role in seatbelt and helmet use; these should be taken into consideration by policymakers..

The concept of the quality of life (HRQOL) related to health and its determinants contain aspects of quality of life that clearly affect people’s physical or mental health. One of the newest ways to assess the health and also the quality of life-related to health is the self-assessed health of the individual. The aim of the present study was assessment of unhealthy days, self-reported health status, and its influencing factors on residents of the marginalpart of Mashhad, Iran.
In the current cross-sectional study, 580 citizens of the marginal regions and slum areas of Mashhad city were enrolled through cluster sampling method using governmental health care services divisions. The Persian version of the questionnaire CDC HRQOL-4 was used to measure the unhealthy days. Data was analyzed using SPSS, version 11.5, running ANOVA, chi-square, and t-tests. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
In the present study, 359 persons (61%) were women and the mean age of participants was 32.6±11.51 years. The means of unhealthy days, physically unhealthy days, mentally unhealthy days, and days with dysfunction were found to be 7.2, 2.8, 4.1, and 1.7 days, respectively. The unhealthiest days (physical and mental) were seen in unemployed people and the best to excellent health days were seen in housewives.
Unhealthy days and days with dysfunction were reported higher in slum inhabitants, especially female, low literacy, and housewife participants. Providing the education and employment facilities for people who live in marginal city areas might decrease the unhealthy days.

Diabetes mellitus is assumed to be a strong risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and is frequently associated with other CVD risk factors..
The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of different patterns of dyslipidemia in individuals with diabetes compared with non-diabetic subjects and evaluate other accompanied CVD risk factors between the two groups..
Patients and This was an analytical cross-sectional study on 230 participants, aged 28 - 66 years old, who were referred to different urban health centers of Khorasan Razavi province (north-east of Iran). Data from the participants were collected during their first visit by primary care physicians. Statistical package for social science (version 11.5) was used to analyze the data. The chi-square or Fisher’s exact, student’s t or the Mann-Whitney U and correlation tests were used in the analysis..
The age and gender of the participants were not different between the two groups (P = 0.1 and P = 0.4, respectively). The most common patterns of dyslipidemia in both groups were isolated dyslipidemia followed by combined dyslipidemia. Prevalence of dyslipidemia as a whole (one, two or three lipid profile abnormalities) in patients with diabetes and non-diabetic participants was 89.3% and 82.6%, respectively and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.1). Subjects with diabetes had higher systolic blood pressure (P Cardiovascular diseases risk factors are more common in patients with diabetes; however, non-diabetic individuals also had a high prevalence of risk factors in our region, predisposing them to diabetes. Therefore, further attention by the medical community is necessary to choose effective strategies for a more a aggressive approach to prevent and manage these risk factors..

Insulin resistance has an important role in pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Yet there are certain controversies regarding the presence of insulin resistance in non-obese patients.

The aim was to compare the insulin resistance and various endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in obese and non-obese PCOS women.

In this cross-sectional study which was performed from 2007-2010, 115 PCOS patients, aged 16-45 years were enrolled. Seventy patients were obese (BMI ≥25) and 45 patients were non-obese (BMI

There was no significant difference in presence of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >2.3) between two groups (p=0.357). Waist circumference (p

Our study showed that metabolic abnormalities are more prevalent in obese PCOS women, but adrenal axis activity that is reflected in higher levels of DHEAS was more commonly pronounced in our non-obese PCOS patients.