mohammadali hakimzadeh

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of seed priming with the biofertilizers Supernitroplus and Nitroxin on the growth, yield, and biochemical characteristics of Ajwain under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Yazd university in 2022 using a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors included four levels of water salinity stress (control, 3, 6, 9 dS/m) and three levels of biological fertilizer seed inoculation [no inoculation (control), seed inoculation with nitroxin fertilizer, and seed inoculation with supernitroplus fertilizer]. The results showed that the effects of salinity and seed inoculation treatments were significant on all morphological and physiological traits of Ajwain. Increasing salinity from the control to 9 dS/m reduced plant height (by 28.4%), the number of umbels per plant (by 42.8%), essential oil percentage (by 21.5%), and seed yield (by 25.7%). Meanwhile, proline content increased by 58.2%, and soluble sugars by 500%. Additionally, seed inoculation with Nitroxine and Supernitroplus fertilizers improved Ajowan traits, increased plant height (by 12% and 9% respectively), seed yield (by 21.6% and 29.6%, respectively) and essential oil yield (by 16.1% and 33.6%, respectively) compared to the control (non-inoculation treatment).

The scarcity of cultivable land for medicinal plant growth in arid regions has resulted in the excessive utilization of pasture plants for medicinal applications. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of hydroponic and aquaponic systems as alternative approaches for cultivating lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus). thus, an experiment based on a completely randomized design with five repetitions was conducted in Yazd University and the impact of three different cultivation systems (hydroponic, aquaponic, and soil) on the different characteristics of lemongrass were determined. The results demonstrated a significant impact of the cultivation systems on various morphological attributes of the plant including root length, stem diameter, height, and total plant dry biomass. The hydroponic system improves these aforementioned characteristics by 133%, 33.3%, 40.9%, and 56.5%, respectively, when compared to traditional soil planting methods. The aquaponic was found to be ranked lower than the hydroponic system, but it demonstrated a significant improvement in the investigated traits when compared to soil bed cultivation. The influence of different culture systems on the concentration of macro and microelements (excluding potassium) in the aboveground part of the plant was found to be statistically significant. The hydroponic system exhibited the highest nitrogen concentration, while the highest levels of phosphorus and magnesium were observed in the aquaponic system. Conversely, the soil cultivation system displayed the highest concentrations of calcium, sodium, iron, and zinc. Furthermore, the culture medium had a significant impact on the levels of chlorophyll, protein, fat, fiber, and ash in the plant. However, the investigated treatments did not show any significant influence on the concentration of the plant's proline and carbohydrates. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate the significant impact of three examined cultivation systems on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes of lemongrass as a medicinal plant. Moreover, the potential utilization of hydroponic and aquaponic beds as viable alternatives for cultivating this plant in arid regions is indicated. However, it is necessary to investigate the economic aspects of lemongrass plant production in the mentioned systems as well as the effect of planting substrate on the secondary compounds of this plant in future research.

Haloxylonplanting and developing artificial forests in arid lands is one of the important actions to combat desertification. In this research, tree planting (by Haloxylon  aphyllum Iljin) in Dosangi Meybod in different methods including repairing, runoff control, pitting and planting in owed have been compared with control area. For this purpose, in each area, four 300 m transects were considered randomly - systematically, and 15 plots (10 m2) were randomly collected on each transect. In each plot, vegetation characteristics including total vegetation percentage, density, canopy cover, freshness and depth of root and soil characteristics including moisture, permeability and soil carbon storage were measured. The Shapiro-Wilk test were used to test of normality of the collected data,  and were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test. According to the results of analysis of variance, the effect of planting with different methods on crown cover, density, freshness and deep rooting of Haloxylon shrubs and the percentage of vegetation is significant at 1% level. However, its effect on permeability and soil moisture in May is significant at 1% level and on carbon storage is significant at 5% level. Increase of vegetation cover by 5.1%, density of 249.7 number per hectare, Haloxylon cover of 3.7%, freshness class 1.5, soil moisture in spring 38.1% rooting more than 3 m and permeability 8.03 cm/h was related to the planting in dry river, which had a relative success in vegetation development in this region.

Soil moisture controls many processes in the climate and is considered as a very important variable in the ecosystem and a basic parameter of the environment. It directly influences the life of plants, animals and microorganisms and plays a major role in the energy exchange between air and soil. The purpose of this study is to estimate the surface moisture of soil using the temperature indicators of the earth surface and the inertia of apparent heat. Therefore, MODIS images were used in Mortazie area of Yazd province in two different time periods, one from Feb, 8, 2018 to Feb, 14, 2018 and the other in the summer from July, 4, 2018 to July, 9, 2018. Also, the temperature-vegetation drought index, mostly used in previous research on soil moisture was applied to evaluates results. The apparent thermal inertia was obtained from images of morning and evening modes from Terra and Aqua satellites. A linear relationship was established between the temperature-vegetation drought index and the apparent heat inertia on specific days. The RMSE and R2 were found to be 0.15 and 0.86 on July, 7, 2018 and 0.18 and 0.76 on Feb, 9, 2018 respectively. The overall results showed a linear and direct relationship between the apparent thermal inertia and the TVDI surface moisture index.

This studywas conducted as a completely randomized design with 3 replicates at Research Greenhouse of National Salinity Research Center, during 2017-18 growing season. Treatments were seven levels of water salinity: 3 (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 dS.m-1. Throughout the experiment, plant length, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars and proline were measured. Results showed that salinity treatments significantly affected all the traits. Salinity significantly reduced plant height, such that plants in 60 dS/m were 12.37% shorter than those of 3 dS/m. Fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll were increased by increasing stress level from 3 to 30 dS/m, but then significantly decreased by increasing salinity up to 60 dS/m. Increasing salinity from 3 to 30 dS/m increased plant dry weight by 3.7 g per plant, but increasing it to 60 dS/m reduced dry weight. Increasing salinity to 60 dS/m led to enhanced proline (52.03%) and soluble sugars (21.21%). Salinity tolerance threshold of Suaeda fruticosa was 31 dS m-1 and the slope of dry matter decrease was 0.22% per increase in each salinity unit.

Soil salinity is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth. Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss., as a salt tolerant specie grows in a wide range of desert lands and has a significant impact on wind erosion control. The present study investigated the effects of different soil conditions (soil saline and non-saline-sodic playa -sand), on amino acids and minerals of H. salicornicum. Sampling was done Completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that in both habitats, serine has the highest contribution to the formation of the content of total amino acids of the H. salicornicum .The content of total amino acid in the two regions was significantly different at 1% level (p <0.01), the highest amounts of total amino acid (414.75 ppM) measured in sandy habitat and lowest amount (268.38 ppM) measured playa habitat. Sparic acid, glutamate, serine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, methionine in the sandy habitat was more than Playa. While glutamine and threonine in Playa had a higher content. Mineral analysis showed that the highest amount of phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in playa and most of nitrogen were in sandy area. Accumulation of ions such as sodium in plant tissues in playa is the most important physiological response of H. salicornicum to the regulation of osmotic potential. The role of osmolites such as Amine acids are considered at a later stage.

Drought stress is one of the important adverse factors that limits plant growth and productivity. Drought stress induces a range of physiological and biochemical responses in plants. Plants also respond and adapt to water deficit at both cellular and molecular levels, for instance through accumulation of osmolytes and proteins specifically involved in stress tolerance. Plants’ responses to water stress are also species and cultivar-dependent characteristics. Foliar application of kaolin has been evaluated for its ability to reduce the negative effects of water stress and to improve the physiology and productivity of Plants. The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of different kaolin concentrations, on the physiological and morphological characteristics of purple basil under deficit irrigation conditions.

In order to investigate of Kaolin on increasing of drought tolerance of Basil, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications in researcher greenhouses of Yazd university during 2017-18 growing season. The treatments were four levels of deficit irrigation including: I1=25%FC, I2=50%FC, I3=75%FC, I4=100%FC field capacity and three levels of kaolin concentrations consisted of K1=0%, K2=3%, K3=6%. In a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. After the plants establishment, drought treatments were imposed. After 40 days of applying drought treatments, kaolin was twice sprayed with 7 days interval. The leaves of plants were sampled one week after the last spraying and transferred to the laboratory and the amount of soluble sugars, proline and chlorophyll concentrations were measured. In order to analysis data, analysis two-way ANOVA were used and FLST test compared means after normality test. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, and Excel software was used for drawing the charts.

The results showed that the effect of kaolin foliar application and moisture stress was significant on plant height, plant diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root volume, RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar .

This study aimed to investigate the effect of crop rotation on some soil characteristics at Roknabad in Yazd province. Five kinds of crop rotation [1- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa, 2- uncultivated (fallow), 3- Wheat-fallow-Wheat-fallow, 4- fallow-Alfalfa- Mix (Alfalfa- Beet) and 5- Wheat - Melon- Turnip] were investigated in three replications. The effect of rotation on some soil properties such as texture, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus, pH, EC as well as SAR were studied. The results showed that the kind of rotations significantly affected the amounts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus and EC. texture, SAR and pH were not affected by the type of rotation. Results also indicated that (Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa) and (fallow-Alfalfa- Mix (Alfalfa- Beet)) were much more influential on nitrogen, organic matter and soil salinity when compared to other treatments. Overall results indicate that the inclusion of legume plants in rotation can improve soil quality. The results of this research can determine the suitability of common rotations and introduce the best combination planting in the studied region.

Over the past decades, due to increased population and consequent increase in the need for food, we have seen extensive changes in land use, and in particular, the increase of agricultural lands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in land use in the Bartash plain in Dehloran city of Ilam province during 26 years from 1988 to 2014 using the object-oriented approach. To accomplish this research, the necessary corrections were made after the acquisition of Landsat TM (1988), ETM + (2001) and Landsat 8 (2014) satellite images, and then, using the object-oriented method, the land use map was prepared for the three time periods. The results of the evaluation of the accuracy of the produced maps show that the highest accuracy and Kappa coefficient with the values of 90 and 95% correspond to the image of 2001, and the lowest them with the value of 80 and 90% was related to the image of 1988. Total accuracy and Kappa coefficient in the image of 2014 with 90% and 92%, respectively show a good accuracy. The results of land use change trend showed that the land use of the fair rangeland had the most changes with a decrease of more than 21 thousand hectares. Agricultural lands are in the next place, showing an increase of over 15,000 hectares (twofold) that could be due to the increase in population and the availability of adequate water resources in this area. The land use of poor rangelands also shows an increasing trend of 1.5 fold, indicating the degradation of fair rangelands. The saline lands initially show an increasing trend but then show a decreasing trend due to converting to agricultural lands. The overall accuracy (900-90) and kappa coefficient (95-90) indicate the high accuracy of this method in determining the land use.

Due to the drought in recent years and the need to increase the efficient use of water in agriculture, the abiotic windbreak appears to be more suitable than biotic. In order to investigate the effects of lattice brick patterns in protection of the windbreak on the back, an experimental study was carried out in a wind tunnel. For this purpose, five lattice brick patterns with different densities, with density of 100% for the control in a randomized complete block design with four replications were studied. The results revealed that with increasing porosity in the windbreaks, while reducing wind speed and keeping the area protected; flow lines become parallel and vortex currents are not observed. While with reduced porosity, the wind streamlines the flow and becomes turbulent and reduces protection in the desired area. Also, results showed that the construction of windbreaks with a height less than the height of the protection structures (like a greenhouse), especially in high-density windbreaks, not only protect against winds not retained, but also with the formation of more rapid and vortex flows behind the windbreaks, the damage increases. Thus, attention to create optimum density with the use of appropriate lattice patterns is important in establishing abiotic brick windbreaks.

IntroductionWater is the most basic ecological factors in arid and semiarid environments which determine the rate of plant growth and development. Therefore, the effective use of water resources for optimum growth should always be considered. Abiotic environmental stresses such as drought stress are the most important problems in these areas that have a negative impact on growth and development of the plants. Water stress, permanently or temporarily, is the most limitative environmental factors in the development and distribution of natural vegetation. Drought stress occurs in plants when the received water is less than the casualties. Given the importance of medicinal plants, especially in the pharmaceutical industry, and deficiencies in various aspects of agricultural nature of this plant is very important. Given the importance of medicinal plants, especially in the pharmaceutical industry and their rarity in the nature, investigating on various aspects of these types of plants is recommended. Diversity and abundance of the plants in different parts of the earth, more than any other environmental factor, depends on the amount of water available to the plants. Drought stress is the most important abiotic plays an important role in reducing the production of the plants’ crops in the world.
Materials and methodsIn order to determine the evaluate the effects ofdifferent levels of drought stress on some physiological characteristics of Thymus fedtschenkoi a complete randomized block design is carried out in the greenhouse of the University of Yazd in 2014. For seeding cultivation,the pots with a height of 21 cm and the diameter of 20 cm including drains are used. In order to reduce the heat exchange between the soil inside and the outside surface, the pots are isolated perfectly.Using some gravel at the bottom of the pots and placing some dishes under them to egress the extra water was recommended in order to improve drainage. To fill the pots, a mixture of the sandy soil and leaf soil was used.The treatment of drought stress includes 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity (fc)for which the number of four replication are applied.
Results and discussionThe results showed that chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll contents were affected by water deficit at 1% level of probability where chlorophyll b, proline contents and relative water content (RWC) significantly were affected at 5% level of probability. The results also showed that water stress had not a significant effect on soluble sugars content. Drought stress significantly affected the amount of prolines, so that, minimum amount of this factor was observed in 100% Field capacity (FC). Maximum a, b and total chlorophyll contents of Thymus fedtschenko (by 0.48, 0.167 and 0.633 mg/g, respectively) were obtained, at 25% of field capacity whereas the minimum amounts of these factor were obtained at 100% of field capacity. Overall, results indicate that increasing of prolin accumulation as well as chlorophyll contents are primary strategies of Thymus fedtschenkoagainst drought stress. The maximum level of proline is related to the Thymus fedtschenko of 25%, 50% and 75%. However, the minimum quantity is observed in the Thymus fedtschenko of 100%.

Drought is one of the inevitable climatically and harmful characteristics of Iran, Therefore the research and study of this phenomenon will be very necessary. The process of obtaining maps of the climatic zones for all of the localities in the Esfahan of Iran. For the generation of the climatic records such as rainfall periods and intensity, provided by the 10 climatology stations for a total of 30 years data from (1980-2010), was used as a source of information. These data was then subjected to a statistical analysis, using SPI method for the calculation of the frequency, intensity and duration of drought process. Finally for the mapping drought zoning in all localities of the West of Esfahan for the long term period, the Inverse Distance Weighted Method (IDW) was used in the Arc GIS software media. The results of evaluations indicated more improvement of drought continuous in comparison to drought surface in this area and ecosystem of this region affected by this drought criteria that appeared from local climate.

Nepeta species are widely used as medicine plants because of their anti-spasmodic, diuretic, anti-septic, anti asthmatic anti spasmodic, and tonic effects. Nepeta species also have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activities. Germination and seedling growth are two important stages of the plant development and plant survival. Soil texture is one of the environmental factors, which affects the germination mechanism. In order to evaluate the effects of seed source and soil texture on the germination of N. asterotricha as a medicinal plant, an experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized block design with four replications in 2014. The studied factors included different sources of seed collection (Sanij, Dehbala, Dareshir, Tezerjan) and three types of soil texture (Sand, Sandy loam and Silty clay). Results indicated that N. asterotricha germination was affected by the origin of seed source (altitude, direction, and slope). Seeds collected from Sanij and Tezerjan had the highest and lowest germination percent, respectively. Among different soil textures, soils with sand and sandy loam texture had the best performance. Results showed significant effects of seed sources and soil texture interaction affects the seed germination percent and germination rate (p≤0.01). Seed sources had different responses to soil textures indicating that seed collected from different areas may be compatible with specific soil texture. In general, the light soil textures had better effects on seed germination traits of N. asterotricha.

Drought is considered as one of the most important factors limiting crop yields around the world especially in the dryland area. The response of plants water stress has been assessed using different physiological techniques, such as chlorophyll, proiline and water soluble hydrocarbons measurement. In response to environmental stress, plant species accumulate different kind of osmolytes like glycine betaine and proline in their cytoplasm and subsequently adjust their cells osmotic potential. Of different osmolytes occurring in plants in response to environmental stresses, glycinebetaine (GB) has been studied extensively. Significant advances have been made in mitigating the inhibitory effects of environmental stresses by exogenously applied glycinebetaine in different plant species. Exogenous application of glycinebetaine as foliar spray has been employed to enhance drought tolerance in a number of crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of application of glycine betaine (GB) in improving drought tolerance of sorghum halopens under different stress treatments.
Material and The study was performed in an experimental greenhouse at Yazd University in 2012 based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Different amount of GB i.e. 0, 100 and 200 mM in combination with various irrigation periods i.e. 3, 6 and 9 days were considered as experimental treatments. Irrigation treatments were applied after germination and establishment of sorghum seedlings. Foliar sprays of GB were applied two times during growth period of sorghum. Different plant parameters including sorghum fresh and dry weight, proline and water soluble hydrocarbons were measured. Proline content of leaves was determined according to Bates et al. (1973). Soluble carbohydrate content was determined in aqueous solution phenol sulfuric acid reagent according to Kochert (1978). After testing the normality distribution of data, two way analysis of variance was used for data analyzing and Duncan multiple range test was used to compare mean of treatment. SPSS (version 16) software and EXCEL were used for data analysis and drawing graphs.
Results indicate that increasing GB concentration cause a significant increase in water soluble carbohydrate at 9 days irrigation period. None significant difference in sorghum carbohydrate content was observed at 3 and 6 days irrigation period when compared to control. Gorham et al., (2000) found that exogenous GB application was very effective in increasing carbohydrate content of cotton. In another study Makhdum and Shababuddin., (2006) reported that exogenous application of GB significantly increase the carbohydrate concentration of bean. Result also indicated that at 6 days irrigation period, with increasing GB concentration the proline content of sorghum leaves significantly increased. In this irrigation treatment, application of 200 mM GB cause a 62 percent increase in proline when compare to control. Exogenous application of GB to low-accumulating or non-accumulating plants may help reduce adverse effects of environmental stress. Externally-applied GB can rapidly penetrate through leaves and be transported to other organs, where it would contribute to improved stress tolerance (Ashraf and Foolad, 2007). According to our result increasing irrigation period from 3 to 6 and 9 days cause a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight of sorghum. The main consequences of drought in crop plants are reduced rate of cell division and expansion that can decrease dry matter accumulation of plant. On the other hand with the development of drought stress, as the plant photosynthesis decreased, plants need more carbohydrate compounds to adjust osmotic potential and subsequently available carbohydrate for grown and accumulation of dry material diminished. At 3 days irrigation period, application of GB had no significant effect on fresh and dry weight of sorghum whereas both GB concentrations significantly increase sorghum fresh and dry weight in water deficiency condition. Application of GB ameliorate the adverse effect of drought stress on fresh and dry weight of sorghum. This can attributed to this fact that GB-treated plants exhibited a slower decrease in leaf water potential during drought stress and developed wilting symptoms much later than untreated plants. Generally, they protect plants from stress through different courses, including contribution to cellular osmotic adjustment, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, protection of membrane integrity, and stabilization of enzymes/proteins (Bohnert and Jensen, 1996). Different studies demonstrated the positive effect of exogenous GB application in decreasing adverse effects of drought stress on dry material accumulation of some plant species such as corn (Wyn Jones, 1984), tomato (Makela et al., 1998(, bean (Webing and Rajashekar, 1999) and cotton (Gorham et al., 2000).
Overall results indicate the negative effect of drought stress on growth and development of sorghum. Application of GB ameliorate the adverse effect of drought stress and accumulation of proline and soluble carbohydrate in abovegrounds tissue of sorghum improved plant water relation under stress. However, more study on the mechanism of action of this substance under different experimental conditions is still needed. Also it is suggested that the time of application and frequency use of GB investigated in future research.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of water stress on Satureja hortensis, a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications was carried out in the greenhouse of Yazd University in 2014. The water stress treatments including 100, 75, 50 and 25 Percent of field capacity (FC) were applied. The results showed that water deficit stress significantly (p

In many countries, studies to determine the severity of desertification and providing land plans to implement desertification. One of the models is modified MEDALUS or Iranian model (IMDPA), has been used in present research in order to investigate desertification situation in the Tashk region of Fars province. In this research, the modified IMDPA model used with emphasis on the water, soil and agricultural indexes, and indicators for each criterion has been considered in different value. The qualitative values of desertification indexes placed in four classes as, low, moderate sever and very sever. Among evaluated indexes, Irrigation system and drop level of groundwater have the most effects on desertification with numerical values 4 and 3.7 respectively. In the other indexes, crop yield and SAR of water have the lowest effects on regional desertification with numerical value 1 and 1.5 reactively. Analysis of result showed that the intensity of desertification obtained 2.54 on the entire of region based on 3 indexes and in the base of modified IMDPA model, the regional desertification intensity came to get medium.

This study investigated the changes of proline, soluble sugar, Na, K and N in Atriplex lentiformis, Halostachys belangeriana and Tamarix rammossma over two seasons (winter and summer) in the field conditions. Five plants all in the same sizes and forms from each species in Chahafzal area of Yazd province were collected and the above mentioned indices were measured. Results showed that the highest amount of proline and sugar were found in Halostachys belangeriana and Atriplex lentiformis, respectively. Meanwhile, the amount of proline in all plant over summer was significantly more than winter. The amount of proline in summer in Halostchys belengeriana was also equal to 3.2 mg/gfw. In Atriplex lentiformis and Tamarix rammossma, the amount of sugar in summer was significantly more than winter. The highest amount of sugar was found in Atriplex in summer measurement which was equal to 6.8 mg/gdw. In contrast to two mentioned species, sugar content of Halostchys belengeriana in winter was more than summer. The amount of N and K were not significant in any of the species. Na in Halostchys belengeriana was significantly high compared with two other species. It is concluded that these halophyte species tolerate with different mechanisms to cope with salinity and drought stresses.