mohammadali khaledian

Literature is the creative application of language. New linguistic sciences revitalize language, as words do not simply manifest with meanings that have existed for centuries. New ideas and innovative techniques explore the undiscovered mysteriesof a literary work. One of the modern approaches to uncovering textual beauty is layered stylistics. Layered stylistics is a contemporary method for analyzing literary texts. In the present study, the descriptions of Rostam in the story of Rostam and Esfandiyarare analyzed based on layered stylistics. Stylistic features are examined across five layers: phonological, lexical, syntactic, rhetorical, and ideological, while the content of the text is simultaneously analyzed. Hakim Abolqasem Ferdowsi is a renowned poet associated with the Khorasani style; therefore, his poetry serves as a suitable foundation for identifying the characteristics of his era’s poetry as well as Persian epic poetry. In the phonological layer, Ferdowsi utilizes the music of speech, syntactic rhythms, and pronunciation techniques. In the lexical layer, he artistically emphasizes words based on the characters and their varying meanings. In the syntactic layer, he employs diverse word arrangements. In the rhetorical layer, he achieves the pinnacle of eloquence and clarity by employing principles from semantics, rhetoric, and literary devices, without artificial embellishments. In the ideological layer, both consciously and subconsciously, he reflects his personal perspectives, beliefs, and the fundamental values of the Iranian people.

The concept of the “perfect man” and his characteristics are a significant subject in Sufism and Islamic mysticism. The perfect man manifests God, and knowing him is like knowing God. (Problem statement) The study of the characteristics of the perfect man among the various views propounded by the mystics and the comparison and evaluation of these views can develop knowledge and guidance. (Research purpose) Ghazali and Rumi are among the most prominent thinkers in the Islamic world. The purpose of this study is to identify the perfect man and his characteristics from the viewpoint of Ghazali, and accordingly, draw a comparison between Ghazali’s and Rumi’s thought. The present research is a descriptive-analytical desk study. The results of the study indicate that the concept of the “perfect man” is also used in Ghazali’s works. Both Ghazali and Rumi believe in the necessity of a thorough and perfect man and his ultimate superiority. Ghazali and Rumi are Ash'arists and believe that Sufism is the best way to arrive at the truth. While Ghazali is a pious and dismayed Sufi, Rumi believes in romantic Sufism. Ghazali’s perfect man is bound to observe the outward religious principles. However, due to Rumi’s reproachful nature, Rumi’s sage, in some rare instances, does not adhere to the externals and is thoughtless. Ultimately, both Ghazali and Rumi believe that the Prophet Muhammad, who is the last prophet and messenger of God, has the highest and most complete degree of perfection. Mentioning other mystics’ views, this study attempts to review and compare the views of Ghazali and Rumi in this regard.

Abū Dharr Al-Ghifārī, a companion of Prophet Muhammad, has been a focal point for various intellectual movements within the Islamic world across many centuries. His traditions and moral sayings have been extensively explored, particularly in the context of personal and social ethics. This study aims to delve into the moral thought reflected in the narrations attributed to Abū Dharr, with a focus on his personal and intellectual conduct—specifically, the dimensions of moral behavior that persist even when social ties are severed. Assuming the authenticity of these narrations, this study seeks to discern the nature of intellectual conduct that Abū Dharr espoused. Through an analysis of the extant narratives and a reevaluation of the ontological and anthropological perspectives they present, we aim to elucidate the portrayal of the ultimate good for humanity and the means to attain it. The study further endeavors to deduce the guidelines for individual conduct as prescribed in these narrations. Our findings offer insights into the symbolic representation of Abū Dharr in the collective memory of Muslims. The correlation between the historical figure of Abū Dharr and this symbolic image, as well as the origins of his musings and their relation to the thoughts of his fellow Companions, are topics reserved for subsequent research.

The Use of NLP in the anecdotes of Saadi’s Golestan with an emphasis on the butterfly effect theory. Neuro Linguistic Programing (NLP) means programming and controlling the language of mind, the art and the knowledge of effective and successful communication. Based on this knowledge, every human communication involves a system or relational space in which each participant has varying degrees of influence. Some members' behavior can have a significant impact, highlighting the importance of identifying the most effective member in the relational system. Therefore, the suggestion of NLP for getting a better result in the communication system is to use the Butterfly Effect Theory. In this regard, NLP utilizes the Butterfly Effect Theory for achieving better results in communication systems. The Butterfly Effect Theory, proposed in physics, aims to discover the most influential individual in a communication system and educate it, as it believes that even the slightest mistake or deviation by the most influential individual may cause the system to collapse. Among the influential works and authors in the realm of didactic literature in Persian language, Saadi's 'Golestan' aims to create balance in communicative situations and enhance harmonious behaviors. Saadi does not consider all the elements present in a communication system to be equally influential. From this perspective, Saadi’s views on the management of interconnected social systems and systems can be aligned with the Butterfly Effect Theory. The aim of the present research, after a thorough examination of Golestan in an analytical and descriptive manner, is that the most important members of micro and macro communication systems should be without any intentional and unintentional computational errors. Because the slightest change in them in the wrong direction can lead to the disintegration of that micro or macro system. The result of this research is that everyone can and should, with a precise understanding of their position in a communication system and the impact of their behaviors on that system, prevent the occurrence of chaosIslamic mysticism, the language of mysticism, mystical story, anecdote

Abūdharr al-Ghifārī is considered by Muslims as one of the prominent companions and narrators of the Ḥadīth of the Prophet Muḥammad. Therefore a significant number of traditions were narrated through him in Islamic Ḥadīth literature and also anecdotes about his life were written throughout Islamic history. However, in the first half of the 14th century AH/ 20th century CE, the number of works written about Abūdharr and their content underwent a considerable change. Some Muslims in this period tried to present him as the first socialist in human history or at least an outstanding sample of adherence to socialism; And of course, there were some who wanted to oppose such approaches and provide evidence against those two claims. By applying the content analysis method this study aims at understanding the evolution of attitudes towards Abūdharr in the 1st half of 20th century as far as it can be understood from Persian, Arabic and Urdu sources. This study is an attempt to study the grounds of Abūdharr's ccceptance as a socialist by Muslims, the evolution of opinions about his charracter, the debates related to these attitudes, the theoretical consequences of those debates, and finally, the ideas formed about Abū Dharr in the minds of Muslims in that era. The hypothesis of this study is that the totality of theoretical disputes between different sects Islamic and adherents to leftist movements caused the image of a revolutionary with Islamic ideology in its modern sense to be formed from Abūharr.

Taalab ( seeking) is a verbal sign that has become widely used in Islamic mysticism. In order to find out the place of Taalab in Islamic Sufism, it is necessary to consider mysticism as a system, a system that is founded on the pillars of Sharia, Tariqat and Truth. This structure of conduct, is derived from tariqat and seeking is considered the first step in mystical conduct. Therefore, seeking is an inseparable part of the structure of mysticism, and traces of it can be seen in almost all works of mysticism. But in the meantime, two great mystics of Iran, Atar and Maulvi, have spoken about it a lot and accelerated its features. In Attar's thoughts, seeking is considered the first of the seven valleys of Saluk, and thus it should be considered as one of the defining components of his intellectual system, but in the Masnavi, it is basically a system of thought in which the place of the components of Rumi's thought can be recognized. There is no data. In the Masnavi, not one wadi of the wadi is considered as a saluk, and it is mentioned in a definite place; Rather, Masnavi can be present everywhere. Undoubtedly, it is difficult to find, categorize and measure them, which is a difficult task in Attar's thought. The result of this research shows that Attar and Maulavi consider the request as the beginning of conduct and one of the means to realize the nine goals. They know the truth, the health of the soul and the happiness of human beings, the data of this project was collected by the library method and after classification, it was described by the qualitative method.

Semiotics has a prominent effect in analyzing the unaddressed dimensions of literary texts. In the signs system, codes are of particular importance. In this regard, Roland Barthes' views are more credible. He divides codes into five types: action, hermeneutic, symbolic, semantic, and referential. This allows for a solid analysis of the underlying and secondary layers of the text. In the present article, using Barth's cryptographic theory, the sonnets of Qaisar Aminpour in the Dastoor -e- Zaban -e- Eshgh have been studied and analyzed to show how much the narrative has a direct effect on the reproduction of different meanings. The results of the research show that the reflection of cultural codes in these sonnets indicates the widespread manifestation of ideological, religious, mystical, literary and romantic discourse to advance the narratives. Hermeneutic codes are used to involve the audience in discovering the ambiguous dimensions of the narrative. By giving subjectivity at the beginning of the sonnets, while pausing to provide answers, the poet finally reveals and expands the scope of the target group. The dual contrasts in the symbolic codes are a desirable ground for objectifying the narrator's inner selves and making his mentalities tangible. Part of the quality of semantic codes in Aminpour’s  sonnets shows that he described his intended system of signification using religious and emotional words and phrases. Also, the codes of action have had a positive effect on the credibility and explanation of the abstractions and intangible circumstances of the narrator.

Analyzing ancient works of Persian literature, most contents and themes of poems were the subject of speech, and the structure of poems, the relationship of speech components were less investigated. A poet communicates with nature and its beyond according to the technique and forms his mental structure with it. The current paper investigates and compares analogy and classifies its different structures in Hadighe Sana'ee and the first notebook of Masnavi Mulana, according to the analytical_ descriptive method and by the use of statistical surveys. Comparing the frequency of various forms of analogy in Hadighe Sana'ee and Masnavi Mulavi represents which structures and elements did Sana'ee and Mulana use in their educational style to achieve their goals. According to the findings, a kind of analogies, reasonable _to _sensible, in Masnavi and another kind of analogies, sensible _to_ sensible, in Hadighe have been frequently used. In other classification, a collective analogy in Hadighe and subtracted analogy in Masnavi have been frequently used after the eloquent analogy, the most frequent one in Hadighe and Masnavi. Natural phenomena in both works have been mostly used elements in analogized words, as well. This can be influenced by the common naturalism in mysticism and Sufism, which in many cases also considers nature to have a soul and movement. one of the most frequent analogized word in these two works, is the term "human" and the most frequent word analogized to, is the term " water". This similarity is significant and it is worth investigating.

There is some information about the various jobs of the companions in the books of al-Rijal. Recognition and analysis of this information can acquaint us with aspects of the economic system of the early Islamic Arab society. Numerous studies can be found from ancient times to modern times, in each of which attention to this matter and analyses based on it have been presented from the early history of Islam. The subject of the present study is to recognize government jobs in Madina al-Nabi. By extracting the data contained in historical and Rijal sources, it is tried to categorize the reports related to government jobs in the Medina of the era of the Prophet, and examine the companions’ rate of employment to each of those jobs. On this basis, in the present study, these questions will be answered: first, can we find objective and reliable pieces of evidence about jobs in the early Islamic government by reviewing historical sources, especially Rijal books; second, to what extent can the links between these reports themselves help us to objectively classify these jobs; third, how much can the information about each job indicate their relationship to each other or their position in the early Islamic system of government.

Investigating the topic of double contrasts in literary and artistic works for a better and deeper understanding of these works has attracted the attention of contemporary linguists and narratologists. In this research, by looking at Saadi's works and ideas, we have paid attention to the investigation of double confrontations or mutual couples as one of the main pillars and elements in the components that Saadi has expressed the themes and themes related to health and mental health. According to the nature of the components studied in this thesis, the paradigm of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of representation is done through qualitative content analysis. The field of study and the scope of the current research, which was selected through a targeted sampling of Saadi's works, were determined based on the principle of sufficiency and sufficiency of evidence. The results of the research show that the contrast of words with opposite and opposite meanings covers a significant part of Saadi's poems and writings. With a structuralist look at the investigated examples, we find that these signs give attention to the real and objective explanation of practical solutions to obtain peace and comfort based on moral, mystical and educational teachings from the artistic and semantic point of view, and in the form of semantic, implicit, A structure in the sentence unit and literary contrasts are presented in Saadi's speech.

The purpose of this study was a comparative study of Wadi Tawhid from the perspective of Rumi and Attar. In this research, it is shown how Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi, in his lasting work, the spiritual Masnavi, accompanies and synchronizes with the seekers of the path through the valley of monotheism. On the other hand, since Masnavi is an educational-allegorical work, we will briefly review some of the stories and allegories in which Rumi mentions one of the seven valleys. Of course, the number of officials in Attar's logic is explicitly mentioned in seven valleys, which are: seeking, love, knowledge, deprivation, monotheism, astonishment, poverty and annihilation. Among the mystical poets, it is Attar who has well defined the boundaries of the authorities and has based his book "The Logic of the Bird" on the basis of these seven authorities and has had a clear and logical order in the expression of his mystical thoughts. And he has expressed monotheism very clearly in the logic of bird. As a result, Rumi in Masnavi has not been limited to the number of officials and does not differentiate between them. He also did not comment on their order and both poets consider Tawhid as one of the most important officials.

Sanai is the first poet to entirely introduce Sufism, asceticism and mysticism into Persian poetry hence mystical issues have played an effective role in the development of his worldview. The reflection of Sanai’s mystical worldview in the form of monotheistic discussions and elements such as praise of the prophets and pious men, expressing the highlights of the life of the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the great commonalities of fighting the soul, curbing greed, abandoning the world, rejecting selfishness, promoting decent behavior, endorsing faith and love and many more features are present in the Hadiqah al-Haqiqah, one of his most significant achievements. The message and purpose of Sanai in this work is based on the monotheism of asceticism and love which can be achieved under the protection of Sharia and through introspection and abandonment of appearances. The issue that can be raised here is the epistemological barriers in the Sana'i Hadith and the nature of its reflection in the art of revelation. Findings showed that the anthropological type of Islamic mystics, especially Sanai, has greatly influenced his anthropological thought, so the study of the foundations of Sanai anthropology and humanism is of great help in understanding the ideal man. The ideal human being, who is introduced in the framework of the word of God and the tradition of the Holy Prophet, is a person who achieves a stage of growth and excellence in at least one of the mystical, religious and moral fields and acquires basic characteristics and components and is effectively adorned by such features; moreover, the mentioned subject is reflected in the art of revelation in the form of the application of Quranic verses.

1. Analyzing the obstacles of knowledge and perfection in the Hadith of Sanai. 2. Examining the reflection of the hindrances of knowledge and perfection in the art of revelation.

Research questions:

1. In his Hadith al-Haqiqah, what issues has Sana'i raised as obstacles to knowledge and perfection? 2. What is the reflection of the problems of knowledge and perfection for human beings in the art of revelation?

Ancient sources about conducts and lifestyle (Seereh), Hadith, Rijal (knowledge of men), classes, jurisprudence (Fiqh) and interpretation (Tafsir), in addition to providing specialized information, offers insights into a raft of other topics, including the current administrative positions in the Prophet’s ruling system. Recognition and analysis of such data can acquaint us with aspects of the socio-political life of early Islam, shedding light on the context of the revelation of Quranic verses and Prophet’s narrations. Most of studies in the contemporary era have approached this issue from various angles in order to analyze the history of the early Islam. Revisiting the background of these analyses is the subject of the present paper. That is, by reviewing the history of Islamic civilization, we explore an array of scientific trends that have strived to analyze common administrative positions in the "the Prophet’s city", addressing issues such as the history of efforts and approaches to identifying administrative positions of that time, intellectual trends prompting such efforts, perspectives they have offered to researchers, unresolved issues, and major theoretical and practical challenges facing such studies.

In this article, an attempt has been made to first define human rights and then to express some of the principles of human rights in the Shahnameh and to define each of them. To make everyone aware of the status and value of this masterpiece of Persian language as a symbol of Iranian culture and identity.

This research has been done by library study method and descriptive-analytical method.

Human Rights; It is a set of general principles and rules that, as universal civil rights, guarantee the fundamental rights of nations, both among themselves and among the people of a country, to ensure freedom, peace and justice in friendly relations. Ferdowsichr('39')s Shahnameh is the crystallization of high human ideas and ideal aspirations of Iranians, in a time full of tyranny and political and social anomalies. A new concept called human rights that emerged independently after World War II; It was one of Ferdowsichr('39')s outstanding ideas. There are clear examples of the principles of human rights, such as peace, freedom, justice and other issues, in the stories of Shahnameh.

As a result, Shahnameh can be considered as a moral book full of advice due to its rationalism, altruism and epic structure, which in addition to having the highest concepts of human rights, shows a rich culture and It is the identity, nationality and civilization of Iran. Research on these topics can enrich our knowledge of Iranian culture and civilization.

the language is the emergence of thought and human life is vital to speak and to use language that the curtain of human nature and enjoyment of human knowledge of the show and at the same time than the necessity language constitutes the dust that sits on the mirror and the man and the man from their main job that is in heaven. Given that man is the only human being able to express his conscience is so language and purposes that emerging language in human existence is very important and about the past, and in the face. in the case of Maulana and hundreds of thousands of articles, and poems written in the book, but there is still a significant part of secret angles character in Rumi's poems Maulana and still Becker and were untouched perhaps popular" one of the major causes "masnavi Maulvi acceptance. of the goals of this research to examine the language of pests, investigating the role of the language and the effects on human life and clarify the role in the evolution of the language or human degradation can be pointed out. what the results of this study in Rumi's spiritual Maulana obtained showed that, in fact, the most important pests language of dishonesty more ethical irony, such as the utmost fault, lying , absence, hypocrisy, deceiving and deceived , flattery , adventitious rude and trickery can be , if not in control of the language, religion and the world.