mojtaba

Studying the housing market at the national level does not necessarily reflect the characteristics of this market at the regional level. Therefore, the concept of submarkets or housing submarkets was proposed by researchers. Housing submarkets are a set of dwellings that have similar characteristics. They are reasonably close substitutes for one another, yet relatively poor substitutes for dwelling in other submarkets. Identifying housing submarkets makes it possible to predict housing prices more accurately. Moreover, it helps planners and policymakers to make better decisions. Despite the importance of this issue, few studies have analyzed housing submarkets in developing countries. In this article, spatial analysis of housing submarkets in 22 districts of Tehran City has been considered. The results of two stages of factor analysis on 22 variables consisting of housing structure and characteristics of housing supply and demand variables show a significant relationship between 21 variables. These variables have been reduced to 6 factors: price and ownership of housing, ability to provide housing, land and housing supply, spatial characteristics, environmental characteristics, and welfare status of households. Then, the districts of Tehran are divided into 5 clusters of the housing submarket by cluster analysis. Comparing the average variables in different submarkets will clarify a huge difference between them. So that the average price of each square meter of residential land and each square meter of residential infrastructure in submarket 1 is 5.7 times and 3.4 times that of submarket 5, respectively. Location indicators also show significant differences between submarkets. It seems that the difference in the level of facilities and services is one of the determining factors of housing prices in Tehran. Submarkets with higher housing prices have higher facilities and services. Therefore, it is not possible to plan for all regions with the same policy, and the difference in housing characteristics in submarkets should be taken into consideration.

Styrene monomer is a volatile organic compound that is used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, rubber, and resins. Many health effects caused by continuous exposure to styrene have been reported by different organizations of health and safety. This study was carried out to determine the efficiency of photocatalytic removal of styrene by using zinc oxide nanoparticles immobilized on diatomite.

This study was done on a laboratory scale, in which zinc oxide nanoparticles with the size of 20 to 40 nm and 5% concentration were stabilized on the natural diatomite and then irradiated with UV light as a photocatalytic agent in order to degrade styrene vapors.

In this study, the concentrations of 20, 100, and 300 ppm styrene were passed through a reactor containing diatomite substrate covered with nano-ZnO (MDi/ZnO 5%). The results showed that the bed of MDi/ZnO 5% could remove 35 percent of styrene vapors at concentrations of 20 ppm and a flow rate of 1 lit /min.

Due to the removal efficiency of 35% styrene vapors by MDi/ZnO 5% substrate and properties such as low cost and availability of diatomite and zinc oxide, it can be used from the bed to remove volatile organic compounds, but in comparison to similar studies with other beds such as natural and synthetic zeolites and activated carbon, it could not achieve the desired results in a photocatalytic activity for its application in industry. However, because of its abundance in the world and Iran, low cost of preparation, and also its unique characteristics, further studies are recommended about its modification and application in photocatalytic processes.

Much reserch has been done in recent years on the impact of resistance training on the physical function of the elderly people. In this study, the effect of  a 12 weeks combined exercise on P3NP, CAF and physical activity of elderly people was investigated.

The present study was experimental with a pre-test  post-test design. Twenty one elderly people were selected in a purposeful manner and randomly divided into two groups. The control group consisted of ten subjects and a combined training group (n = 11). Combined exercises consisted of three sets of resistance- speed training with intensity 60-50% of 1RM and 10-8 repetitions (10-13 seconds) with four-way walking in different intensities. Before and after the exercise, BMI, physical performance tests, and serum levels of P3NP and CAF indices were evaluated in all groups by ELISA method. ANOVAs tests with repeated measurements were used to determine variables changes within groups.

The results showed that functional performance improved in the training group compared with the control group (p <0.05). Also, the combined exercise program did not have a significant effect on serum levels of P3NP and CAF (ρ = 0.146 and ρ =0.124).

The results of this study showed that performing resistance- speed exercise with walking in different directions could improves physical performance and might have showed down the process of decreasing neuromuscular quality in elderly people.

Based on reflective approach in sociology of art, which presents the influence of art from environmental conditions and their reflections, we can use Persian paintings as an important reference to recognize Iranian performative spaces, because these paintings illustrate Iranian literature raised from culture. However, Iranian painters selected their subject with special thoughts and careful insight. Furthermore, there are few references and resources about the subjects and points in these paintings, maybe because of historical condition of Iran. In the other words, Iranian artists have been learnt in hard situations to conceal the meaning of their artwork using symbols and codes. Performance is one of the Iranian arts that have been limited at various times. Despite, literature and culture of Iran is full of dramatic moments. Anecdotes such as “Siavash passing on fire”, “Shirin and Farhad romance” and “the seven beauties (Haft Pykar)” are full of dramatic features and they are the most important subjects in paintings. The Iranian cultural landscape is rich in pondering places and communal spaces for different ceremonies and rituals. But in the documents there are less evidences about essence and state of performance spaces. While in many paintings, images of real locations of Iranian cultural landscapes which a theatrical event is taking place, have been depicted. Therefore, features of Iranian theater spaces could be recognize from these paintings. In this paper, the state of “cultural landscape” is used instead of architecture, urban or landscape. Because, cultural landscape represents a long and intimate relationship between man and nature; as well as it expresses the mentality and culture of the communities in built environments at the context of nature. Various characters related to the taste, smell, touch, motion, visual and hearing are cultural aspects. Performance as one of the cultural aspects is highly dependent on time and place so, it can be one of the function of the built environment or inversely be affected from environment. Selected painting in this study, have two points: first, their subjects are in agreement with drama and second, the painted places points to the real places that the performative occurrences have been played there. The main questions are: what place has been chosen for an occurrence in a performance, what have been the characteristics of performative space in this place, and how was the relationship between the audiences and actors? Our results in this study show that performative occurrences are one of cultural aspect of Iranian literature and society. As a consequence, the Iranian nature or city landscapes, as receptacles for life, provide bases for performative occurrences. These multifunctional and centripetal places have hierarchy space, perceptional boundary and different layers of view and perspective. Moreover, natural or artificial elements have been used for walls and stages, as well as, the light and accessories are in agreement with spatial and temporal conditions. Therefore, we aimed to study some aspects of Iranian performative space using methods such as historical research, content analysis and hermeneutics to investigate performative places and spaces in selective Persian paintings.

The production of biodegradable and edible films with appropriate mechanical characteristics and gas barrier properties represents one of the most important challenges in the field of food packaging. Edible films provide foods with physical protection and reduce loss of their moisture, restrict absorption of oxygen, lessen migration of lipids, as well. Natural polymers, like carbohydrates and proteins, offer the greatest opportunities as component of edible films since their biodegradability and environmental compatibility are assured and they can also supplement the nutritional value of specific foods. However, excessive water solubility and poor water vapor barrier properties, and often poor mechanical resistance, have limited their applications. Numerous studies have been carried out to improve their properties by preparing composite and multi-layered films or by physically and chemically crosslinking of their components. In the present review we summarize the application of transglutaminase in preparation of chitosan-based edible films and its effect on mechanical and barrier properties of produced films.

Variation in host plant quality in response to nitrogen fertilization could influence on performance and population of insect herbivores. Current greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of four nitrogen fertilization levels including 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg. ha-1 in canola (Brassica napus L.) on performance and population growth rate of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.). The results showed that increasing nitrogen levels had significantly affected the nitrogen content and carbon/nitrogen of canola plants. The maximum percent of leaf-N (3.05±0.09) and minimum ratio of C/N (16.00±0.70) were observed in plants fertilized with the highest nitrogen level. Increasing nitrogen fertilization significantly enhanced aphid performance. The shortest nymphal developmental period (5.76±0.08 days) and the maximum fecundity (95.38±5.03) were observed at the level of 225 kg N.ha-1. Regression analysis showed a positive significant relationship between the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and nitrogen treatment. The aphids’ rm increased 20.64 % with increasing nitrogen levels from 0 to 225 kg. ha-1. Moreover, the population of mustard aphid significantly was affected by nitrogen treatment and sampling date. The maximum population was observed in 3rd sampling date and in the highest nitrogen fertilization. In all sampling dates, the maximum population growth rate was calculated in the highest nitrogen level. The population growth rate showed a decreasing trend with increasing sampling date.

With advances in medical sciences and control of infectious diseases cancers in human societies are increasingly attract attention Cancers of upper gastrointestinal is among the most important cancers which has a high incidence in many countries. This cross-sectinal study was conducted on 73 patients with dysphagia، epigastric pain، and weight loss in the short term that the pathologic study confirmed the presence of cancer in the upper gastrointestinal tract since Aprill 2005 to April 2006. The incidence of upper gastrointestinal cancer in men was twice as high as that of women. The upper GI cancers were most prevalent in the seventh and eight decade of life. In this study، patients were given hot tea، but did not mention the consumption of fatty foods. Esophageal and gastric cancers are very frequent in Lorestan province and also Iran. It seems that the role of nutritional factors may be more important than smoking.

In this essay we want to examine the existential identity of city with a definition of deconstructionism and extending this with sementical approach، by emphasizing to early city. sementical of city is moving along figurative meaning to all phenomena that city is narrating with regard to existential identitys that is explanatory of hypothetical reality. deconstructionist view has challenged this sementical approach to city that is hidden significantly behind of every urban phenomena and show that how early city (with to explain early cites of china) pay to neuteralize sementics chains base and how make it unmeaning in meaningful chains.

Our main aim in this article is to analyze the two concepts “proposition” and “state of affairs”. First we present the minimal expectations of a theory of “proposition” and a theory of “state of affairs”, and then we turn to the views of the contemporary theorist John Pollock regarding these two topics and present the most important of his views on the subject. Subsequently, we reconstruct a theory of “proposition” and a theory of “state of affairs” on the basis of Pollock's ideas. According to this reconstructed theory, “propositions” and “states of affairs” are necessary mind-independent entities such that the senses of “logical operators”, “concepts” and “designators” can be their constituents. These constituents, by being arranged in a particular logical form, form propositions or states of affairs. There is no ontological difference between a proposition and a state of affairs, but rather they only differ in their logical forms. At the end of the article we evaluate the power of our theory in satisfying the minimal expectations for a theory of “propositions” and “states of affairs”.

Background and Çonsiderable attention has recently been paid to the role of ghrelin hormone in the metabolism of carbohydrate. Beta-cell dysfunction is also considered to be an important factor in the prevalence of diabetes. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between serum ghrelin with beta-cell function and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Forty six male adults with type 2 diabetes and a body mass index of greater than 29 were recruited in this study through convenience sampling. To measure the participants’ serum insulin, ghrelin, and glucose level, their blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. The relationship between serum ghrelin with beta-cell function index, insulin resistance, insulin, and glucose were determined through multiple regression analyses. Multiple regression analyses revealed that beta-cell function (P= 0.003) and fasting glucose level (P= 0.005) were positively correlated with serum ghrelin level, while serum insulin level was negatively correlated with ghrelin level (P= 0.011). Moreover, no significant correlation was observed between serum ghrelin levels and insulin resistance (P= 0.083).Çonclusion: The findings support the role of ghrelin in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic patients which is mostly due to the effect of ghrelin on beta-cell function.

babak1409@yahoo.com Study Type: Research | Subject: Special Article abstract: The shallow parts of the coastal zone are usually affected by strong flow parallel to the coast lines. Thus, the bed morphology of these areas is subjected to permanent changes and engineering treatment is essential for controlling bed erosion and sedimentation. In this work, laboratory experiments are performed to investigate the effects of spur dikes end shape (which are located perpendicular to the shore line in shallow continental shelves) on formation of flow pattern and scouring due to strong parallel shore currents. To achieve this goal, the effects of single spur dike which covers about thirteen present of the continental shelf are studied. The three spur dike end shapes of rectangular, trapezoidal and semicircular are studied in present work. The measurements on velocity patterns and morphology changes of a sandy bed around the spur dike in a laboratory model are utilized to get general idea of spur dike end shape effects.

Polymorphism of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) gene in a Holstein herd was investigated by PCR-RFLP method. In the main part of the study 101 Holstein cows were screened. In this herd، the allele frequencies of β-LG A and B were 0. 53 and 0. 47، respectively and genotype frequencies for β-LG AA، AB and BB genotypes were estimated as 0. 257، 0. 544 and 0. 198، respectively. Genotypes were distributed according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Results indicated that β-LG genotypes affected significantly milk yield (genotype AA > genotype BB) (P < 0. 01). Furthermore، polymorphism of the gene was investigated in a superior cow، producing more than 150 Kg per day، (and 4 of her offspring)، belonging to another herd in the same region. Genotype of the cow and her offspring were determined by the same method and all were heterozygote (AB).

Increasing urban population and accumulating wealth and capital and unbalancing in distribution of resources and increasing the gap of income between big cities’ residents with their surrounding, resulted from cities attraction and other places repulsion and consequently increase in migration to the cities. These migrants could not reside in formal area of cities because of economical, cultural and social problems, so as the result of this inconsistency, informal settlement phenomenon is formed. This phenomenon in developing countries has high intensity and results more problems. The examples of these problems are: natural environment demolition, increasing poverty, class distinction, decreasing living condition and unsuitable urban environment. To solve these problems and ordering informal settlement, different approach are used. For example: the demolishing and clearance approach, the accepting of informal settlement resident rights approach and provision of land and services approach. Since these approaches were not successful to solve the problems of informal settlement in the cities, urban upgrading approach, as a new approach has been used. Since 1985 urban upgrading approach has been used in some developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, which using experience of executive policies of this approach, in proportion to other approach has been more successful.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of assertiveness training Methods (assertive refusal, assertive expression and assertive commentary) on social adjustment of boy and girl students of Shahreza Guidance Course in 2005-2006 school year.240 students (120 boy students and 120 girl students) of third grade in middle school (Grade 8) were selected using stratified random selection from students of Shahreza Guidance Course as the subjects of the research. They were randomly assigned into experimental groups and a control group. Prior to the educational intervention, experimental groups and a control group were assessed by Vinelend Adaptive Behavior Scales. Only the subjects in experimental groups were exposed to 10 sessions of assertiveness training in group manner. The subjects in the control group received no interventions. Upon completion of the intervention, experimental groups and a control group were assessed once again by the aforementioned test. Data were analyzed and interpreted by covariance analysis, pair-wise comparisons (Bonferoni). Research findings showed that significant difference existed in group membership variable in comparison between experimental groups and a control group. Significant difference existed in comparing social adjustment between boy and girl students. Also, analysis of interaction between group and sex variables showed that significantly difference existed. Also, analysis of multiple comparisons of Bonferoni implied that significantly difference exists between comparisons of experimental groups with control group. The results point to the fact that assertiveness training methods including assertive refusal, assertive expression, and assertive commentary are effective in modifying the social adjustment and assertiveness training methods. These can be considered a primary and fundamental need in educational backgrounds.

In thermal cracking plants, it is desired to apply an optimal temperature profile along the reactor to minimize the operation cost. In this article a simulator is developed by the use of a mathematical model, which describes the static operation of a naphtha thermal cracking pilot plant. The model is used to predict the steady state profiles of the gas temperature and product yields. Using a dynamic programming technique, an optimal temperature profile along the reactor is obtained. The effects of operating variables such as steam to hydrocarbon ratio (S/HC), coil outlet temperature (COT) and feed flow rate on product yield are investigated. Pilot plant simulation results are compared with the industrial data and the results indicate that they follow the same trend.