reza samizadeh

This research proposes a model that calculates the customer lifetime value and simultaneously considers the network effects. An oligopoly market is also considered in which companies compete with each other. Each company has a number of buyers and sellers and offers its services to the buyers free while receiving the sellers' membership fees in return. Interestingly, the customers interact with each other and change the companies' clients. This interaction between them is known as word-of-mouth marketing, and it also exists among the sellers. It is noteworthy that the existence of both buyers and sellers is only meaningful. Indeed, the increase of buyers leads to a rise in the number of sellers and also makes the company more profitable. In fact, the network effects are categorized into four forms that are as follows: (1) buyers’ effects on each other, (2) sellers’ effects on each other, (3) buyers’ effects on sellers, and (4) sellers’ effects on their buyers. These effects are the main factors that the companies tend to take into consideration when determining the optimal marketing and pricing policies. Applying differential game theory makes it possible to receive the companies' market share, advertising, and pricing strategy.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of current machine learning (ML) algorithms employed in targeted and personalized advertising. It reveals key findings and conclusions from a wide range of sources, offering readers a concise summary. The study addresses the gap by identifying and analyzing the most significant machine learning-based targeting methods utilized in the recent studies. This helps readers understand the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches and keeps them up-to-date with the most recent advancements and best practices. Employing the PRISMA methodology, the review systematically examines existing literature on ML-driven targeted advertising. It identifies effective ML methods and strategies, presenting real-world examples to illustrate their practical implementation. Reviewing key findings from existing literature, the analysis identifies the most effective ML methods for targeted advertising. It also examines three research questions across three key dimensions: targeting, personalizing, and predicting customer preferences. This study proposes a novel theoretical framework that elucidates the application of ML in targeted advertising. Specifically, the study explores ML algorithms that enhance precision in each dimension. Key models include Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for analyzing historical customer data, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for image recognition tasks, and Factorization Machines for capturing feature interactions in click-through rate (CTR) predictions. Additionally, traditional models such as logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, and support vector machines (SVM) are utilized for classification tasks, while unsupervised learning techniques like k-means clustering and hierarchical clustering facilitate user segmentation based on behavioral and demographic similarities. These models collectively enable marketers to derive actionable insights, optimize advertising content, and improve overall campaign performance. By consolidating key findings from existing literature on ML-driven targeted advertising, this study offers a valuable resource for understanding current trends and gaps. It also proposes future research directions, highlighting potential areas for further exploration, which can inspire new studies and innovations in the field.

The mythological circle in the countries of the world has been introduced in such a way that it reflects the mother as a creative element. In the earlier myths, it is clear that the powers are higher than women, but with the role of men in society, compared to women, the mythological circle has slowly changed and turned to the male element, which is a factor in the poems of poets. Ancient times have also emerged. But beyond the ancient times, the same can be seen in the poetry of poets of later periods. The poet studied in this article is Naser Khosrow.

In this article, using descriptive-analytical method, Nasser Khosrow's poems are evaluated and compared with the myths of Iran, Greece, Egypt and India, in which the power of the female is masculine, in order to study the etymology of these verses in It should be discussed among the myths of other countries and it should be revealed how such beliefs are manifested among the myths of the other four countries.

Using the research that was done, evidence was extracted from the poems of Naser Khosrow, which indicates the reflection of very ancient myths in world mythology. These verses show that in the divan of Naser Khosrow, as one of the few poets of Persian literature, a very old belief that existed among the forgotten civilizations is reflected,

By conducting this research, it was revealed that Naser Khosrow has made speeches in his poetry collection that from the mythological point of view,

A coalition loyalty program (CLP) is a business strategy adopted by companies to increase and retain their customers. An operational challenge in this regard is to determine the coordination mechanism with business partners. This study investigated the role of revenue-sharing contracts (RSCs) considering customer satisfaction in coalition loyalty reward supply chain planning. A two-stage stochastic programming approach was considered for the solution considering the demand uncertainty. We aimed to investigate the impact of RSCs on the decision-making and profitability of the host firm of this supply chain taking into account the maximization of the profit coming from the CLP compared to the more common wholesale price contract (WPC). After the model was solved, computational experiments were performed to evaluate and compare the effects of RSCs and WPCs on the performance of the loyalty program (LP). The results revealed that RSC is an effective incentive to increase the host’s profit and reduce its cost. These findings add new insights to the management literature, which can be used by business decision makers.

Class origin, family status, psychological type and not so normal events of Shahriar's personal and social life have led to the formation of works and the creation of poems that, along with literary and artistic values, have spiritual values and contain overt and covert components of Spiritual Intelligence. Spiritual intelligence is one of the relatively new concepts in the science of psychology that is directly related to the poetic world and the emotional-semantic contexts of the poet's universal poems. In this theoretical research, by examining a number of Persian poems of Shahriyar Divan in a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to analyze the category of spiritual intelligence and its components in the poetry of this great contemporary poet with an interdisciplinary approach and psychological critique. The results of the research show that some components; Such as self-awareness, spontaneity, value-oriented and vision-oriented, ascendancy, altruism, acceptance of differences, independence of opinion, humility, willingness to propose fundamental reasons, ability to change mental frameworks, positive use of challenges and sense of mission And sanctification is seen in the works of Shahriar.

Love is one of the main elements of Islamic mysticism and the main stimulus for the manifestation of truth in the world of possibility. This element plays an essential role in the emergence of the manifestations of creation, worship, return, and basically throughout the angles of mystics' view of existence and creation. In this article, through a descriptive-analytical method and based to Rumi's view on love, we have tried to re-read the scope of the idea of divine love in mysticism and Sufism, and to analyze the intellectual source of love in Jami's Masnavi and finally to examine the quality of reflection and the effect of the pattern and concept of love from Rumi's point of view in Jami's Masnavi. The results of this study show that one of the keys to understanding the mystical views of Abdul Rahman Jami is to pay attention to the meaning and concept of love and discover the source of his views on divine love. The study of Haft Aurang shows that the basis of mystical views and thoughts reflected in the poems of Abdul Rahman Jami is a combination of the views of earlier mystics, including Jalaluddin Rumi, which were influential in his works, especially in the Masnavi of the Selselat-o-lzahab.

The transfiguration of a person into a corpse is one of the mythological and symbolic elements in Kurdish folktales. In transfiguration, the shape and nature of creatures are changed from one state to another by using supernatural power of person or creature. The current study was carried out in a descriptive-analytical method based on the library sources and field research. In this research, using mythic criticism, the roots of petrification were investigated. Then, the way people faced it, as well as the causes and tools necessary to get rid of this change, were discussed. The results showed that the reflection of mythical beliefs, passing through history and reaching the present age, in Kurdish folktales, shows the immortality and dynamism of these beliefs, by deciphering and analyzing of which, the common root of this mythological view can be discovered and interpreted.

There is an unbreakable bond between myth and literature because of the same origin that they have in human unconsciousness. As the myth uses the capacities of literature, specially poem, to continue its existence, poets use the capacity of myth to make their poetry more beautiful and developed. The function of myth in literature, however, is not restricted to aesthetics. Today, the value of myth and its semantic and aesthetic approaches are undeniable. Myth definitely creates expansive meaning. Being related to celestial and holy affairs, its most important function is political and cultural, especially for men of letters who intend to write about these facts and consider literary works to have social commitment because myths can improve the social solidarity more and better and act as a support for human’s behavior.  Myth is considered as literature womb. When myth has been watered down for the presence of great and popular religions and religious statements, and lost its divine privileges among the people of enlightenment era, the most secure shelter for its living should be found in literature and unconsciousness of poets and writers. Rewriting myths in contemporary poems has become more complicated and diverse, compared with classic poems.  This paper is considered as the first work that intends to study the essence and function of myths in Persian and Arab literature based on Shamloo’s and Al-Bayati’s poems. It also tries to describe and explain the functions and reflections of myths in contemporary poetry using a problem based and recitative approach. There has been some researches done on comparative mythology such as the work by Qoqnoy and Finiq in Nima and Adonis poems.  

This study tries to consider the essence and function of myth in Persian and Arab poetry based on analytic and descriptive method to show the differences and similarities in Shamloo’s and Al-Bayati’s poems.   

Shamloo is one of the most popular and active poets of Persian literature, who is famous for innovating blank verse. The mythical symbols are mostly seen in his poems for their power of gaining the attention of the audience and provoking them. Shamloo has had different ways and goals in using myths. Shamloo’s poetry is of complicated and metaphoric language and with an epistemological aim on account of a problematic mind. Although political and social interpretations of his poems have caused many scholars to think that the main function of myths in his poems is political, but investigating his poems more exactly reveals another hidden aspect of his poetry, i.e., he has used national and Western myths due to describe his epistemological principles.  In other words, those functions depict the epistemological crisis of modernism. In his view, mentality and life of the modern human is irregular and distressed and his mind basis is irresolute and baffled. This human is pursuing the national and mythical past to find a peaceful resort. Myth for Shamloo is not a divine concept, but is a resort to justify new beliefs of epistemology. Human is his new myth in modern time. In his mentality, the myth of resourceful goddess is replaced with modern human. As he is greatly aware of the role of human during the era of humanism, he is going to decanonize ancient myths through the announcement of the death of old myths. In his view, the modern human’s ego is sorrowful and stuck in the non-heroic period with the death of mythical ideals. In Shamloo’s view, inversion of mythical narrations is justified because it represents the cognitive system of modern time and post-structural essence of those narrations. For example, he preferred to mention Christ crucifixion based on non-Islamic narrations and this approach may be an objection to the dominant narrations, so he shows a new function of myth in his poem besides engaging the reader’s mind with that. Also, the death of Nasseri in Poniard on the Plate is another narration about Jesus and his crucifixion. Abdolwahhab al-Bayati is one of the political and well known poets that his extreme political tendencies have caused him to be exiled from Iraq for some time and pass the rest of his life in Jordan. His painful life is completely reflected in his poems.  Since one of the ways for getting repose and peace in modern time is resorting to myths, this aim can be obtained by remaking the glorious past and incorporating it in the present situations.   Myths are the best resorts to Al-Bayati too. Obviously, this affair is in need of a new language and mind. He has used some relevant myths related to his community with respect to his own cultural area. Myths are in service of the social purposes of the poet in symbol. And, for him myth is a means of symbolic justification of political and social aims as he is trying to make the audience active by mentioning the mythical and legend role of Qoqnoos and integrating its function with society. Disappointment from the improvement of people’s conditions motivates Al-Bayati to use the compensatory function of myth. Sindbad myth and the hero’s quest archetype in it, is the best function at hand. He knows himself as Sisyphus in Arab society, the one who is usually being exiled and his effort for making people aware of negligence and passivity won’t pay off. He is expressing his dissatisfaction with living in contemporary society. He wants to show that he likes to live in a better world, but he believes that returning to the utopian world is not going to be possible unless joining the ancient time’s beliefs and the mythical period.

The results show that Shamloo has used myths more expansively and variously than Al-Bayati, whereas Al-Bayati has referred to Egyptian and Greek myths for his political and cultural intentions more. Shamloo planned on using mythical narrations of Rome and Greece frequently on the one hand and reproduction of Persian ones on the other hand. He has tried to reflect mythical narrations in his poems on based on metaphoric and symbolic language to find answers for his epistemological and philosophical questions in modern time. Shamloo has used myths in an original and deconstructive way and with an inversion of meaning. But, myth for Al-Bayati is a means of reproducing a more political and social atmosphere. Unlike Shamloo, who identifies himself with mythical heroes, the myths in Al-Bayati’s poetry are completely separable. In fact, he is going to make his readers be released from passivity. Furthermore, the poetic language of Al-Bayati is simpler and weaker than that of Shamloo. On the other hand, the epistemological function of myths in Shamloo’s poetry in combination with emotions and intuitional perceptions and poetic experiences caused his poems to be more complicated.

Generosity is a branch of science sufism that its way and customs are simple, feasible and befitting of the public's understanding. Imam Ali (a.s)  enerosity and magnanimity of the best resplendency religion and most beautiful ornament for man knows. What Imam Ali (a.s) for chivalrouses and People of chivalry in pole position puppet generosity, his moral character that emerges in acts and words of that great man. moral characteristics of honorable Imam has been of interest to scholars of ethics and authors a long time ago; so many religious texts and chivalry books to conduct clean and honorable citations have argued. In this study, terms, symbols, rituals and principles of generosity in the menology and speech of honorable is studied,  and the traits and characteristics of Imam Ali as pole generosity and magnanimity has been exemplary.

Resistance literature has a history as long as human settlement on Earth, and resistance to the rebellious soul in the first Persian poems, which has appeared in the form of educational literature, is a form of resistance literature. The ancient literature of resistance, which is manifested in the form of educational literature, depicts the stability of man against the soul (internal enemy) and has its own narrative grammar (poetic structure), but the concept of resistance over time and based on the situation of human beings and their resistance against the invading foreign enemies is manifested in another genre called resistance literature with a different structure, so that elements such as temporal position, audience position, type of genre, etc. have been involved in the formation of these two structures. The present study has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner, using library resources to examine the effective narrative elements in the evolution of the structure of resistance literature in both educational and resistance genres. The results of the present study has shown that although the concept of resistance literature in both perspectives -old and new- means endurance, but elements such as: 'position of the narrator', 'type of enemy', 'concept of message', 'position of time', 'different themes' and 'type of genre' have created differences in the formation and separation of the structure of resistance literature in the two genres.

Epiphany or Manifestation is one of the most important topics in Ibn Arabi's mysticism. The importance of this mystical component is that it is one of the basic foundations of the idea of unity of existence, and The artistic payment of this concept in the works of Iranian-Islamic mystics is influenced by this attitude. In this paper, explaining Ibn Arabi's attitude towards various manifestations and re-reading the scope of the influence of Ibn Arabi's theoretical thought in mysticism and Sufism, the writers made an attempt to discover the intellectual-theoretical source of Shah Qasim Anwar's poems in a descriptive-analytical manner and tried to find out how the pattern and concept of manifestation is reflected and influenced from Ibn Arabi's point of view in Shah Qasim Anwar's poems should be investigated. The results of this study show that one of the key words for understanding the mystical views of Shah Qasim Anwar is to pay attention to the meaning and concept of manifestation and discover the source of his view on manifestation. Frequency and variety of manifestations in the mystical poems of Shah Qasim Anwar while confirming his influence on Ibn Arabi, It shows that the basis of mystical knowledge and experiences reflected in the poems of Shah Qasim Anwar is a combination of the views of earlier mystics, including the thought of Ibn Arabi.

In Mostamli Bokharis “Sharh-e Taaruf” there are 269 stories. As to the analysis of the place of story in this work, one can see frequency, diversity and the type of application of stories as the distinguished features of the style of the work which has been sued as an efficient tool for explanation, transmission and effectiveness of the notions and themes. This research aims to examine the narrative elements of these stories as characterizations, brevity, language, the issues of theme, plot, point of view, time and place in the style of Mostamli Bokharis and find out the extent and quality of performance of theses elements in the impact of storytelling of Sharh-e Taaruf. Analysis of the narrative elements of stories suggests that the author has not intended to tell story has used story as only a tool in the service of narration. So stories do not enjoy all elements of narrative. But it has been successful in conveying and effectiveness of the notions.

Due to the numerous social and political problems, Second Pahlavi era is considered as the age of satire improvement in the contemporary Persian literature. According to one of the most important theories of satire (the Improvement motivation), satire is indirect criticism of the Corruptions and evils of society to improve them. In this article, we have analyzed the status of offices in the second Pahlavi satire poetry by an analytical method, and library study. The results show that each of the satirists of this period have criticized the abnormal situation of their offices According to their present status. The judiciary, the National Assembly, the municipalities, the police department, and so on are the social institutions that satirical poets have studied them and examined their problems carefully. Although most political, social satire of any age (especially journalistic satire) may represent the daily situation of a society, it will be certainly an important part of its social, political history later on. Therefore, exploring the satires of contemporary literature is one of the best ways to know about contemporary Iranian history.

Seven Thrones or "Haft Orang" of Jami and his trinary Divans is full of allegories or allegorical tales. Exuberance, diversity, quality and how to employ the allegories is one of the manifest style of his poem that he has used it as a helpful operant for realization and justification the sequacious’ mentality. Allegory, short or long, have a narrative structure and in this research, with scrutiny the quantity, quality, wellness, innovation and fault of allegories in Jami’s poetical works, six allegories have been studied and analyzed exteriorly and semantic. In the exterior analyze, with scrutiny the kind of allegories and reduction them to syntactic abstraction, we have analyzed the created space for character’ encounter and exact description of space and characters of the tale and in the semantic analyze, we have analyzed the preface versicles of allegory, the tale character’s request, the commitment and the law in the tale space, the contact between the request and the law and message of allegory. The exterior analyze with scrutiny the exuberance of versicles, the diversity of subjects and the exact description, points to efficiency of the allegory for realization the poet’s message and the semantic analyze with qualitative scrutiny of realization the message explains the mystical view of Jami.

The main aim of this paper is to emphasize on the significant role of data pre-processing phase in improving the short-term load demand forecasting. Different transformation approaches including normalization, Zscore and Box-Cox method are applied and various input selection methods including forward selection, backward selection, stepwise regression and principle component analysis are used to see how the combination of these pre-processing techniques will influence the performance of different parametric (ARIMA, ARIMAX, MLR) and non-parametric (NAR, NARX, SVR, ANFIS) predictors. The data was collected from the daily load demand of Ottawa, Canada. It was observed that the Box-Cox transformation significantly improved the performance of all predictors and the findings demonstrated the superior role of exogenous variables in accuracy improvement of all predictors. In terms of MAPE, the value of 2.27% for ARIMA model improved to 1.75% with ARIMAX using temperature, and it decreased from 1.46% to 1.334% by means of NARX model using normalized PCA which is applied on normalized data. In an overall view, the non-parametric algorithms had a considerable gain over parametric models and NARX network had the highest accuracy among all of the predictors.

The fast development of the Internet in the banking sector encourages customers to use electronic banking. This study presents the key findings which is the result of studying the experiences of Iranian users in the field of electronic banking. The aim of this study is to identify factors encouraging users to receive e-banking adoption. The structure of this study was developed based on the Technology Acceptance Model & utilizes other important variables such as trust, security, prior experience, knowledge of service and quality of Internet access. This model experimentally studies the affecting factors on behavior of 180 users in e-banking adoption. In the study, structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and hypothesis test.
The findings show that the quality of internet connection and awareness of e-banking services have significant effects on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on electronic banking adoption. Trust also has a significant impact on attitudes towards e-banking adoption

Customer churn happens when a customer, due to his/her dissatisfaction with the services of an organization, stops his/her relationship with it and turns to other suppliers. Identifying and understanding the reasons bringing up this concept is a cause for survival in competitive conditions. The purpose of this article is to identify factors affecting customer churn in one of the mobile operators in Iran. Regarding the purpose, this article is applied and as for the collection of data, it is a descriptive survey. To collect data, 420 respondents were randomly selected and questionnaires were distributed among them. To analyze data, structural equation modeling together with Smart PLS software were used. The results show that customer satisfaction, churn barriers and trust negatively impact customer churn behavior. Also, fee services satisfaction factors and the service quality satisfaction have significant positive relationship with customer satisfaction.

In this paper, we proposed a new model to evaluate a customer''s lifetime value, considering non-financial elements such as the customer’s churn probability, cooperation capability, willingness to refer, willingness to recommend, and innovation. We tested our proposed model on customer data from a mobile phone operator to evaluate the effect of each element on the customer''s lifetime value. Four hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed and 400 questionnaires were determined to be suitable for our study. We employed structural equation modeling using Smart-PLS software and we have found that the innovation, customer’s churn, willingness to refer, and cooperation elements have the strongest effect on the customer''s lifetime value.

Parvin Etesami is one of the prominent and celebrated contemporary Iranian poetesses who enjoys a prominent place، particularly by dealing with certain issues such as women education throughout her poetry. Under the influence of her father Yusuf Etesam al-Mulk and his works، as translated from different languages، she successfully advanced her development and flourished in this field. Yusuf Etesam al-Mulk translated some books from Arabic into Persian including، namely، Qasim Amin Mesri''s book entitled Tahrir al-Mar’a on freedom and women education، to be partly published in Iran under the title of Tarbiyate Niswan (Women Education). This paper is an attempt to explore Qasim Amin Mesri''s ideas on the education of women and the effect on Parvin Etesami’s poems and views، therefore by studying their lives، works، and comparing their views the authors seek to make clear whether she was under his influence in her poetry or not، and if yes، determine to what extent she has received influence. Moreover، in this paper their approaches towards the necessity of educating women and Parvin''s particular attitude towards the capabilities of Iranian women without imitating Western women has been treated.

The different nature of Arabic language, which is derivative, sometimes makes the foreign words to change so much that their origins and stems and their morphological and conceptual paths of transformation stay latent, and tracing of the original and the derivations comes to be difficult for the researcher. From ancient times to the present, the linguists and the philologists have left a legacy of valuable research on the borrowed words and their condition of evolution and Arabicizing. From the second half of the nineteenth century on, the orientalists with their new research on Arabic language, the language of Quran and the words involved in Quran, have simultaneously benefited from the legacy of the past and shown their systematic and methodical mistakes, and therefore they caused a fundamental development in the sciences of etymology and genealogy of Quranic words. One of the venerable researches in this area is the book by Arthur Jeffery which is more precise from the viewpoint of methodology, and more impressive in the number of its foreign words. However, it seems that the existing studies on the three Quranic words (Sehr, Sakk, Aowzar), in three particular Quranic verses, are incomplete and incorrect. The traditional terminology, tradition of translation and Hermeneutics, and the misleading similarities of these words in form and rhythm are among the main reasons of the incidence of these mistakes. Through studying dictionaries, translations, and Hermeneutics together with the contemplation on construction of these words, this thesis is to disclose their disguised aspects.

The present research is conducted to show that organizations can use wiki to attract customer's purchase intention inside the e-commerce context. Considering the relation between wiki and ecommerce for CRM, this research tries to explore the characteristics such as perceived risk, customer experience, knowledge sharing culture, trust and knowledge sharing in wiki tool impact on purchase intentions in the web site. By using multidimensional analysis, this study shows that choosing a suitable tool for hosting in the websites in order to gather essential knowledge from customers plays an important role in explaining certain customer online behavior. In particular, the researchers propose a model that explains wikis require a culture of collaboration and sharing in an online environment to achieve a win-win situation between customers and producers.

this study wants to find any relationship between the numbers of purchase and the income the customer brings to the company. The attempt is to find those customers who buy more than one life insurance policy and represent the signs of good payments at the same time by the help of data mining tools. Design/ methodology/ approach: the approach of this research is to use data mining tools based on CRISP-DM methodology. The classification is based on the K-means algorithm and prediction is applied by a proposed formula by the researcher in Excel worksheet. By selecting the customers who bought more than one policy, and filtering the Income bringer customers, the researcher could extract some simple rules to predict which customer belongs to which cluster. Based on the prediction, the company can change its strategies in relation to different customers. Originality/value: Utilizing data mining approach to classify different customers in life insurance and prediction based on the classification is a new approach amongIran insurance companies. There is not enough research and implementation in relation to the CRM and data mining in the insurance industry. Especially CRISP-DM methodology was used very hardly before in a life insurance investigation.

The main challenge for any insurer/reinsurer has proved to be underwriting major refinery/Petrochemical risk. Insurers have already considered process risk management measures while accepting and evaluating the risks all over the world. Erstwhile petrochemical tariff was adopting experiencing methodology as basis for premium calculation in Iran. In the present de-tariff scenario decisions will be crucial for underwriters on accepting the risk and deciding the terms and conditions. On the other hand the insured will be looking for merit based rating instead of general market driven premium calculations. Generalizing the risks based on the type of occupancy or the past experience also won’t do well either to the insured or to the insurer. Chemical process quantitative risk analysis (CPQRA) is a methodology designed to provide management with a tool to help evaluate overall process safety in the chemical process industry (CPI). Management systems such as engineering codes, checklists and process safety management (PSM) provide layers of protection against accidents. However, the potential for serious incidents cannot be totally eliminated. CPQRA provides a quantitative method to evaluate risk and to identify areas of cost-effective risk reduction. This method can be used as an effective tool in the entire gamut of underwriting of petrochemical risks in case of property insurance. One of the most important issues in insurance companies, is the making the wise decision on insurance risk. Insurers to cover risks in the process of motivation and a desire to identify and eliminate conditions that risk. Premiums payable by the insurer that the insurance will be commensurate with risk. Insurers attempt to identify and reduce risk plays an important role in increasing safety in the community. One major concern to insurers or reinsurers is whether to accept the risk of petrochemical refineries, and the tariffs and conditions commensurate with the identified risks. Insurers always seek ways to reduce risk insured. The present paper introduces the effective process of risk analysis that can be applied by the Insurance companies in order to identify and predict this kind risks.

This paper describes the development of a fuzzy decision support system (FDSS) for the assessment of risk in E-commerce (EC) development. A Web-based prototype FDSS is suggested to assist EC project managers in identifying potential EC risk factors and the corresponding project risks. A risk analysis model for EC development using a fuzzy set approach is proposed and incorporated into the FDSS. For running the fuzzy set approach, the researchers use MATLAB software. The research methodology includes these stages: At first, identifying the factors effect on the development of the E-commerce with the help of experts; secondly, defining the suitable membership function for each factor. There are three layers in the fuzzy system that every layer''s output is input for next layer. Then, the system calculates the final risk through SUGENO inference engine for E-commerce. Indeed the suggested architecture for the model with the help of experts is presented in this paper.

This paper provides a Fuzzy based decision support system (DSS) for risk analysis in E-tourism (Electronic Tourism) investment. In general term, E-tourism is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in tourism which may allow operating tourism in least variable cost, least time and increased work efficiency. It is worth noting that there are many factors that affect the development of E-tourism. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the system, four factors of investment, human IT skill, E-tourism infrastructure and stability of the regions are considered in the present study. These parameters are fuzzified and a fuzzy rule-base has been developed for calculating risk factor for the E-tourism investment. The researchers used MATLAB software for fuzzifying the factors and gain the final risk. Case studies have been presented using the developed model. It shows that the investment possibility in developed region is high with low risk to invest.