s. h. mousavi

Dust is one of the major crises in the Middle East. In recent years, the frequency and intensity of this crisis in the region has increased and this has increased the need to study this phenomenon. In this article, we have studied the temporal and spatial changes of the dust storm phenomenon in Iran, Khuzestan (south-west) in the period 2000 to 2018. For this purpose, ground dust data and horizontal visibility and (Aerosol Optical Depth( data of MODIS satellite have been used. The AOD Optical Visibility Index has been declining from 2003 to 2007 and then increasing again. In general, we can see a gradual but increasing trend in the AOD index in the study area, from an average of 0.35 at the beginning of the period to nearly 0.6 at the end of the period, which indicates the predominance of dust storms in the region. The relationship between dust and climatic parameters was also examined. In terms of external storms, precipitation had a significant (P <0.001) and negative effect. This means that on days when there is less rain, the horizontal visibility index decreases and more dust storms were formed. In terms of domestic storms, only the wind direction had a significant direct effect (P <0.05), which means that some directions had higher dust storm frequencies. Finally, it can be concluded that the trend of domestic and foreign dust storms is increasing. The frequency of their occurrence is also increasing and with the decrease of regional rainfall due to climate change, we should expect more severe storms in the near future. For this reason, it is necessary for the authorities to act as soon as possible in controlling the internal dust centers, and to provide the ground for controlling the regional centers through regional consultations.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin supplement on survival rate, growth performance and lipid peroxidation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss during the first-feeding period. Fish fry with a mean initial weight of 198.50 mg were fed diets supplemented with 50 and 100 mg astaxanthin per kg feed for 120 days. Results showed that 100% survival rate was observed in all groups. Higher final weight and length compared to the control group were shown in both treatment groups. Significantly lower feed conversion ratio with lowest level in high dose group were noted in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Both specific growth rate and condition factor were significantly higher in both treatment groups in comparison with the control group. Carcass weight showed the same pattern as specific growth rate and condition factor with high levels in both treatment groups and highest level in high dose group compared to the control group. Remaining parameters, including hepatosomatic index, spleen somatic index and viscerosomatic index did not show significant changes in comparison with the control group. The total product of lipid peroxidation indicated as malondialdehyde (MDA), significantly decreased in both treatment groups. The results indicate that feeding astaxanthin at 50 and 100 mg per kg feed has a potential to enhance growth performance and decrease lipid peroxidation in rainbow trout during the first-feeding period.

Nurses are the largest group of professionals among health care workers who play a significant role in the community health system. Nurses work in environments where the life and death of patients are the most important issues, so their health and well-being become important and having a happy and positive spirit can help them improve their health and that of their patients. Organizations are also increasingly aware of the importance of their employees' well-being in striving to gain sustainable competitive advantages. Over the past decade, the concept of subjective well-being (SWB) has become a popular research topic, and many researchers have examined its implications at the organizational, group, and individual levels in the workplace. Subjective well-being helps organizations to effectively engage their employees at work in an attempt to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Sustaining employees' subjective well-being is a difficult task. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation with nurses' subjective well-being through the mediating role of energy in the workplace.

 This correlational study was conducted in 2020 following structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of this study included all nurses at Baqai Hospital in Ahvaz. The total number of nurses in this hospital was about 200. According to the population size, all nurses were selected as the sample through census method. Among the collected questionnaires, 193 questionnaires were analyzed. The instruments used in this study were: Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS) developed by Gagné et al., Energy Scale (ES) developed by Atwater and Carmeli, and Subjective Well-Being Scale (SWBS) developed by Diener et al. The theoretical research model and indirect effects were evaluated using structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM) approach in Smart-PLS3 software.

 According to the results, the scales used in the present study were reliable, and their reliability indices were estimated as follows: (Cronbach’s alpha: intrinsic motivation=0.91, extrinsic motivation=0.83, amotivation=0.77, energy=0.90, subjective well-being=0.89; composite reliability: intrinsic motivation=0.93, extrinsic motivation=0.89, amotivation=0.87, energy=0.92, subjective well-being=0.92) and convergent validity (AVE: intrinsic motivation=0.68, extrinsic motivation=0.65, amotivation=0.69, energy=0.59, subjective well-being=0.69). The discriminant validity was acceptable as well. Also, the general model of the present study had a strong and very good fit according to the goodness of fit index (GoF = 0.53). The results showed that intrinsic motivation (β = 0.43, p <0.001) and amotivation (β = -0.19, p <0.037) had significant positive and negative relationships with energy, respectively. The relationship between extrinsic motivation and energy was not significant (p > 0.05). Also, the relationship between energy and subjective well-being was positive and significant (β = 0.68, p <0.0001). Overall, intrinsic motivation and amotivation predicted 39% of energy variance, and energy predicted 46% of mental well-being. Regarding the mediating role of energy, the results showed that energy mediated the relationship between intrinsic motivation and subjective well-being (β =0.29, p <0.001) and the relationship between amotivation and subjective well-being (β =-0.13, p <0.042).

 According to the results, intrinsic motivation and amotivation affect nurses' energy in the workplace. Therefore, the researchers of the present study have several practical suggestions for managers to conserve and nurture the energy and subjective well-being of their workforce. In this regard, it is suggested that managers increase the internal motivation of employees and reduce their amotivation by increasing participation, increasing the level of authority, the possibility of career advancement, as well as determining more benefits. Creating opportunities for the growth and development of individual skills through empowerment programs, as well as facilitating success by minimizing barriers and reducing pressures and requirements, can also provide the basis for increasing employees' intrinsic motivation. Also, our findings demonstrate that energy is closely related to subjective well-being. Therefore, we recommend that HR practitioners carefully recruit resilient and enthusiastic individuals with high energy levels and an overall positive approach even in adverse and stressful conditions. Moreover, firms should make sincere efforts to promote optimal employee energy levels by formal and informal ways such as: (1) encouraging them to behave enthusiastically, (2) showing persistence even when they encounter negative situations, (3) providing a flexible work environment by allowing short breaks so that employees can relax with co-workers, and (4) holding training and energy management workshops. Here, the real challenge for management is not only to reach an optimal level of employee energy but also to maintain that level. Our study contributes to the subjective well-being literature by bringing attention to the direct and indirect mechanisms that influence the relationship between employee motivation and subjective well-being. We believe that further research in this area will better allow managers to understand how to promote employee happiness and overall well-being. There are few limitations that are needed to be considered while interpreting our research findings. The first limitation of this study is common method variance and mono-method since we utilized self-reported measures for all the study variables, which may inflate or deflate the association between study variables. Future researchers may utilize alternative data sources to reduce mono-method bias, such as manager’s appraisals for assessing employee energy level and peer/colleague rating of work motivation in order to verify our proposed model. The second potential limitation is that causality among the study variables cannot be drawn because this study is correlational. Therefore, future studies may try to examine the causation among the study variables by utilizing longitudinal and experimental study designs.

Considering the importance of composite connections, this study evaluated two experimental and numerical methods for bolted joints of epoxy-glass composite plates. Then, using an artificial neural network, a model was defined between experimental and numerical results. The results of this study showed that the maximum force tolerated by bolted joints was various at several distances and its maximum value was tolerated by the connection at 4cm equal to 5332 and 7093N, for two specimens. Comparison of numerical and experimental results of Von-Mises stress for distances of 2, 3, and 4cm was done. The Von-Mises stress for these distances was 313.59, 217.57, and 177.71MPa, respectively. In this research, the connection of epoxy-glass plates using M6-bolt was studied, and by increasing the coverage of two composite plates, the Von-Mises stress in the connection was raised. Concerning the determination of the stress measuring path, from the internal edge of the critical notch to the end of the defined range with a smaller mesh, the Von-Mises stress was extracted, which in distance equal to 3cm with the vertical arrangement, maximum stress was equal to 513MPa. The minimum stored energy of the numerical method in the connection was related to the bolted joint with a two-bolt in the vertical position.

Reduced rainfall, groundwater resource limitations, and undesirable use of it are the main limiting factors of the development of different uses in arid and semi-arid areas. Changes in surface factors have an effective role in groundwater level because some factors such as vegetation and land use cause changes in groundwater balance. In this study, data from the GRACE satellite and the stations were used to estimate the monthly groundwater level changes in the Zayanderud Basin, Iran from 2002 to 2018. In addition, the annual and seasonal storage of groundwater in this basin was estimated and verified using the GRACE data and this trend was compared with the data from previous rainfall. Our results indicate that terrestrial water storage variations from GRACE and GLDAS are in general consistent with one another. These data show that the current groundwater level depends on the amount of rainfall in the past years. When rainfall is on a downtrend, underground water storage fluctuations are more effective than rainfall. In addition to time trend, vegetation pattern in rangelands, woodlands, and agricultural lands depends on the amount of groundwater storage variations in the Zayanderud basin. The lowest amount of that in 2016 coincided with the lowest amount of underground water storage and recharge (27.36 cm). The statistical correlation analysis of the GRACE satellite data and the observed data of wells indicated that RMSE was equal to 2.23 cm on the seasonal scale. Further, GRACE captures characteristics of groundwater drought that occur as a result of complex human activities and natural changes, thus presenting a framework to assess groundwater drought characteristics.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is widely used as an effective treatment for end-stage osteoarthritis and other knee diseases to relieve pain and improve quality of life. While the benefits of TKA are reduced pain and an improved function there are also risks, such as hemorrhage, thromboembolic events, infection and the need for additional surgical procedures. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is effective in reduction of hemorrhage after such major surgical procedure. Abundant literature confirms that intravenous (IV) and intra-articular (IA) administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces blood loss in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). 

Methods and Material:

The study is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 152 male and female patients aged 45 to 85 years who underwent Total knee replacement. They were divided into two groups.72 patients received tranexamic acid during the operation and 80 patients did not.Hemoglobin, transfused packed cell, hospital time, Visual analogue pain scale, Knee range of motion and cardiovascular accident were determined and compared between the two groups.

Comparing the result of hemoglobin drop, post op hemoglobin, transfused packed cell and hospital stay time showed significant difference between experimental and control group when pre op hemoglobin, range of motion, VAS score for pain measurement and cardiovascular effects were not significantly different.

We found that the administration of tranexamic acid can reduce the complications of knee replacement surgery due to bleeding, as well as decreasing the need for blood transfusion. In addition, the administration of tranexamic acid can reduce the length of hospital stay after knee replacement surgery; that in turn significantly reduces the cost of hospitalization.

Identifying suitable models for estimating soil erosion is one of the most importantissues facing decision makers and managers in comprehensive planning and management ofsoil and water. In this research, with the purpose of estimating soil erosion in LorestanProvince, the conventional SLEMSA method was jointly used with OWA (orderedweighted averaging) multi-criteria evaluation method. The results showed that in theSLEMSA model, erosion classes with very low and very high erosion rates with an area of16334 and 167 km2, covered the largest (58.7%) and the smallest areas of the region (0.6%),respectively. In the OWA method, on average, 63.67% of the area covering 18007 km2 waslocated in a very low erosion class, while the very high erosion class with an area of 956.5km2, comprised 5.85% of the study area. The results of this research showed that besidesusing the SLEMSA model, the OWA method introducing a decision environment with riskand uncertainties can be used to estimate erosion, and its output can lead to a relativelyprecise assessment of the soil erosion in a short time and at a low cost for a vast area likeLorestan Province.

The work environment of healthcare providers and hospitals is constantly exposed to tremendous work pressure, complexity, and chaos. Due to the changes in various fields of treatment and care, these work environments are constantly changing as well. Meanwhile, bullying is considered to be a serious phenomenon in these organizations, which has also been reported worldwide as an important issue in the nursing profession. Workplace bullying could variably affect nursing. In healthcare organizations, workplace bullying could increase absenteeism, job loss, and job dissatisfaction among the employees. Furthermore, this phenomenon may reduce the quality of nursing care in hospitals and medical centers. These issues are particularly highlighted in the nursing profession since as the largest group of healthcare providers in these organizations and the leading managers of hospitals, nurses play a pivotal role in patient care. Improving the quality of nursing care is the most important factor to accelerate the recovery and return of patients to the community; therefore, the quality assessment of nursing care is essential. In Iran, most of the studies on bullying have been performed on students and teachers in schools, and few studies have been focused on nurses. Given the lack of accurate statistics on the rate of workplace bullying among Iranian nurses and the fact that the quality of nursing care is an important issue that could be affected by the bullying phenomenon, the present study aimed to evaluate the level of workplace bullying among Iranian nurses and its association with the quality of nursing care.

This cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 200 emergency department and intensive care unit (ICU) nurses at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2019. The sample size included 200 nurses who were selected via simple random sampling. The inclusion criteria were employment as a nurse in the emergency department or ICU of Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, willingness to participate in the study, and minimum work experience of six months as a nurse in the department. The exclusion criterion was incomplete questionnaires. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire (age, gender, marital status, admission to the nursing major based on interest/knowledge, education level, clinical ward, service history, type of employment, shift work, duration of employment in the current department, having a managerial position, interest in the workplace, and coercion in the current department), negative acts questionnaire-revised, and SERVQUAL questionnaire. Sampling was performed after the approval of the study protocol and receiving the ethics license from the Joint Organizational Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing and Midwifery and the School of Rehabilitation of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Eligible nurses were selected after explaining the research objectives and procedures and being assured of the confidentiality of their information with oral consent. The questionnaires were completed anonymously and in a self-report manner. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics to describe the samples (frequency distribution tables, mean, and standard deviation). In addition, research objectives were used to describe the samples. To determine the gap between the perceptions and expectations regarding the quality of nursing care, paired t-test was used, and to determine the correlation between workplace bullying and the quality of nursing care, Pearsonchr('39')s correlation-coefficient was employed at the significance level of 0.05.

About half of the nurses (51.5%) were female, with the mean age of 32.58 ± 6.38 years. The mean work experience of the subjects was 9.74 ± 5.86 years in the nursing profession and 4.59 ± 3.99 years in their current ward of employment. The majority of the nurses (51%) were formally employed, had rotating work shifts (77%), and worked in the ICU (61.5%). In addition, most of the nurses had a BSc degree (84.5%). Based on the experience of daily or weekly workplace bullying, the mean workplace bullying of the nurses in the work-related bullying dimension was 10.11%, while it was 4.27% in the person-related dimension, and 5.66% in the physical dimension, with an overall mean of 6.68%. The maximum and minimum mean values belonged in the dimensions of work-related bullying and physical dimension, respectively. The results of paired t-test indicated significant differences between the dimensions of the perceptions, expectations, and gaps in the quality of nursing care in the viewpoint of the nurses and the dimensions of reliability (P<0.001), assurance (P<0.001), and total score (P<0.001). Furthermore, workplace bullying had inverse, significant correlations with the dimensions of reliability (P=0.006; r=-0.194) and assurance of nursing care quality (P=0.001; r=-0.229), so that with decreased workplace bullying, the quality of nursing care increased in these dimensions.

Although the results of this study indicated the low prevalence of bullying among nurses, nursing managers and policymakers should properly plan for the recognition, prevention, and management of this phenomenon due to the physical, psychological, and organizational effects of workplace bullying on the nurses employed in hospitals and health centers. Moreover, the organizational factors that lead to the workplace bullying of nurses should be identified. Due to the significant associations between workplace bullying and the dimensions of the reliability and quality assurance of nursing care, hospitals must fulfill their promises accurately and consistently. By recruiting nurses with adequate knowledge and skills, a sense of trust and confidence should be created in patients. This study showed that the lower rate of workplace bullying is associated with the higher quality of nursing care. Therefore, it is recommended that further investigations be focused on the effects of workplace bullying on patient care and its dimensions, as well as the quality of the provided care in hospitals and health centers.

Energy subsidy reform effects on various social groups (producers and consumers) have always been a challenging dilemma for policymakers and researchers in agricultural economics. This study aimed at investigating and quantifying the impacts of targeted energy subsidies on the well-being of consumers and producers of rice in Iran using price endogenous mathematical programming model. The results showed that the targeted subsidies for fuel as a very influential factor in the production and marketing of rice could cause a slight decrease in production as well as increases in prices; then, a new equilibrium in the market would be created for this product, so that the social welfare might be reduced due to a reduced consumers’ welfare while indicating a slight increase in the welfare of rice producers. Therefore, the implementation of this policy might create a recession in the rice market. Accordingly, the investment in production technology through the use of improved and high yield seeds and the increase in consumption efficiency by reducing the rice waste were recommended for increasing the production and supply of the products.

The academics who do educational plan have a crucial role in learning behavior and, personality modeling of students. This research aims to determine the main factors that based on academics view points, effect on student's learning.

In this study, the research individuals include 23 non-clinical academics. Data were collected by using a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity and its reliability was approved. The data were analyzed using descriptive methods and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The results show that based on the viewpoints of the academics teaching skill with mean 30.57, behavior aspects with mean 14 and scientific aspects with mean 13.28 are the first properties of the academics for the students learning. In teaching skill aspect, attention to innovation at teaching, lesson plan for every section, a reasonable proportion between content of materials, effective use of time, continuity and consistency of materials, in scientific aspects, directing learning based on new science, good scientific background of the lecture, using the main references, and in behavioral aspect, respect for students were the main factors which affect the students learning.

As academic's viewpoint is important and affect on students learning process, recognizing and using their ideas is effectual.

Artemia (Artemia urmiana) was added to diets of Angelfish and various factors: fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and larvae survival rate and interval between continuous spawning and total time for 8 spawning (did you run 8 spawning cycles, this is not clear) for Angelfish. five diets were tested (n=3): a 40% crude protein diet (control); control diet + live Artemia, live Artemia; live  artemia +  unsaturated fatty acid live Artemia + unsaturated fatty acid + 1gr vitamin C. Broodstock Angelfish (18 pair) were kept in a 50 L aquarium (28 ± 1°C, pH 7.5-8.3,  hardness <170ppm). Fish were fed 4 times per day between 7:00 and 23:00.
The average rate of fecundity was 378 eggs, 98.9% fertilization, 97.5% hatching for fish fed the live artemia + fatty acid. The artemia + fatty acid + 0.5 g vitamin C resulted in the highest larvae survival (93.3%) which was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). The shortest period for 8 spawning cycles (43 days, 6 day interval) was for the Artemia + fatty acid + 1 g vitamin C. Feeding live food reduced the time for 8 spawning cycles and increasing fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and larvae survival rate. Adding artemia decreases this time between spawns and would be a useful ingredient for continuous spawning operations and is likely to be economically for broodstock operations because of increased efficiency even though the feed cost would be higher.

Hypoxemia can occur during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with or without pharmacological sedation. Pulse oximetry saturation (SpO2) levels were assessed in patients attending for routine unsedated diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to identify factors associated with oxygen desaturation.

A total of 300 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy without sedation were monitored with continuous pulse oximetry. Factors related to the patient, the examination, and the monitoring data that could predict severe desaturation were evaluated.

Mild desaturation (SpO2 between 1-4%) was found in 143(47.7%) of the patients, while severe desaturation (SpO2≥5%) and hypoxemia occurred in 65 (21.7%) of patients, 40 (61.5%) of those had previous illnesses (p<0.001). The variables found to predict severe desaturation were basal SpO2 <95%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anemia, age more than 60 years and coronary artery disease.

The decrease in SpO2 is related to increase in age, basal SaO2 < 95%, respiratory disease, coronary artery disease, and anemia, .We recommend continuous monitoring of SpO2 in these high-risk patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

One of the main complications of hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure is hypoxemia which is related to several factors including the type of filter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoxemia levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis with focus on the type of filter.

In a crossover clinical trial, 29 patients from emodialysis ward of Fatemieh hospital were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly divided in two groups (allocation). First group was hemodialyzed using Polysulfone filters while the second group was hemodialyzed by Hemoph an filters for one month. After a period of 24 hours washout, filter was changed and hemodialysis was done for another month. Arterial blood O2 saturation at different times, before and after hemodialysis was determined and amount of decrement was measured and compared in both groups.

Mean decrease in the arterial blood O2 saturation during 5, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after initiation of hemodialysis was higher in Hemophan filter than Polysulfone filter (p<0.001). In both groups, peak of decreasing levels were 30 and 60 minutes after initiation of hemodialysis.

As use of polysulfone filters causes lesser decrease in arterial blood oxygen saturation, it is recommended in igh risk, especially cardiopulmonary disease patients