personal responsibility

Charity studies are not limited to some specific academic disciplines, and their boundaries are hard to determine. How should we understand the area? Thinking about the charity ecosystem is a way to get a clearer view of it. Here, I aim to propose a tentative classification of the six main players of the charity ecosystem, illustrating how each faces different kinds of questions and challenges.This will help to broaden our understanding of charity studies. Furthermore, with this broader conception at hand, we can evaluate the current state of research in this area and the kind of questions in need of further attention. For one, I wish to explainhowa main part of charity studies involves normative questions, relevant to moral philosophy broadly understood, and that there is no way to get around such issues. This is crucial since, without a clear understanding of these normative aspects and acknowledging their role, the hope for being “evidence-based” and “scientific” may lead to leaving major assumptions unexamined, which would turn out to be problematic after further assessment.Six Players of the Charity EcosystemThe six players in the charity ecosystem are as follows:Agents: individuals who do, say, volunteer work or donate to charities.Patients: those who are targeted to provide help, either by individuals or organizations.Organizations: generally, the familiar kind of charities we know. However, there can be various kinds of charity organizations.Researchers: those who can help both individual agents and organizations in answering questions relevant to charity.Activists: the role of connecting different players of the ecosystem, which is usually played by agents, researchers, and else.Policy-makers: those who play main roles in regulations, which can (and should) be done collectively, not in a top-down fashion.For example, consider the question of wellbeing (see Heathwood, 2021). If the goal of charities is to improve the lives of the patients of charity (or improve their lives to make things better in general), the nature of wellbeing hugely influences thedecisionsof many players. Or, when thinking about the ways organizations can advertise and connect with their audience, it matters which ways are effective and defensible more generally (Broom, 2016; Thaler & Sunstein, 2021).Two points are due. First, in this framework, I do not determine the way these players should interact, because that would require a specific position. However, here I wish to propose a rather neutral framework. Plus, I cannot determine how these players do interact, because that is a question to be studied in different societies and focused on different kinds of charities. Second, this framework illustrates how the charity ecosystem is broader than it might at first appear. For example, much conventional research in academia can beconsidered relevant to charity since it can benefit some players in the ecosystem. Relevantly, what counts as “charity” is not (merely) a matter of intentions of people involved or (necessarily) being non-profit.The Case of Effective AltruismEffective Altruism (EA) is an interesting case as it provides a rather simple, straightforward approach to charity in general and potentially answers questions faced by different players of the ecosystem (for a review, see: Chappell, 2024). A main feature of EA is its roots in moral philosophy, especially work by Peter Singer (1972; 2015). Yet, the simplicity of the approach may turn out to be both its strength and weakness. For example, consider the issue of (im)partiality and its implications in charity (for introductory remarks, see: Shafer-Landau, 2019, Ch. 5). Be that as it may, it helps to see the kind of answer required in each case.Some main positions of EA are as follows. First, with regard to patients of the charity, there are two targets that are neglected by many approaches by are central to EA: non-human animals and future generations. The latter leads to the recent version of the view which emphasizes long-termism (McAskill, 2022).Second, about organizations, EA takes it to be essential for charity organizations to be effective. This is to be understood both morally (in choosing targets) and operatively (in using resources). Therefore, EA doesn’t take it to be essential for charity organizations to be run by volunteers, as doing volunteer work may not be the most effective way of doing good for agents.Concluding RemarksAs noted, rather than defending a specific view about charity, I wish to propose and illustrate a framework in which we can formulate different questions and debates about what charity is and how it should work. Without getting into evaluation, I also used the case of EA to illustrate some examples of the kind of answers needed concerning different questions. Now, here are the three concluding remarks.First, the domain of charity studies must be seen as broader than what it may appear at first. Thinking of “charity” merely as “non-profit” is neither accurate in theory nor helpful in practice. The broader conception helps the ecosystem and increases its resources.Second, the normative aspects of charity studies are essential, as many questions faced by the players of this ecosystem are normative at some level. Although many questions in charity studies need research in social and natural sciences, without independent philosophical (and specifically ethical) inquiries we cannot have a clear understanding of the problems and possible ways to solve them. Those who tend to ignore the normative aspects have no way but to merely presuppose some unexamined views. This would be on shaky grounds, where the stakes are high.Third, one lesson to be learned from all this, which is the result of the two previous remarks, is that all charity ecosystems need second-order charities. First-order charities are the ones who are in touch with the patients, provide them with good, or save them from harm. In contrast, second-order charities are directly working with other players than patients themselves. These are not charities of the standard form but are to evaluate the current state of the ecosystem, support charity studies, provide advice for agents, and give consultation to first-order charities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of identity styles in the relationship between family communication patterns and personal responsibility in adolescents. The present study is basic research in terms of purpose and a correlational study in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study was all male and female students in the second secondary school in Tehran from Allameh Shearani sample school for boys in Region 2 and Nikan sample school for girls in Region 2 in 2022, among them, 300 people were selected as a sample using an available sampling method. Research questionnaires included: The personal Responsibility Scale (PRSA, Mergler & Shield, 2016), the Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire (FCP, Koerner & Fitzpatrick, 2002), and the Identity Style Inventory (ISI, Berzonsky, 1992). Path analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the path analysis indicated that the model fit in well. The findings showed that conversation orientation and conformity orientation could indirectly predict personal responsibility in adolescents through identity styles (p<0.001). It can be concluded that family communication patterns & identity styles play a key role in personal responsibility in adolescents and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interacting with each other in personal responsibility promotion programs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between family communication patterns and personal responsibility in adolescents. The present study is basic research in terms of purpose and a correlational study in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study was all male and female students in the second secondary school in Tehran from Allameh Shearani sample school for boys in region 2 and Nikan sample school for girls in region 2 in 2022, among them, 300 people were selected as a sample using an available sampling method. Research questionnaires included: The personal Responsibility Scale (PRSA, Mergler & Shield, 2016), the Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire (FCP, Koerner & Fitzpatrick, 2002), and the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (EIQ, Bradberry & Greaves, 2005). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The results of the SEM indicated that the model fit in well. The findings showed that conversation orientation and conformity orientation with emotional intelligence and emotional intelligence had a direct relationship with personal responsibility (p< 0.001). Also, conversation orientation and conformity orientation could indirectly predict personal responsibility in adolescents through emotional intelligence (p<0.001). It can be concluded that family communication patterns & emotional intelligence play a key role in adolescents' personal responsibility, and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interacting with each other in personal responsibility promotion programs.

One of the dimensions and angles of sports is ethics, to which it seems necessary to pay attention, and clubs as a sports institution can take a big step towards institutionalizing ethics in moral and cultural behaviors in athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the development of moral and cultural behaviors in the youth of Gilan. Its method is descriptive-correlational in terms of practical purpose. The statistical population of the study was all powerlifting athletes in different age groups in Guilan province that the statistical sample (384 people) was selected by simple random sampling. A valid ITCSQ questionnaire used by Diodson et al. (2006) was used to measure moral and cultural variables. Also, its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0.88) and combined reliability. Structural equation modeling with PLS3 and SPSS24 software has been used to analyze the data and fit the model. The results showed that powerlifting had a direct, positive and significant effect on athletes' morale (0.817), personal responsibility (0.793), care and communication (0.783), social responsibility (0.768). has; Its effect on the step stability variable (-0.03) was not significant. Therefore, based on this model, it is possible to evaluate the dimensions of moral and cultural behaviors among young athletes, as well as scientific information on immoral action

One of the dimensions and angles of sports is ethics, to which it seems necessary to pay attention, and clubs as a sports institution can take a big step towards institutionalizing ethics in moral and cultural behaviors in athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the development of moral and cultural behaviors in the youth of Gilan. Its method is descriptive-correlational in terms of practical purpose. The statistical population of the study was all powerlifting athletes in different age groups in Guilan province that the statistical sample (384 people) was selected by simple random sampling. A valid ITCSQ questionnaire used by Diodson et al. (2006) was used to measure moral and cultural variables. Also, its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0.88) and combined reliability. Structural equation modeling with PLS3 and SPSS24 software has been used to analyze the data and fit the model. The results showed that powerlifting had a direct, positive and significant effect on athletes' morale (0.817), personal responsibility (0.793), care and communication (0.783), social responsibility (0.768). has; Its effect on the step stability variable (-0.03) was not significant. Therefore, based on this model, it is possible to evaluate the dimensions of moral and cultural behaviors among young athletes, as well as scientific information on immoral actions that cultural and sports clubs should take to prevent its occurrence among Athletes in terms of managerial development do provide.

The aim of this study was to explain personal responsibility and academic buoyancy based on parental psychological control. Participants were 313 junior and senior high school students from Firoozabad city, in 1396-1397 academic year. They were selected by random cluster sampling. They answered Dependency-oriented and Achievement-oriented Psychological Control (Soenens etal, 2010), Personal Responsibility (Mergler & Shield, 2016), and Academic Buoyancy (Hosseinchari & Dehghanizadeh, 1391) Scales. To study the reliability and validity of the instruments, Alpha Cronbach coefficients and factor analysis were used. The results of simultaniuous regression analysis showed the component of cognitive control and personal accountability was predicted positively by conditional parental regard and negatively by achievement-based control. Emotional - behavioral control was predicted by dependence on parents. About academic buoyancy, it was found that parental achievement-based control predicted academic buoyancy negatively. Regarding gender as a moderator, results showed that in girls, dependence on parents predicted both components of personal responsibility negatively while in boys, conditional parental regard predicted cognitive control and personal accountability positively. Academic buoyancy in girls was positively predicted by parental achievement-based control and in boys positively by conditional parental regard and negatively by dependence on parents. According to these findings, conditional parental regard, due to the emphasis on behavior and its consequences, has increased personal responsibility among students. But, in parental achievement -based control, because of the emphasis on performance above the standard and ability beyond the cognitive development of the students, personal responsibility decreased. Besides, dependence on parents in behaving and problem solving, weakens behavioral and emotional control. Achievement -based control weakens academic buoyancy by causing stress and anxiety and inducing emotions such as guilt and shame.

According to the well-known opinion of Shiite jurists a child born out of wedlock is prohibited from inheriting from his/her own natural parents. This rule, however, is not among those consensual laws which accept no new rereading. The evidence supporting this law is, basically, some single hadiths (khabar wāhid) which suffer from weakness in terms of authenticity and indication and implication. Also, the law is in conflict with some general Qur’anic teachings as well as some other theological and rational principles like the principle of equality in rights and obligations, The jurisprudential rule of justice and negation of oppression and the principle that responsibility is, in essence, personal. This article criticizes religious evidence supporting the well-known opinion and argues that there is some reliable evidence in favor of permissibility of inheritance of a bastard from their own natural parents. What is prohibited is to inherit natural parents of an illegitimate child from her/him not the reversed.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Personal Responsibility Scale for Adolescents (Mergler & Shield, 2016). The statistical population consisted of all first and second year high school students in Firoozabad city who were studying in the year 1396-97. Participants were 300 high school students (111 girls and 189 boys) who were selected by cluster random sampling. This scale was preliminary study after the Persian translation and confirmation of the validity of the translation. The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that there were two distinct factors of cognitive control / responsiveness and behavioral / emotional control which together explained 59.28% of the total variance. Model fit indices using confirmatory factor analysis for chi-square to freedom ratio of 1.67, comparative fit of 0.98, normalized fit of 0.95 and root mean square error of estimation error of 0.04 indicate fit. The model with the data was desirable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for cognitive / responsive control was 0.93 and for behavioral / emotional control was 0.70. In conclusion, this tool seems to have two factors to measure the personal responsibility of first- and second-grade students in adolescence.