نقد ترجمه

Translation can be used to connect the ideas and beliefs of people in two cultures. From time to time, Mankind has been aware of the words, deeds and achievements of other lands through translation, and hereby, he has fertilized his vision and attitude. One of the most prominent translation theories that deals with measuring the qualitative level of translated text in literature and covers four different levels is the Carman Garces' theory (1994). This research, which is descriptive-analytical, aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of Iman Saleh from the book "Those 23 People" written by Ahmad Yusefzadeh on the basis of the Lexical-Semantic level of the translation model by Carman Garces, and to examine its superiorities and characteristics. The research shows that in this translation, the syntactic expantion appears in the coverage of figures like an added adverb, added adjective. In addition, the syntactic reduction emerged in the concepts like the deletion of adjective, object, verb and adverb. It also shows that the translator has narrowed the word circle by using the tools such as deleting the adjective in the general process versus the particular, and applying the techniques like expressing the kind alongside the gender in the particular process versus the general. Another finding of this study is that it attributed the positive characteristics of the remarkable part in this translation to it, Furthermore, this translation pocesses the adequacy and acceptability, causing the reader’s satisfaction.

Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, addition, etc. This essay presents examples of successful translations according to ladmiral's components and analyzes their success according to the components. Then he mentioned other examples that were not successful according to the components and also stated their lack of success. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Amiri's translation are shown based on Admiral's theory. The result of the research shows that the translator has fully complied with the components of Jean-René Ladmiral in terms of disambiguation and augmentation and has presented a readable and understandable text in the target culture. But in some cases, especially in the examples of displacement and deletion, the translator used the components of the Admiral's model inappropriately and caused damage to the story in the transfer of meaning and rhetoric.

In this research, the authors have intended to use the theoretical framework of Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis to examine textual and intertextual relationships of female and male discourse in the translation of literary texts and analyze the expression method of the translations. In this research, an English book called "And the mountains echoed" written by Khaled Hosseini, and two translations translated by Nastaran Zahiri and Mehdi Ghabrai and another English book called "The Handmaid's Tale" written by Margaret Atwood and two translations translated by Sohail Sommi and Monireh Jian have been examined. The method was purposive sampling. The results of this research indicated that the percentage of deletion and semantic expansion in the target texts translated by female translators had a higher frequency. The percentage of using taboo words and discourse of power was also more frequent in the sentences translated by male translators. The percentage of the use of other textual and intertextuality factors among the examined propositions showed that there was no significant difference between female and male discourse in the translation of propositions.

The analysis of the observance of the principle of non-synonymy in the words of the Qur'an in the translation of quasi-synonym words is one of the most prominent criteria for evaluating the work of translators. Among the quasi-synonym words in the divine verses are words related to the concept of sin. Care in translating these words leads to a better understanding of the high teachings of the Qur'an in the three areas of beliefs, rules and ethics. In this regard, this study tries to evaluate the translations of Mr. Moezi, Fooladvand, Ayati, Elahi Qomshei and Ms. Saffarzadeh as representatives of five methods of literal, loyal, semantic translation, interprative and free using a descriptive-analytical method combined with criticism mentioned field. The lack of sufficient attention of translators to the semantic subtlety and the distinction between these words is obvious. Paying attention to the semantic principle proposed for each word that has been described in detail in Philology books will help the translator to translate these words accurately. The results indicate that the exact meaning of these words can be expressed in short and useful words or in the form of explanations in parentheses in semantic, free and interprative methods, but due to the limitation of Persian words, literal methods and loyal are not very efficient in this regard.

Translation criticism as a linguistic approach examines, analyzes and evaluates the translation of various texts and reveals the angles hidden in it. In the process of translation, paying attention to the principle of equivalence is considered an important issue. One of the theories presented in the field of determining and evaluating the level of translations is Mildred Larson's theory of semantic equivalence. Equivalence process includes: lexical, idiomatic, literary equivalence and proverbs and ironic expressions. Based on the descriptiveanalytical method, this article examines the process of translation and the principles of lexical, idiomatic and literary equivalence in Fayz al-Islam's translation of Nahj al-Balagha. The result of the research shows that in some examples, Larson's point of view in the process of semantic translation has provided the translator with a desirable and appropriate style in creating meaning and concept. It should also be said that in his translation, the translator sometimes expresses the meaning and meaning of the word openly and sometimes conveys the message of meaning in an indirect way. In fact, in order to crystallize the meaning, the translator has adhered equally to the meanings arising from the main structure of the source language and has paid attention to the principle of revealing the meaning of the discussed words and phrases based on the criteria of the target language.

Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādīya is one of the most prominent and valuable prayer works that has a profound spiritual, psychological, and educational impact on its readers. The importance and position of this valuable book necessitate attention to its accurate translation and critique of the translations carried out so that the best translations can be identified and introduced to readers for better understanding of its lofty concepts. Therefore, in the present study, the translation of this book has been examined based on a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on Newmark's theory, in two components of transfer and indigenization. The results indicated that Ayati and Balaghi have had the highest level of transfer, while Fayḍul Islam has utilized the transfer process to a lesser extent. The highest level of indigenization is observed in Balaghi's translation, and the lowest in Fayḍul Islam's translation. The results of these two analyses also show that Ayati and Balaghi have used the highest level of transfer and indigenization, while Fayḍul Islam has the lowest level of transfer and indigenization, making Fayḍul Islam's translation more appropriate. The types of indigenization strategies employed by translators in translating Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādīya include: 1. Converting the rounded "Tāʼ" to an extended "Tāʼ"; 2. Adding a Persian plural marker to an Arabic word; 3. Using other derivatives of Arabic words; 4. Reversing the order of the noun and adjective; 5. Adding a Persian suffix to an Arabic word; 6. Converting the plural form of a word to singular; 7. Using a different form of the plural word; 8. Removing Arabic diacritics from the word; 9. Converting the rounded "Tāʼ" to "Hā" in Persian, and 10. Constructing a compound Persian verb using the root of an Arabic verb.

  translation of precise meaning of the text in the translation of religious texts is of great importance Eugene Naida, the theoretician of the translation of religious texts, who has been responsible for the translation of the Holy Bible for many years, has stated some things about the translation of religious texts that have defined the scope of the translator in changing the meaning. As the holy book of Muslims, the Holy Qur'an has literary, rhetorical and artistic points that the translator should observe all these points. This article aims to use a descriptive-analytical method to criticize Elahi Qomshaei and Mohammad Ali Rezaei Isfahani's translation of Surah Yusuf, relying on Eugene Naida's theory, and to explain the semantic, structural and aesthetic aspects of their translations, and State the positives and negatives of the two translations and at the end determine which translation was faithful to the source text and which translation has more freedom. The results of this study show that Elhi Qomshahi's translation was less faithful than the original text; Therefore, from Naida's point of view, dynamic translation has been presented In contrast, Rezaei Esfahani's translation is more faithful in the translation of the Qur'an, and the structural and content effects of the source text can be clearly seen in this translation. Therefore, according to Naida's point of view, this translation is considered a formal translation.

An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant careful examination and evaluation. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine several renditions of the dialogues between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi envoy during the commencement of the 148th session of the Arab League. This research aims to investigate the translation and representation of a single text by multiple media outlets, taking into account their ideological and political perspectives. Drawing on Christina Schäffner's theory and utilizing a descriptive-analytical technique, the study intends to determine the variations in translation and representation among these channels. The results of this study imply that both internal and external beliefs have an impact on translation modifications, and that various media platforms have altered the language and structure of the original text through word choice, grammatical changes, and textual reproduction.

The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive and negative attributes at four different levels. The initial level of this theory focuses on analyzing the components associated with vocabulary and the transmission of meaning via language. The second level involves the analysis of syntactic and morphological components, while the third and fourth levels focus on evaluating discourse and text style. Farīd ud-Dīn ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair is highly esteemed Persian mystical poetry that has been translated into other languages. Currently, Dr. Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s translation, which he conducted at Ain Shams University, is the most thorough of these translations. Furthermore, Mohammad Jomeh’s original translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Attar has been praised for its self-worth in conveying the logic and invaluable ideas of the author to the Arab world. The translation is particularly notable for its precision, conciseness, eloquence, and literary highlights. As a result, it has been subjected to examination and evaluation using the Garces model and its four levels. The research findings suggest that the translator has faithfully followed the source language in the mentioned translation. Furthermore, the translation demonstrates greater acceptability and adequacy in terms of lexical and syntactic-morphological meaning compared to the other two levels. The translator's proficiency is particularly evident at these two levels. He has employed a greater number of constructive methods. However, the translation being examined has prominently featured negative tactics at two levels of discourse: functional and stylistic-semantic. This might be attributed to the choice of content for translation, specifically mystical systems. Despite incorporating culturally similar parts, the elevation of Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s translation can be attributed to lexical expansion, compensation, and changes in syntax and structure.

Currently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the translation unit used in translating the Holy Quran. This essay starts off by looking at how translation theorists have approached the idea of translation units. Following that, a thorough study and analysis of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran have resulted in critiques of their effectiveness in interpreting the Holy Quran. In this study, alongside the utilization of translation units suggested by Western theorists, an additional groundbreaking unit was employed—a sub-word unit—which has not yet been utilized by any translation theorists in the Western context as a recognized translation unit. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit. The examined translations include Moezi, Payandeh, Makarem Shirazi, and Ansarian's translation. The research findings indicate that the translation of the Holy Quran can be approached using several units, such as word unit, sentence unit, thinking unit, text unit, culture unit, and even units smaller than a word. The choice of unit depends on the specific context of each verse and the perspective of the translator. The percentage of sentence unit usage among the mentioned translators is higher than that of other units. Based on the research findings, it is not permissible for translators to make any modifications to the content of the Qur'an during translation. Therefore, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Qur'an is the sentence unit, which has proven to be the most impactful.

In 1956, Yahya al-Khashab and Sadegh Nashat translated the history of Beyhaqi into Arabic. The scientific and literary value of Beyhaqi's history among Persian and historical texts shows the necessity of evaluating and criticizing such a translation. Criticism of translation is one of the methods that is helpful in showing the quality level of translated texts. The purpose of this research is to criticize and evaluate the lexical equivalence of the translation of Beyhaqi history from the beginning to the end of Hasnak Vazir's story based on the semantic-lexical level of the Carmen Garces model. Definition, cultural or functional equivalent, assimilation, syntactic expansion, syntactic bill, and ambiguity are among the components of this level of the model that we will discuss in this research. This research makes it clear that the equivalence of the words and terms of the source text in the language of the target text has a wide range, and for this reason, most of the problems in the Arabic translation of Beyhaqi history are lexical. The translators have taken advantage of the assimilation and definition of all the elements to translate this ancient text. The non-uniformity of lexical equivalents can be seen throughout the text, and the translators' inattention to the time evolution of words and the hidden meanings and irony of Persian terms is the most important reason for the occurrence of lexical translation errors in this text.

Literary proper names can perform various functions. In fantasy literature, which usually has its own dedicated secondary world, these functions are even more prevalent. Analyzing the translation of these names provides new insights for translators of the genre and literary translators in general. In that light, the present study was designed to analyze the translation of proper names in five fantasy novels. To conduct the research, first the proper names in fantasy novels were identified and their functions were determined based on Gibka’s model (2018). Then by analyzing the translation of the proper names from English to Persian, the translation strategies were identified and examined. After the analysis of data, it became evident that contrary to popular belief, non-translation is not always the best strategy for translating literary names. Based on the results, the strategy of translation never caused the loss of semantic function in the translated texts, while in some cases the non-translation strategy caused the loss. Moreover, non-translation never caused the loss of localization function. Therefore, choosing the translation strategy for proper names with secondary functions in mind will help translators transfer these functions to the target text more effectively.

The relationship between the condition "If you fear that you may not maintain justice with orphan girls" and the answer "Then marry women of your choice – two, three, or four" in the al-Nisāʼ/3 is one of the interpretative challenges which caused many translation differences. This condition structure has 7 different translations, focusing on the equivalences of "women, desirable women, orphaned and non-orphaned women, orphan mothers, mature women, women fit in with justice and non-orphan women In the meantime, a criterion for preferring and criticizing translations is needed to have the power to understand and analyze interpretive votes because of the dependence of translation on interpretation. To this aim, was used the analytical-descriptive and Surah’s structural analysis method, in which the Surah is as an intertwined network of different topics with focusing on the contexts. . By this criterion, the seventh species is chosen as the selected translation and can be presented as follows: "If you are afraid that you will not treat orphans in installments, marry women (other than orphans) in two, three and four." Therefore, the crucial achievement of this paper can be considered as providing an in-textual criterion for illuminating the proposed translations for the text of the Qur'an. Therefore, using the verse, context, chapter, surah structures and its intention is the basis for evaluating translations and providing correct translation. Implementation of this method of translation criticism on long Sura al-Nisāʼ in the present study will be an example to prove the constructive effect on criticism and preference of translations throughout the Qur'an.

The examination and critique of translation involve addressing various dimensions of translation, identifying its strengths and weaknesses, and presenting a new style that expands critical strategies and provides a basis for enhancing the quality of translation. Today, there are various theories for critiquing and evaluating translations, one of which is Joseph Malone's theory. Malone introduces strategies such as equivalence (substitution and matching), expansion and reduction, recombination (scattering and condensation), alternation (divergence and convergence), fresh arrangement or encryption, and bridging for translation. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, the translations of Arfaʻ, Ostad walī, Āyatī, and Barzī of selected vocabulary and combinations from the Holy Quran are critiqued and examined based on Joseph Malone's pattern. Since the structure of Quranic verses is created based on linguistic, cultural, social, and other criteria, the selected translations are amenable to critique and evaluation based on Malone's approach, which is based on the aforementioned criteria. The research findings indicate that divergence and convergence in different elements of style, emotion, and figurative language are the focus. In the divergence section, most translators, except for Arfaʻ, have determined a suitable equivalent for each interpretation and expression, taking into accounts these elements, and has attempted to create coherence, connection, and convergence of meanings between the original text and the translation. In the convergence section, Quranic expressions, in accordance with this rule, are not reflected in the translation of any of the translators.

Today, translation theorists have taken a big step in the development of translation criticism methods by presenting their works and theories and have provided translators with the necessary platform to provide the desired translation. One of the theoreticians of this field is Henri Meschonnic. Translation poetics in the concept that is considered in this discussion, according to Meschonnic, is a kind of theory of text translation. Poetics deals with linguistic structure issues just as painting deals with image structures; because linguistics is the general knowledge of language structures. The poetics approach of Meschonnic’s translation consists of concepts such as transparency and centripetalism, empirical application and theoretical application, and inter-poetics relationships. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, the Persian translation of Ruhollah Rahimi's novel "Under the Feet of Mothers" with the title "Behesht-e Maman Ghaizah" is reviewed based on the poetics approach of artistic translation by Meschonnic. The result of the research shows that the translator has used literary devices such as metonymy and non-metonymy, which have the same aesthetic effect in the source and target text, in the field of inter-poetics relations. The language of the translated text is embedded in accordance with the norms of the Meschonnic’s poetics approach and the target text, and the translator has tried to show the cultural signs of the language and ideological approach to the reader by providing an acceptable translation.

The effect of translation on the transmission of the message of the source language to the target language is undeniable. The more accurate and fluent the translation, the more the audience will benefit from the main concepts. Previously, language-based approaches used the text as a unit of translation. This made the study of cultural layers in translation challenging. With the change of translation unit, the fidelity of the target text to the source text took on a different meaning and translation was considered as a tool for creating cultural communication between ethnic groups. In other words, translation studies was used as a tool to examine the role of the translated text as an independent work in cultural interactions. The present study intends to use descriptive-analytical method and library tools to study how popular culture is translated based on Michel Ballar's division. Based on this, three plays by Tawfiq al-Hakim; The prominent Egyptian author has been selected as "Al-Hub Al-Azri", "Al-Shams wa Al-Qamar", "Sahib Al-Jalala". The data of the article were analyzed semantically and semantically based on the principles of translational research and confrontational linguistics, analysis and strategies used in expression, and the characteristics of equations. The results show that the cultural layers have been translated into the target language to a large extent correctly and with the most familiar words and phrases.