spatial structure

The spatial distribution of villages is influenced by various characteristics and factors, including elevation, land slope, slope direction, distance from roads and cities, and proximity to rivers. This study employed an applied, descriptive, analytical, and correlational approach to examine the compactness of the spatial distribution structure of rural settlements in Meshkinshahr County, as well as the impact of geographical features on this distribution. In the first part of the research, ArcGIS analytical tools were utilized to assess the spatial distribution patterns of villages. Techniques such as Average Nearest Neighbor, high/low clustering, and spatial autocorrelation were employed. Additionally, cluster and outlier analysis, along with hotspot analysis, were conducted to create maps of village clusters. Finally, kernel density analysis was performed to explore the spatial density characteristics of village distributions. The second part of the study investigated the relationship between the spatial distribution of villages and geographical features. The minimum elevation in the region was 595 m, while the maximum reached 4800 m. Most villages were located at elevations between 1200 and 1400 m with the highest concentration found on slopes ranging from 6 to 15 percent. Notably, 71% of the villages were situated on slopes of less than 15% and 68% were located in shaded areas. Furthermore, the majority of the county's rural population resided near Meshkinshahr County with proximity to rivers playing a crucial role in the establishment of these villages.

This research analyzed the role of industry in shaping the spatial structure of Abadan, employing an applied approach in purpose and a descriptive-analytical method in nature. Data were collected using documentary and field methods, with the statistical population consisting of 39 districts in Abadan. Quantitative statistical models such as multi-criteria decision-making (TOPSIS), Shannon’s entropy, cluster analysis, Friedman’s rank test, path analysis, and the independent t-test were used for data analysis. The findings indicate that the oil industry has been the primary factor influencing the transformation of Abadan’s spatial structure. It has led to the concentration and polarization of spatial development in neighborhoods associated with the oil company, creating disparities between these areas and other urban neighborhoods. This unequal distribution in access to economic indicators has resulted in a duality within the city’s spatial structure.

One of the areas that lay a fertile ground for segregation in cities is economic distinctions created due to the unequal allocation of resources, opportunities, and services. Urban segregation poses a major obstacle to the realization of an inclusive, coherent, and integrated city. The consequences of spatial segregation not only affect poor families but also influence all citizens and the spatial structure of cities. Therefore, studying the relationship between segregation and the spatial structure of the city is one of the measures that will contribute to efficient urban management and desirable urban governance. Hence, the main goal of this research is to measure the spatial-economic segregation of the Tehran metropolis. This is an applied study that adopts a descriptive-analytical method. The results suggest the formation of a concentrated pattern of spatial structure and moderate-to-severe segregation of economic indicators in the different regions of Tehran, so that the Z-Score of the spatial distribution of the indicators is above 1.65 and the entropy and spatial segregation of the indicators are usually over 0.6. Also, the results show that the highest regression coefficient between population entropy and spatial distribution of economic indicators is found in the northern and central regions of Tehran, and the lowest coefficient is seen in southeastern and southern regions of the city. There is a north-south and east-west trend between the spatial distribution of population and economic indicators in the Tehran metropolis, which has given rise to a kind of spatial segregation and centralization in the two central and northern axes of the city. Therefore, evaluating the trend of spatial-economic segregation of the Tehran metropolis in the coming years and identifying other background factors that play a significant role in the economic segregation of this city are proposed as key strategies for explaining and analyzing the spatial segregation of the Tehran metropolis.

The dispersed growth of the metropolis has caused that the towns around the metropolis are exposed to development and annexed to the cities. With the annexation of towns and cities, spatial relations have become complicated and suffered severe changes in terms of physical, economic, sociocultural and environmental aspects, and the metropolis of Tabriz is no exception to this rule. Por tanto, the main objective of the investigation is to identify and analyze the factors that affect the annexation of nearby towns in the metropolis of Tabriz. In this research, a descriptive-exploratory method and questionnaire survey were used. The statistical population of the research, urban and rural experts and specialists, selected 30 people. For data analysis, the method of structural equations was used using spss and Amos software. The results identified three latent exogenous constructs, namely, "internal factors", "adjacency to the metropolis" and "external factors", which show the main aspects of the integration of villages in the metropolis, among which are proximity factors a las metropolis tienen los mayores cargando con (γ=0,89). This study determined that parameters like economic factors, physical characteristics and sociocultural have the major impact in the neighborhood with the metropolis in terms of annexation of towns to the metropolis. The minor impact is related to internal factors in the villages. From the point of view of the experts, economic factors are effective in the annexation of towns to the city and make low-income people emigrate from different parts of the city to these parts and integrate these parts to the city. Por tanto, it seems that organizing the annexation of towns to the city can have a positive effect on the expansion and development of the metropolis of Tabriz

Nowadays cities are not independent from their surroundings, and studying the city together with its surroundings, or in other words, the urban area, is an inevitable necessity. For this purpose, the examination of population and employment data, changes or trends of displacements, various functions of the area, existing spatial structures, existing interactions between elements, the way of population concentration, as well as the examination of issues and problems caused by the formation of urban areas should be taken into consideration by urban managers and planners. Considering the extensive interactions of the central city with its surrounding areas and the impact of this process in different dimensions, the purpose of this research is to examine the issues and problems caused by the formation of urban areas in Iran, and in this regard, the urban area of Tabriz has been investigated. The mother city of Tabriz has a mutual relationship with 11 urban points around it, and this area can be called the urban area of Tabriz. Interactions and developments that have taken place in recent years in various social, economic, physical, etc. dimensions have made the urban area of Tabriz face many problems and issues, hence the investigation of these issues and problems and the presentation of workable solutions to promote the stability and development of the region it is necessary.

The research method in the present study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with practical purpose and analytical-exploratory nature. The statistical population of the research was also formed by managers and city officials, and due to the unknown size of the statistical population, 100 people were determined as the sample size through Cohen's method and non-random sampling. In this research, the most important issues and problems of the urban area of Tabriz were first identified by examining the existing documents and materials, especially the "Comprehensive" development and construction plan approved in 2015 and interviewing a statistical sample, then through questioning the sample size and using the factor analysis model in SPSS software environment, the amount of these factors and their classification has been done.

The findings of the research show that the most important issues and problems of Tabriz urban region can be divided into 6 main categories, which include 81.452% of the issues and problems of Tabriz urban region based on the factor analysis model. The factors and issues extracted in order of importance include issues of spatial structure and organization, environmental issues, physical vulnerability, economic issues, communication network, transportation and traffic, and socio-cultural issues, whose special value is 6.915, 3.422, 2/711, 2/091, 1/822 and 1/327 respectively. It can also be said that the one-sided and unipolar structure of the region (Tabriz metropolis) has had a significant effect on increasing issues and problems.

Surveys in Tabriz urban region indicate the existence of many issues and problems in the direction of realizing the sustainable development of the region, which can be divided into 6 main groups.

Cities are occupying more and more surface area of the planet every year, and to survive, consume more natural resources, and the other hand their emissions of waste, sewage, and carbon and greenhouse gases are increasing. But can the geographical context of cities be able to load and accept this level of development? Today, Environmental problems are the most important issue in the cities of developing countries, especially in Iran. The main purpose of this study is to introduce sustainability assessment model and policy making of urban spatial structure based on urban carrying capacity. Is the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz as the largest metropolis of the southern half of the country is coincident with regional and extra-regional functions with the geographical carrying capacity and spatial carrying capacity and has led to the development of a sustainable spatial structure or not? It seems that Shiraz is far from the indicators of a sustainable city.

This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and because the results can be used to improve models and provide solutions in the field of urban development programs, it is a type of applied research. By examining different methods of assessing carrying capacity and by examining and matching the methods of evaluating the concept (urban carrying capacity) with the features and characteristics of the geographical context of Shiraz and also considering this basic concept in geography that places have unique properties. In explaining and selecting indicators and constructive factors, urban carrying capacity was used, and the best evaluation method was selected and compiled in the form of an analysis model according to the conceptual model and the features and characteristics of the spatial structure of Shiraz. After this stage, by field study and perception of the spatial structure of Shiraz and also collecting the required data for each of the indicators and factors of the conceptual model, the Sustainability of the spatial structure of the city was analyzed using Vensim software. In the end, according to the obtained results and using the opinion of experts and experts in urban planning, as well as interventors in the field of services and urban management familiar to the metropolis of Shiraz (including 15 people, 10 of whom have Ph.D. in the fields of urban planning and urban development and urban management, 5 people are senior experts in the these fields; five people are working as university faculty members, and the other ten people are working in the municipality and of Roads and Urban Development administrations) to determine planning priorities and provide the best solution and the solution for the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz in relation to the urban bearing capacity was discussed

The results of the model showed that the current development trend of Shiraz is completely out of urban carrying capacity and is contradict with the principles of sustainable development. To change the current trend, first, the economic policy of job creation was used. The results showed that this policy has the most impact on the model and has led to economic prosperity and increased GDP, but over time and with a delay, it leads to issues such as traffic, pollution, migration, water shortage, green space destruction, housing problems and so on. In order to mitigate these problems, simultaneous implementation of environmental policies will be inevitable. For this purpose, policies were adapted such as strengthening the culture of reducing per capita waste production and encourage the separation of waste from the source, car ownership reduction policies, and increase public transport capacity, increasing the rate of wastewater purification, with development of municipal wastewater collection infrastructure; reducing per capita water demand for green space, by increasing irrigation efficiency supply of water from purified water, reduce per capita household water consumption; completion of the water supply project from Dorodzan dam, in order to increase urban carrying capacity and contribute to the sustainable development of the spatial structure of Shiraz.

This research with an environmental approach and in order to achieve sustainable development in the urban planning process, provided a model to assess the carrying capacity of the urban environment, to be a basis for measuring the sustainable development of the spatial structure of the city. Since achieving an acceptable level of quality of life for citizens is the ultimate goal of urban planning, this quality can not be achieved except by using the resources and capacities of the environmental and the geographical context in which the city is located. If the process of using resources has a logical and principled course, achieving quality of life will be accompanied by sustainable development. On the other hand, if the use of resources and development load is more than the capacity of the environment, environmental sustainability is in danger. Knowing that the development process of the spatial structure of Iranian cities, especially Shiraz, is far from sustainable development patterns, this study tried to make the view of urban development more aware of the carrying capacity of the geographical context of Shiraz. The proposed model can be used as a basis for decision-making process of planning, development and management of Shiraz city, and in preparing development and development plans of the city, as well as strategic development plan of the city, decision-making institutions, including roads and urban planning, the municipality and the city council.

During the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism

The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Both library and field methods have collected the information required for this research. The statistical population of the research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size according to the Cochran formula was 364. The study results of the studied residential complexes from the perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among the investigated complexes, Rahan residential complex had the lowest connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes, and the highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with increase of sociability. Among the other results of this research, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient among the investigated components. In the first place, the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, the multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in the third place, the security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in the fourth place and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153

The spatial structure of the city has an important effect on economic efficiency and the quality of the urban environment. Inefficient spatial structure, by unnecessarily increasing the distance between people and their place of activity increase the length of the city's infrastructure network maximizes operating costs and intra-city travel. Analysis of the spatial structure of the city is important for a better understanding of urban development and provides the information needed to evaluate the effectiveness of planning plans for general managers and urban planners. The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial structure of Ahvaz city and identify functional cores. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The method of data collection is library and documentary. The data include statistical blocks of 2016 and land use layer of Ahvaz city. Kernel density, spatial autocorrelation test, and central mean were used to identify functional cores. . Hot Spot Analysis and spatial autocorrelation test were used to analyze population distribution and employment. Pearson correlation was used in SPSS software to investigate the relationship between functional cores and population and employment and geographic weight regression was used to model the spatial relationship. The research results show that the distribution of population and employment is clustered. In the central and marginal areas, population density and employment are low, and in the middle areas, the density is high. In terms of the proportion of attractive tourist uses in region one (Bagh Moin, Ci metri, Abdolmajid Bazaar, Sheikh Bagh, Saebin Mandai neighborhoods) have the highest concentration and are the main core of the city and Lashkarabad, Kemplo Jenobi and Zetoon karmandi neighborhoods are sub-cores. Also, the spatial correlation between functional core and population density is relatively low.

Undoubtedly, the tourism industry is one of the most important sources of income, and paying attention to the tourists’ ‘movement’ as the pillars of the tourism system, has an undeniable role in the development of this industry because a path can be determined for tourist’s movement with any purpose and on any scale of tourism. Therefore, considering how tourists move is very important in determining and designing tourist routes, and it is obvious that the quality of these routes has a significant impact on tourism promotion. The present study aims to investigate tourists’ movement by analyzing the relationship between the spatial structure of these routes and the natural movement on them. For this purpose, the Jolfa tourism axis located in the historical context of District 5 of Isfahan Municipality was selected as the case study. Then, the justified graph and axial map of these routes are designed by the Space Syntax theory and its relative concepts and tourists’ movement on these routes are analyzed and compared using the AGRAPH software application and its indicators which include Total Depth, Mean Depth, Relative Asymmetry, Integration, and Control Value. The present study falls within the category of descriptive-analytical studies in terms of procedure (selected by the researcher) and applied studies in terms of objective. The data were collected using library and field study methods. The research results indicate that Khaqani Street, Kelisa Alley, and Khajeh Abed Alley with integration(i) indices 20.67, 14.95, 13.78, and the total depth(TDn) of 72,85,89, respectively, have the highest integration and the lowest total depth. Thus, naturally, the potential for movement and presence of tourists and pedestrians on this route is more than in other parts of the Jolfa axis. Although Jolfa Alley has less permeability and access than other spaces on this axis in terms of spatial structure, due to the presence of Vank Church, Jolfa Square, and other tourist attractions, it welcomes many tourists and pedestrians daily. Therefore, it can be concluded that in addition to the indicators studied in AGRAPH software, other factors are also effective in attracting pedestrians and their movement.

  Vandalism, the deliberate destruction of public or private property and a kind of disease in the modern age, is considered to be the birth of different spatial structures.The purpose of this research is to explain the effect of spatial structure on the occurrence of vandalism in Zanjan city. Based on the work method and nature, it is placed in the framework of descriptive-analytical research. The data of this research was recorded in the form of Cartesian coordinates using GPS and analyzed in SPSS and GIS software and presented in the form of tables and maps. In order to analyze spatial distribution, Cornell geostatistics and kriging tests have been used.The statistical population of the current research is the city of Zanjan and the statistical samples of all vandalism manifestations in the uses of public spaces in the neighborhoods of karmandan and Golshahr. The results of SPSS indicate that more than 50% of vandalism occurred in dense coordinates of the population such as green space use and residential use. The second most important use by vandals is the areas outside the scope of vision and supervision, which includes 14% of cases in karmandan and 46% in Golshahr. The exposure and use of security systems in educational, sports, workshop and commercial uses has acted as a shield to prevent vandalism and caused these uses to suffer a very small percentage of vandalism.

The spatial decoration of urban activities, the spatial structure of the communication and spatial accessibility have a significant impact on the extent and quality of urban mobility and accessibility. The concept of sustainable urban accessibility emerged from the sustainability paradigm on the concepts of urban mobility and accessibility. Accordingly, the current research aims at evaluating the spatial structure of the urban activities' hot spots, stations and arteries using a spatial-functional structure and assessing their compatibility.

This is a quantitative applied study, carried out in Enghelab Islami Square, Tehran in 2022. The analysis of the spatial-functional structure and sustainable urban accessibility in the studied area was carried out using GIS and spatial analysis methods, including space syntax analysis and urban network analysis.

The functional and spatial structure of the Enghelab Islami square region was relatively compatible. 75% and 70% of the points of interest (POI) were located around the structural arteries and in urban blocks with high spatial accessibility, respectively. Moreover, regarding the quality of sustainable urban accessibility, 85% of the POIs were within the first level of the functional radius of the sustainable transportation stations, while, 75% and 85% of parcels were located within the functional radius of the first and second level sustainable transportation stations, respectively.

Enghelab Islami square area is in a relatively good condition in terms of the mentioned structure's compatibility and the quality of sustainable urban accessibility.

Bazaars are one of the few urban spaces that have continued to exist in cities from the past to the present. The contrasting spatial structure of Bazaar and their surrounding streets is a point can be studied more. The aim of this research is to develop a model of the vitality of the streets around Borujerd Bazaar and to understand its relationship with the spatial structure of this area.

This study is carried out in Borujerd Bazaar and its immediate area. The required data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Vitality model was developed using method of confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL v8.80 software. Spatial variables were extracted based on the axis map in DepthMap 10 software. The relationship between spatial structure and urban vitality was determined through the correlation test in the SPSS23 software.

Borujerd Bazaar vitality model was divided into two perceptual and environmental criteria. In the environmental criteria, "activity", "access", "physical" and "environmental" factors had the greatest impact. In the "perception" criterion, the "psychological", "social" and "economic" factors had the greatest influence, respectively.

The environmental variables of street vitality around Borujerd Bazaar have a significant relationship with spatial structure of the road network. But this is not the case with perceptual variables. In fact, these variables, except for the social variable, have no significant relationship with the spatial configuration of passages.

In the last few years, various concepts of urban-regional spatial structure have been developed and the spatial structure of big cities has exhibited multi-core characteristics. The phenomenon of polycentric is inherent in metropolises, and studies indicate more efficiency and the effect of quantitative methods in identifying functional nuclei. The time frame of this research was cross-sectional and sample data of Kermanshah metropolis, statistical block and land use of the existing situation and comprehensive plan zoning. The variables of this research included 8 major urban uses. Spatial analysis and measurement of the density of mixed uses in Kermanshah metropolis has shown the existence of new sub-centers in regions 1, 3 and 4. In addition to the historical and old core of the city, there are two dense cores of mixed activities in areas 3, 1 and 4 between areas 5 and 8. Of course, the types of services provided in the sub-centric of the metropolis have a regional scale compared to the central core of the city and have been created to meet some of the daily needs of citizens at this level of access. The spatial distribution of commercial and administrative activities shows the concentration of most of these activities in the central core of the city; However, sub-centric in areas 5 and 8 can also be considered as a core in the southeast. The development pattern of residential activity has differences with other activities and that is the formation of several cores other than area 1 as a physical core; In other words, other residential cores have been formed as competitors in areas 6, 5, 4 and 2, which can play an effective role in the formation of other sub-cores.

Analysis of the spatial structure to recognize the potentials of the metropolitan region, to create competitive regions and more importantly, recognition of hidden or improperly used resources of regions, for economic development and to take advantage of the cooperative advantages of cities to develop economic synergy is crucial. Tehran metropolitan region, like other developing metropolitan regions, faces distinctive challenges such as imbalance, lack of integration, functional cohesion and an unbalanced distribution of the system of activity and housing. But the policy-making process in the field of regional development is affected by economic conditions (rent) and regardless of the space economy in the context of development policies and programs, it has caused this region, despite all the many potentials, to not have a desirable performance in comparison with these potentials. The concentration of economic resources and forces for the metropolitan region, along with economic benefits, has had diverse consequences of environmental (environmental pollution), social and economic (slum, increased housing and household living costs, class conflict and increased Gini coefficient) which we see its spatial reflection in the formation of rent, information and economic rent spaces in the context of the location of economic activities. On the other hand, the lack of attention to the potentials of economic synergy has caused Tehran to become a place with a high concentration of industries and the role of economic factors in the formation of a dynamic place for production becomes less important. However, the high concentration of enterprises, the economies of scale and accumulation are low, and the economics of networking is very low.

The ontology of research is based on critical rationalism. In this ontology, the view of the object is abstract - concrete and deals with the analysis of the problem on three levels: real, actual and empirical. At the real level, it deals with causal forces in creating the spatial structure of the metropolitan region. At the actual level of the mechanisms affecting the spatial structure and at the empirical level, the spatial representation of currents and forces is evaluated. The epistemology of research is based on reason and experience with inductive, deductive and post-exploratory approaches. Research methodology is mixed (quantitative-qualitative). The method is the utilization of procedures for measuring spatial structure and analysis of flows and connections, as well as methods for measuring the degree of diversity and specialization have been used.

In the morphological dimension, the spatial distribution of the population system indicates that the metropolitan region has a weak tendency to become morphological polycentric over time. In the functional dimension, network power, dominance and symmetry were evaluated based on the flow of travel production. According to the amount of entropy that shows the power of the network, the tendency of the metropolitan area is towards functional polycentric. In addition to the Dii measure that shows dominance in relationships and its value is from zero to infinity. It indicates that in terms of travel production (movement of people) Tehran and Karaj are significantly different from other cities. In other words, these two cities have complete control over the network of relations. But in terms of symmetry, the spatial structure of the metropolitan region is not polycentric. The study of the flow of goods between the cities of the metropolitan region shows that in 2006 the main flows of communication between the cities of the metropolitan region were with Tehran and relations with each other at the level of medium-sized cities have been weak. But in 2016, also the formation of two-side relations between some cities with Tehran (Firoozkooh, Bumhan, Robat Karim, Eshtehard, Karaj and Hashtgerd), witnessed a tendency to form horizontal relations between other cities (Karaj-Eshtehard, Hashtgerd-Karaj, Shahriyar-Eshtehard, Shahriyar-Karaj, Pakdasht-Karaj, Firoozkooh-Damavand, Qarchak-Meshkin Dasht). Therefore, it can be said that the vertical and hierarchical relations of the flow of goods, between the cities of the metropolitan region and Tehran, have a very weak tendency from vertical relations to horizontal relations. The study of economic indicators shows that the degree of specialization of the cities of the metropolitan area is increasing. Although Tehran's level of specialization has decreased, it still has the highest level of specialization. However, this diversity has decreased during this period. On the other hand, Savojbolagh, Rey, Baharestan, Karaj, Quds, Mallard and Eshtehard cities had the highest level of diversity in production structure during the period of -75 to 95.

The results show that the spatial structure in the morphological dimension is a monocentric spatial structure that tends to become polycentric. In the functional dimension, the study of spatial interactions shows that the relations between the cities of the region have very little tendency towards networking but in terms of dominance, Tehran and Karaj still dominate these relations. On the other hand, the study of network symmetry also indicates asymmetry inflows. In addition, the study of the flow of goods in the metropolitan region shows that the vertical relations between cities and the metropolis of Tehran are still maintained and other cities have been added to this relationship over time. But the new point in these relations is the formation of two-side commodity relations between some cities and the metropolis of Tehran and the tendency to form a horizontal relationship between some cities in the metropolitan region. The role of cities such as Hashtgerd, Eshtehard, Shahriyar and Firoozkooh, and secondarily the cities such as Robat Karim, Hassanabad, Varamin, Pakdasht and Damavand, shows the tendency to create weak functional centres in the metropolitan region. Therefore, it can be said that the spatial structure of Tehran metropolitan region has a weak tendency towards the spatial structure with the ability to support synergistic relations between cities in the metropolitan region.