جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « داده های تابلویی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

After cereals, oilseeds form the second largest food reserve in the world. Sesame has been one of the oldest oil plants in the world, which is known as the queen of oil plants due to its pleasant taste, high stability and stability, high resistance to dryness and the fact that the oil does not oxidize. Sesame is considered as an oil-protein source and sesame seeds contain 34-60% oil and 19-30% protein. Rapeseed is another oilseed that has more than 40% of oil in the seed and about 40% of protein in its meal, which plays an important role in human nutrition and animal and poultry feed.Climate change is a significant and persistent change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns that occurs over a long period of time in a specific region or for the entire global climate. In fact, this phenomenon occurs as a result of internal factors such as dynamic processes of the earth or external factors such as changes in the intensity of sunlight or human activities.As a result of climate change, the average weather variables such as temperature and precipitation do not remain constant and change in different regions.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate climate change and predict its effects on the performance and well-being of the producer and the well-being of the consumer of the two products of sesame and canola. The required meteorological and agricultural data were collected in the form of combined data for two crops during 1370-1398. Using weather forecasting scenarios, the performance of two products was predicted. Finally, with the help of non-linear programming model, consumer welfare, producer welfare and total welfare were calculated and predicted using the partial balance method. Eviews, Excel and GAMS software were used to conduct this study. Khuzestan province was zoned into three climatic zones for more accurate estimation of yield response function.

In this research, the climatic conditions of Iran in the decades of 2000, 2025, 2050 and 2100 were modeled using the output of two atmospheric general circulation models ECHAM4 and HadCM 2. The results show an increase in the temperature of all the provinces of the country in the coming decades. These two models predicted an average temperature increase of 3 to 3.6 degrees Celsius until the 2100s for the country. The panel data method is used to estimate the climate model.

According to the results obtained from the calculation of welfare, it was found that the welfare surplus of the producer is higher than the welfare surplus of the consumer, and the results obtained from the welfare forecast according to the climate scenarios show that the amount of welfare generally follows a decreasing trend with fluctuation and The amount of losses caused by climate change has been higher for consumers than for producers.

Analyzing and evaluating the impact of human capital on stability and convergence in the regional economy (Panel Data Approach) Abstract One of the most important issues in regional planning and sustainable development today is the sustainable discussion of justice in the field of human-nature relations and social justice. According to new growth theories, human capital is seen as a key factor in the economic growth and development of societies. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of human capital index on economic convergence of selected developing countries. For this purpose, the Human Capital Index (EDUH) and Economic Sustainability Index (VGDP) for the period 2001–2001 have been used as panel data econometrics. The results show the positive impact of human capital, the positive effect of openness and the negative impact of inflation on economic stability. In other words, as human capital increases, regional economic stability in selected countries increases. Keywords: Human Capital, Sustainable Development, Regional Economic Sustainability, Panel Data, Selected Countries. O15-O50-Q01-C23: JEL Classification

The axes associated with globalization and the factors contributing to the increase in international trade volume have raised many questions in macroeconomics. One of the most important issues discussed here is to examine the relationship between trade openness and macroeconomic variables such as inflation fluctuations. Trade liberalization is one of the most important tools of the process of globalization of the economy. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the degree of trade openness on stability and inflation (inflation fluctuations) in the countries selected during the period 2017-2000. For this purpose, panel data technique is used to estimate the research model. The results of the model estimation indicate that the variable of trade openness had a negative impact on inflation fluctuations. Therefore, the most important policy recommendation of this study is that macroeconomic policy makers in these countries reduce trade barriers and restrictions on imports and increase their share of world markets as exports increase. As the degree of trade openness increases, countries in the region will have an impact on world prices and markets and will remain immune from price changes. This will ultimately lead to the stabilization of the economic situation and other macroeconomic indicators, including inflation.

The emergence of crime is one of the most important challenges as a phenomenon facing today's societies and all societies are confused and disturbed due to crime. Crime slows down the development path and threatens the security of the regions with the weakening of the indicators of social and human capital, the economy and the sovereignty of the people, thereby reducing the arrival of tourists. Tourism, in spite of the positive points of increasing income, creating employment and introducing culture to foreigners and etc., like any other phenomenon, has problems that can be threatened by social and familial values and mass extermination in societies. The success and sustained growth of tourism depends on the proper and consistent operation of several factors that are closely interlinked, one of the most important of which is the safety of tourists for tourism purposes. In this study, given the importance of the subject of crime and tourism, and the mutual opposition of these two variables, in two separate models using the panel data approach and generalized method of moments (GMM), for the time interval of 2005-2016 and data of provinces of the country were evaluated. First, using the principal component analysis method (PCA), the variable of the crime rate obtained from the combination of nine indicators of theft and then the research model was estimated. Accordingly, the results of the first model showed the positive impact of tourism on crime rates in the provinces of the country, and the results of the second model showed that by increasing the crime rate, tourism rate is decreased.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important economic sectors due to extensive interaction with the environment, the greatest impact of climate change takes effect.  The agricultural sector affects climate change and affects climate change. Climate change, on the one hand, affects agricultural performance and, on the other hand, affects the price of products, supply, demand and welfare of consumers and producers.

The purpose of this study was to assess climate change and predict its effects on yield, cropping and production of cucurbits. The welfare effects of climate change on cucurbits, during the years (2003-2017) in the Hormozgan province were studied.

Meteorological and agricultural data were gathered in the form of Panel data for cucumber and watermelon product  during the years 2003-2017. Using predicted weather scenarios, yields, cropping levels, and harvesting products from 2025 to 2100 were predicted. Finally, consumer welfare, producer welfare and overall welfare were calculated using nonlinear programming model. During the years 2025 to 2100 to predict the welfare of partial equilibrium method was used. Excel, Eviews and GAMS software were used for this study.

In order to estimate the precise function of horticultural crop yield response to climate factors, indicators of climatic zonation region of the province into two. The results showed that cucumber product had a direct relationship with temperature and had opposite relationship with rainfall. The watermelon product has the opposite relationship with the temperature factor and is directly related to the rainfall factor. Changes in performance under the weather scenarios for the cucumber product are increasing and the watermelon product follows a decreasing trend. The overall welfare will show a decreasing trend for years to come, consumers will experience less harm than producers. Therefore, due to the different effects of climate change on  cucurbits, it was necessary to find ways to adapt to the climatic conditions in order to orient these effects. Such as changing the region's cultivation pattern, managing optimal resources and producing climate change resistant seeds.

The consistency between the national development goals and the provincial development goals is highly important. The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of production structural changes on income inequality among Iranian provinces. The research used the change of share of production sectors during years of 2000-2014 as the structural change. Meanwhile, the difference between each province's per capita income and the national per capita income was utilized as income gap among provinces. Through using a panel data regression the findings of research are as follows: By reducing the 1% share of the agricultural sector and transferring it to the industrial sector, assuming a stable service sector share, income inequality in the provinces of the country will increase by 1.42%, but with the transition to the service sector, with the assumption of a fixed share of the industry sector, this inequality remains unchanged. With a 1% reduction in the share of the industrial sector and its transfer to the agricultural sector or the service sector (assuming the share of the other part is assumed), income inequality between the provinces decreases 1.47 and 1.86%, respectively. With a one percent reduction in the share of the services sector and its transfer to the industrial sector, with the assumption of a steady share of the agricultural sector, income inequality in the provinces will increase by 1.8%, but with the transition to the service sector, with the assumption of a fixed share of the industry sector, this inequality remains unchanged.

Many development planners believe that development of tourism industry is the key factor for sustainable development. This industry can play an effective role in national, regional development as well as diversifying the national and regional economies. One of the consequences of tourism industry is its impact on regional income change and income distribution together with its economic and social effects.
This paper investigates the relationship between tourism industry development and income inequality among the provinces. For estimating the research model a panel data regression method with cross-section/ period Fixed Effects Testing model for the period of 2000- 2014 was utilized.
The paper found that there is a negative and significant between tourism industry development and income inequality among the Iran's provinces such that by developing of tourism industry, as it is, the inequality of income among the provinces will be decreased. Moreover, the increase of agricultural activities and increase of per capita public expenditures will decrease of income inequality among the provinces while the increase of production and export of industrial goods will increase of income inequality among the provinces.
Introduction In recent decades, the tourism industry has been increasing in both developed and developing countries. This industry has had a positive impact on economic growth through gaining foreign exchange and investment, increase of tax revenues and create job opportunities. Therefore in case of developing tourism industry in provinces the income equality would be declined.
The income inequality among the Iran's provinces is increasing such that during 2000-2014 years the per capita income of the top province to the last one increased from 3/78 to 6/2 As a result of the increase of income inequality, people of border- situated provinces migrating to center-situated provinces that led to worsening the income distribution against more underdeveloped provinces. Since in the five-year development plans instead of whole economy, economic sectors were highly considered therefore as a result of ignorance of balanced growth of the sectors the income inequality of the provinces was devastated. Accordingly, this paper is searching to find a response to decrease the income inequality among Iran's provinces through developing the tourism industry.
Materials and Methods In this study, for analyzing data a panel econometric model has been used, because this model constitutes both time series and cross section data such that estimation problems like autocorrelation and co-linearity will not occur. Therefore, these estimates are valid and more reliable. Meanwhile, in this research variables of agricultural activities, industrial exports and per capita public expenditure were utilized as independent variables.
The empirical findings confirm a long-run equilibrium relationship between the tourism industry, at its current position, decrease income inequality significantly.
Discussion and Conclusion In order to attain sustainable development, by considering the negative relationship between the tourism industry and income inequality in all provinces of the country, the research recommends to the government improving infrastructure for develop tourism industry in all provinces specially in provinces with high natural capabilities and low per capita income. Moreover, the government can facilitate tourism industry through some financial policies like tax and insurance reduction incentives and technical and credit subsidies. .
Conclusions The estimated regression model showed that the development of tourism industry improves income distribution significantly. Meanwhile, increase of agricultural production, industrial exports and the per capita public expenditure caused to a reduction in income inequality.

This way, the most efficient methods for estimating the impact of factors is considered. The present paper, the effect of different variables including (government spending, openness, foreign direct investment, inflation, exchange rate fluctuations) on economic growth in the period 1393-1382, the Islamic elect developing countries (Iran, Indonesia, Jordan Kuwait, Malaysia, Egypt, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Turkey and the United Arabic Emirates) using panel data is used. The results suggest that foreign direct investment on economic growth in selected countries of developing more effective. Another result is that four variables (such as government spending, foreign direct investment, inflation, exchange rate fluctuations) on economic growth show a positive effect. Only economic openness on economic growth of the countries surveyed has a negative effect.

In recent decades, the growth of the tourism industry has been one of the most important factors in increasing economic activity in the world. Tourism based environmental issues have been always considered. The main purpose of the present study is to examine the environmental effect of tourism in 55 selected developing (including Iran) and developed countries during 2005-2012. For this, panel data method has been used. The results indicate that the impact of tourism on the environmental performance is positive for developed countries, while the effect is negative in developing countries. The other results of this study show that energy intensity, the urban population, the Industry, value added and the Population density have a negative and significant effect on the environment while the human development index and the degree of trade openness have a positive impact on environmental performance. According on the results, developing tourism is recommended, but the environmental performance should be priority to create sustainability in the industry.
According to the annual report issued by WTO in 2015, the number of tourists in 1980 was only 280 million. In 1995, that number increased to 528 million, while nowadays, demands in this sector have increased fast and the number of tourists in 2014 has reached 1.1333 billion, increasing the earnings in this area to $1245 billion. All these measures and statistics indicate a developing and accelerating trend in tourism industry. However, such developing and accelerating trend has increased environmental concerns. Increasing trend in tourism industry and the importance of the environmental phenomena within the past few decades together with the ramifications of such a trade on the environment, studies on the effects of tourism on the environment seem essential and of great importance. Now, the question is “what are the effects of tourism on the environment within developing and developed countries?”
Some scholars have differing views regarding the impacts of tourism on industry. Some believe that developments in tourism (as a factor leading to the enhancement and improvement of lifestyle) have positive impacts on the environment. On the other hand, some others argue that tourism is accompanied with the process of destroying the environment resulting from the overuse by people, overuse of natural resources, and pollution. Therefore, the second group of scholars believe that developments in tourism would result in negative consequences for the environment.
In order to test the research hypotheses, panel data method was applied. This method combining time series and cross-sectional, information-rich environment for the development of estimation methods and provides the theoretical results. To choose between methods of compilation least squares, Fixed Effects (FE) and Random Effects (RE) Chow test (F- Limer) and Hausman test is used. According to statistics, the Hausman test, the null hypothesis that there is a random effects model to estimate confirmed and fixed effects approach is rejected.
In order to assess the impacts of tourism on the environment, the following model has been applied:
In the above model, EPI represents the environmental performance index of a country, HDI is the human development index, EI is the energy intensity, INDUS is the Industry, value added, POP is the Population density, URB is the index of urbanization ratio, OPEN is the degree of openness for trade economy, and TOUR is the index for the tourism (the number of tourists in each country). Furthermore, is the error component. Data regarding INDUS, URB, POP, OPEN, and TOUR have been obtained from the official website of the World Bank. In addition data related to EPI, HDI, and EI have been obtained from Yale University, United Nations Development Program, and International Energy Statistics (a website), respectively.
It has to be mentioned that in model 1, the index of human development represented the role of such variables as income per capita, education, and health and has a significant impact on the environment (Gürlük, 2009; Samimi et al., 2011). In addition, increase in energy intensity could lead to the destruction of environments (Alam et al., 2007; Shim, 2006) since a major amount of greenhouse gases released around the world is in the form of CO2 that arises as a result of burning fossil fuels. With regard to the impact of urbanization ratio and the degree of economic openness, differing views exist. In other words, some scholars consider the role of such variables as positive, while some others consider them as harmful.
Discussion and Findings of model 1, obtained by the application of Panel data show that in developed countries, tourism has a positive impact on the environment. Nonetheless, it has damaging impacts on the environment of developing nations. Therefore, the hypothesis in the current study is confirmed for developing countries. Findings obtained regarding the damaging impacts of tourism on the environments of developing countries are in line with hypotheses put forward by Goudie and Viles (2013). In addition, the positive impact of tourism on the environment of developed countries confirms the hypotheses put forward by Mieczkowsky (1995). Considering the fact that the HDI is positive, it could plays a major role in the enhancement of EPI. and degree of trade openness has a positive and significant effect on the environment. energy intensity, the urban population and the industry value added, Population density have a negative and significant effect on the environment of developing and developed countries.
The aim of conducting the current study was to investigate the impact of tourism on the environment. For this purpose, 55 countries (developing and developed) over the years 2005-2012 were selected and the theory of negative impacts of tourism on the environment was tested on them by the application of panel data method.
According to the findings obtained, HDI and OPEN had a significantly positive impact on the environments of both groups of countries. The energy intensity, Population density and urban population had a negative and significant impact on the environment of selected countries. In addition, industry value added and the Population density showed a negative impact on the environment. The impact of tourism on the environment for both groups of countries was obtained differently. Specifically, the impact in developing countries was significantly negative. Therefore, the following could be suggested within the framework of findings in the current study:In addition, it seems that control and optimization of fuel consumption, promotion of environmental culture and introduction of environmental programs, public involvement, and the promotion of tourism culture are essential.

People interact with their surroundings naturally. When the individuals decided to launch own firm in the special area, they compelled to consider the effect of human factors in their action. The importance of this subject is shown continuing their activities, the success or failure of firms and as well as providing social and economic development in the region. Since entrepreneurs and policy makers by awareness of these factors to improve own and different areas of the country will be able to target very precisely.The aim of this study is to survey the impact of human factors on the industrial enterprise formation in Iran’s all provinces. This is a descriptive, cause-effect study which thehuman factors explained in three indexes of population, household income and the unemployment rate and the econometric model is estimated by using panel data. The required data has obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran, for the period 2007 - 2011 specialized for the 30 provinces and using of Eviews.6 and Stata.12 software and analyzed by fixed effects model. The research results confirmed the significant regression equation. Also it showed that three human factors of population, household income and unemployment rate have a negative and significant effect on the industrial enterprise formation in Iran’s provinces.

Today the concept of tourism has been found to be quite different from the past. In other words، it is seen as an economic imperative. Tourism affects national employment levels، increases foreign exchange earnings، thrives local industry، expands of international cooperation، and most importantly، improves the welfare of the people. And many other factors caused world ''s attitude to the border it evolved as one of the most important driving forces of economic development، government policy will play an important role. Iran is one of the world''s major tourist hubs. This study investigates the effects of tourism on human development in selected countries (57 countries)، including Iran، using a panel data model. In this study، the Human Development Index is used to estimate the effect of tourism on development. Panel data regression model has been used in the present study to examine the impact of tourism on human development for selected countries over the period 2005-2011. The sample includes both developed as well as developing countries. The model is specified as follows: Where، expresses the human development index، health-related expenses، the number of foreign tourists to the country، life expectancy and education indicators are related expenditure (all variables are entered by the log). Discussion and Based on the Hausman test، fixed effects method used as appropriate method of estimation. The estimated value of the F statistic shows the regression is significant. The coefficients of the variables in the model represents a significant and positive relationship with Human Development Index. This means an increase in each of the components، namely education، health، life expectancy and the number of tourists will increase the human development index which in turn means an improvement in the living standards in the country. Tourism as one of the components of the service sector has played an important role especially in developing countries in promoting growth and development. The estimation results indicate that the number of foreign tourists has a positive and significant impact on the human development index. This result is not unexpected. Tourism encourages the flow of foreign currency and employment and also improves health، education، and welfare while alleviating poverty and inducing economic growth. Therefore concentrating on tourism as an important component of service industry enables countries to achieve development goals. Regional and international organizations can speed up this process.

Today tourism is considered as one of the most extensive activities in the areas of cultural، economic and …. Development of tourism for countries that are facing problems such as high unemployment rates and limited financial resources، it is crucial importance. So at least in order to diversify the sources of economic growth and foreign exchange earnings and also create employment opportunities as a result، reduce poverty and improve living standard، the tourism industry is an important. Because poverty is a major problem in developing countries in this paper، is studied the relationship between tourism and poverty reduction in 6 selected developing countries (southwest asia area) in the period 1997-2009 by panel data method. Estimate results show that international tourism receipts are effective factors on poverty in the countries studied and a unite increase in this variable leads to increase of 0. 002 on the human poverty index.