جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Iron age » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The city of Divandarreh is one of the most important geographical and climatic regions of Iran and Kurdistan and belongs to the geomorphological units of East of Kurdistan and Sanandaj-Sirjan. In terms of natural landscape, it has high plains surrounded by a mountain dam. Based on the archaeological investigations of the city of Divandarreh and its proximity to the historical sites of Ziviyeh and Takht Suleiman, as well as the existence of explored sites in the aforementioned region, it is undoubtedly a historical region that have not yet been fully Study. The present study deals with the investigation of 56 Iron Age settlements in the Divandarreh region identified during the archaeological field surveys of 2018. The main questions are how settlements and environmental variables affect the formation of Iron Age settlements. This methodically and appropriately interpret the distribution of Iron Age sites in the district using field and library studies and the application of the geographic analysis model. The research has shown that the site location pattern is evident in relation to environmental factors such as elevation and water resources in the formation and cultural interaction of Iron Age habitats. The research area has a suitable climate, low horizontal hills in the plain, direction of agriculture, dependence of settlements on water resources in a linear way shows permanent and seasonal settlements. To give Also, the study of influential environmental factors in the kernel density model determined the highest density of sites in the central and western parts of the region.

Qara-Hasanlu is an area that, due to its location in the middle of the Ardabil plain, is of great importance in the archaeological studies of the region. During the archeological exploration in this area, various examples of pottery finds were obtained, which have not been researched so far. Advanced research based on library and field studies; It seeks to introduce, typology and relative chronology of the pottery of the mentioned area through the study of pottery obtained from the results of Qara-Hasanlu excavation and their comparative comparison with other places. The main question of this research is posed as follows; According to the variety of pottery types and matching them with other areas, the chronology of the pottery of this area reaches which period? The research findings show that its pottery includes all kinds of bowls, jars, Cebu, pot and pot, which are among the pottery of Iron I and II and historical period (Ashkan). The pottery of this area has similar types with other regional and extra-regional areas, including the north and northwest of Iran. Finally, according to the other cultural data obtained, the relative chronology of the site can be interpreted in such a way that this site was probably settled for the first time during the Iron Age I and II and after a gap period. Once upon a time, Parthian people turned this place into a ritual place by building an adobe platform on this hill and settled in this area temporarily and in some seasons.

One of the predominant statistical methods in archaeological predictive modelling is logistic regression. The probabilistic model created by this method is appropriate for the purposes of this paper. When the dependent variable can be studied as a binary value, the logistic regression method is applicable. In this statistical approach, the binary value is referred to as the dependent variable with the value for the presence/absence of the archaeological site. The results in the probability value between 1 and 0. Environmental factors are defined as independent variables, and logistic regression calculates the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable, as well as the probable value of the dependent variable at all points on the map. With such an approach to statistical concepts and the use of logistic regression models with data from archeological field studies, this article analyzed and interpreted the results in the area of Bijar city in Kurdistan province. A total of 71 Iron Age sites as input for predictive modeling led to the presentation of an optimal proposal to prepare the model for such approaches in archeology. The results not only help save time and money and increase the accuracy of archaeological investigations for future projects, but also show a predictive accuracy of 90.4% by indicating areas of high probability and reducing the scope of investigation. It has also been shown that the independent variables of rivers and settlements had the greatest impact on the model's output and on the formation of areas in the landscape.

One of the critical tasks of archaeological studies is to illustrate in detail the geometric properties of pottery fragments. The illustrations are presented as classification and typological concepts for the potteries of a historical period. They are used to investigate the cultural and social structures of that period. Nowadays, most similar studies are conducted by numerical methods and mathematical modeling. This research examines the feasibility of using these methods and algorithms in the classification and typology of ancient potteries. What is important at first glance is introducing a set of geometric properties of the outer profile of the pottery fragments, which are entered to the algorithms in the form of RTC functions. These functions show unique features for an outer profile which are used in the classification and typology of the fragments. The classification of samples is accomplished based on RTC functions and by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The samples are categorized in bowl, jug and jar classes with nearly 95% accuracy. The designed ANN is a three-layer network with one hidden layer that includes two neurons. Network outputs are numeric codes 0, 1 and 2 which refer to bowl, jug and jar profiles, respectively. In the following, by correcting the erroneous samples and out of a total of 209 pottery designs, 128 (61.2%), 42 (20.1%) and 39 (18.7%) samples were placed in bowl, jug and jar categories, respectively. After classification, the typology of the available samples within each class is also performed by the Neighbor Joining (NJ) algorithm. According to the NJ algorithm, the bowl, jug, and jar samples are distinguished by 83, 22 and 27 types, respectively. The accuracy of the typology method is also evaluated between 95 and 97%.

Kheibar is one of the big Tell sites of Kermanshah province and central Zagros, and considering the dimensions and size of the site, the selection of a point for the excavation was considered one of the important issues in the exploration strategy of this site. Therefore, the expedition of excavation was determined at the beginning of the field excavations to find out the condition of the remains under the surface in the places where the architectural structures are completely buried. In this regard, the first season was dedicated to Geophysical Prospection, which was done by the Magnetic method. One of the goals of this survey was to locate structures and clarify the condition of the buried remains at the top of the site, for this reason, an area of ​​3000m2 was investigated. The anomalies in this section indicated the presence of heated structures that were probably brick structures. Considering the scattering of Iron Age bricks on the surface of this section and the importance of Tapeh Kheibar as an important Iron Age center, the excavation expedition hoped to find architectural remains from this period by excavating this area. excavation (Summer 2018) of two 10 x 10 trenches in the area of ​​anomalies revealed the remains of brick structures, which are the remains of two large rectangular brick pillars made of Iron Age bricks. The result of the excavation showed that the Iron Age bricks were reused in a secondary context, in a large building of the Parthian period. This showed that although the Geophysical Prosecution was able to provide useful information about the location and nature of the buried remains in the investigated area, the reuse of these materials in the ancient period made the expedition far from obtaining the answer to its question. Therefore, it should be noted that the issue of the reuse of old materials or the cycles of use and reuse of cultural materials in multi-period sites may increase the complexity of fieldwork issues and even in cases such as the current experience cause confusion.

Under the influence of space-making factors and forces, human settlements have always been changing and evolving by influence of various internal and external processes. In the meanwhile, human settlements, as a part of geographical systems, which themselves are composed of related components, affected by their spatial location, have been interacted with or related to the environment. Among them, the role of environmental-natural factors is very prominent in the spatial organization of human settlements; Because the formation, continuation or abandonment of settlements is based on the use of water and soil resources and sometimes their durability and stability is in the presence or absence of natural resources. Environmental and natural contexts provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of human settlements, but some of them have more stable conditions than other factors. These parameters are slope, altitude, water resources, soil and land potential. The present study is a descriptive-analytical one that investigates the settlement patterns and distribution of Iron Age sites in the Middle Atrak basin. In order to achieve the research objectives, 6 natural factors including the site area, altitude, slope, of the site distances from water sources, communication routes, type of vegetation and soil have been selected as effective factors in establishing settlements and have been analyzed using statistical methods in GIS and SPSS software. Investigation of Pearson correlation coefficient on the area of sites with altitude factor is 0/480 and the type of soil where the sites are located is 0/490. These two figures are strong and positive and indicate a high relationship between the site area and these two factors. Relationship between the site areas with the distance from permanent water sources, communication paths and slop, the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0/830, 0/880 and 0/810 respectively. This figure shows the relationship of high, strong and inverse level of significance between area and water resources, land slope and communication path. Pearson correlation coefficient shows that the relationship between the area of the sites and vegetation is 0/389. This figure shows the average relationship. It seems that natural settings have had a great impact on the location, expansion and physical development of Iron Age settlements and the sites of this period have been formed in two parts of sedimentary plain and mountainous region. So that the Iron Age people have chosen a different patterns of living and settlement to adapt to the environment of the Atrak river basin. A very large group of sites is ones that have good access to pastures on the edge of the plain, are located on high slopes and have a small area, indicating that seasonal sites with dryland farming and livestock subsistence economy. The second group is three sites located on low slopes, at the bottom of the plain with rich sedimentary soils, next to communication routes and water sources, and their area is much larger than the first group and show that permanent villages with livestock and agriculture are. Finally, the third group is a site that is the largest area in the region and its location in a strategic area and on the communication route, which controls two plains and the possibility of a central area such as the city, is not far from the mind.

The study of subsistence economics is an approach that uses the biological remains of humans, animals, and plants and the use of various sciences to reconstruct the economy and food system of different ancient human societies. This article studies the livelihood and economic system of the cultural sphere of northern Iran during the Iron Age, which ranged from the second half of the millennium to the first half of the millennium BC, examining the cultural-economic structure, the most important indicator of which is how the social interaction in the framework of the living system with the ecology of the study area (Savad Kuh) based on archaeological findings. The primary purpose of this study is to explain the livelihood costs and economy of Lefour Iron Age Cemetery. The main question is: To what extent can the plant and animal species identifiable in Lefour play a role in the livelihood economy? The present study is based on the archaeological field method, laboratory; library methods are used to analyze and compare data. According to the suitable living conditions of the region's ecology and climate, the research results are reconstructed to reconstruct Lefour's living pattern and the type of human-environment relationship in the area in a cultural-economic interaction. According to the economic systems of agriculture and animal husbandry, they are interconnected parts of a socio-economic system despite formal differences. Archaeological studies of the area indicate the existence of a hunter-gatherer, farmer, and farmer community in the Iron Age.

The cemetery of the Pardis Tepe, located in Qarchak of Tehran province, is a valuable historic landmark of the Iron Age which has been discovered in the excavations of these bronze wire objects. Despite the historical importance of the metal objects discovered in Tehran, no independent research has been carried out on the metal objects obtained from this site, in terms of technological and pathological aspects, using laboratory and methodological methods. The aim of this paper was to study a bronze rod found in Tepe Pardis, in terms of species and application, regarding technical questions about elemental combinations and the method of making and technological position of the study area. For this purpose, instrumental analysis methods such as AAS, SEM-EDS were used to identify the alloying technique, the chemical composition of the alloy, and metallography to identify the manufacturing method. Historical studies of the object attributed it to the Iron Age. Based on elemental data analysis, the composition used to make copper-tin alloy objects (bronze) and microstructure analysis by metallography, these objects were made by continuous thermal / mechanical operations. Depending on the results of the XRD test, cuprite, malachite and nantokite compounds were identified in corrosion products. Due to the significant presence of Nantokite, it can be said that the object has active corrosion.

This study is an attempt to investigate the death landscape of the Iron Age in the Central Qaradagh Region of Eastern Azerbaijan. The mountainous zone of the Central Qaradagh has a semi-arid climate. It has been one of the main access passages of Eastern Urmia Lake to the Southern Caucasus in the prehistoric era. According to the evidence obtained from archaeological investigations, during the Iron Age, in this area, we are mostly faced with living systems that are not dependent on stable settlements. There are rarely much evidences left except graves and some evidence of temporary residence. The ecological features and the lack of soils suitable for agriculture have prevented the formation and development of settlements systems in this area. Based on the clay fragments and graves shape, the collection of the archaeological evidence obtained from this area is included under the Iron Age. The death landscape deals with the relation between the funerary evidence and the geographical landscape deals with the social and ideological aspects. What is the most important in the relation between the ancient graves and the environment is the non-arbitrariness of their location. In this regard, through the use of the GIS, the logic of the graves distribution can be clarified and they can be sociologically and ideologically interpreted. In order to do so, the environmental and cultural information of the graves and the areas enclosed in this region must be investigated and analyzed. The most important criterion for graves distribution in the death landscape of this region is the different types of these graves that can be marked in different ethno-sociological groups.

Characterization of chemical and microscopic features of corrosion layers covering archaeological iron objects is an important subject to understand conservation conditions of the archaeological metals and to help conservators for decision-making for long term preservation of archaeological objects. There are many archaeological iron objects in museum collections that are discovered from different archaeological excavations. Iran is one of the important regions in ancient metallurgy and many metallic objects and collections have been found from archaeological sites from different periods of this region. In this paper, an analytical study was established and undertaken on the corrosion layers and products on some archaeological iron objects to identify corrosion morphology and mechanism occurred during the long term burial time. The iron objects are discovered from archaeological excavation from “Pahlooj” a Sasanian cemetery in Savadkouh region, Mazandaran, northern Iran. The iron objects are now maintained in Kolbadi museum of Sari, the capital of Mazandaran province. The corrosion morphology and mechanism were observed and examined in these iron objects by optical microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray radiography as well as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analytical methods. The results showed that a thin corrosion crust has been formed on the surface of the metal. The corrosion crust observed in the samples presents a multiple layer structure that may be formed due to changes occurred during burial time as well as post-excavation conditions. The main corrosion products are consisting of different iron oxides and hydroxides. In fact, the corrosion morphology and mechanism of the iron objects of Pahlooj archaeological sites is due to long-term burial in a moderately corrosive soil environment. The aim of identifying deterioration process is to propose preventive conservation matter and provide proper situation prior and during excavation. Providing proper situations for storing samples after excavation need to obtain a situation with low amount of oxygen and humidity. One of the methods in this matter is to use moisture absorbers.

Context of the archaeological findings is an important part of these artifacts and many useful information, regarding the provenance, application and dating of findings must be determined considering the characteristic of corresponding context. In some cases, the context of an historical objects is missing and hence, the accuracy of the information regarding the historical object is unsatisfactory. However, some types of laboratory experiments are able to provide the required information regarding the archaeological context of the object. In this study, it was tried to find the context of five gray Iron Age pottery pieces belong to the Museum of Ancient Iran. In order to identify and measure the elements in sediments and body of the samples, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) technique was used. Also, to identify the anions present in sediments on the samples, ion chromatography (IC) technique was employed. The results showed that, the sample MB-1 and MB-2, on the basis of elements present, have the same context, where the specifications are very close to the cemetery. Also, based on the high concentrations of calcium carbonate deposits in the chemical composition of MB-3, this sample could be related to the kitchen or floor of a residential area. Regarding the samples termed MB-4 and MB-5, as the results of elemental analysis showed the presence of some elements such as potassium, magnesium, iron, and titanium and, a positive correlation of these elements with each other, as well as a negative correlation between potassium and magnesium with Si, the context ought to be associated with fire, such as oven and grill found in the kitchen. Results of polarized light microscopy (PM) also showed a close correlation and structural similarity based on the type of tempering with gray earthenware tempering, traditionally used during the Iron Age, which are clay minerals having relatively smooth and homogeneous texture in all the samples.

This article tries to look at the jewels of the ancient Luristan (nowadays Luristan province and some parts of Ilam and Kermanshah provinces)، and to have a survey on this precious art and its typology. These jewels have been gathered by way of many scientific and unscientific excavations at last decades in the ancient sites like: Kalmakareh، Varkaboud، KalVali، Sorkh Dom، Kamtarlan (Kaftarlan)، ChoghaSabz، Mir Vali، Dom Avizeh، Badavar، Chaman، Bardbal، Shurabeh، Piravand، Paigal and KotalKalKal in Luristan، Ilam and Kermanshah. These jewels often have been found in female graves. Bronze Age in Iran contains years from 3000 to 1500 BC. Iron Age in Iran includes years from 1500 to 550 BC. Our most important purposes are: 1. A survey on techniques of making and decorating in the Luristan jewelry. 2. Typology and semiology of the Luristan jewelry based on form، material، usage and motifs. Researchers believe these handmade artifacts to be native and territorial. Also they think that these artifacts had formed in a long process and with combination ofnative experiences with the art of adjacent cultures (Assyria، Babylon، Elamite، Mitanni and Urartu)، and the art of immigrant tribes like Kassite، Gutian،Lullubi،Hurrian and Scythian. These jewels have at least twelve different materials، including: bronze، iron، glass، agate، azure، seashell، diverse stones، glass paste، ivory، bone، gold and silver. Metallic items have been built with two techniques: molding and hammering. Also these jewels have at least twelve dissimilar types and usages، including: Pins، bracelets، necklaces، earrings، pendants، cuffs or leg decorations، rings and seals، headbands، ouches، buttons، mirrors and fillets. The studied items belong to the historical range of Bronze Age and Iron Age in Iran (from third since first millennium BC). We have traced these artifacts in the Iranian museums like: National museum of Iran، Reza Abbasi museum and FalakolAflak museum، also in the world important museums like: Louvre museum، Metropolitan museum of art، Boston museum، Cleveland museum and Zurich museum، and in the private collections like: David – Will collection، Ackerman - pope collection، Stora collection and Mouza collection. Research data have been gathered in a library and museum survey. Research method is comparativeanalysis of forms and materials ofjewels. We have tried to classify them، to have a total typology. There are many different artistic decorations on these handmade artifacts. Patterns like: gods and goddesses، man، various kinds of animals (like: snake، lion، goat، ram، deer، eagle، vulture، fish، bull، rooster، duck، gopat and shirdal، etc.) and plants (like: lotus، pomegranate، tree of life، clover tetramerous، etc.)، animals with human faces، hunting scenes and geometric motifs. These designs are sometimes too delicate and realistic، and sometimes abstract and mysterious. They have buried these jewels with their owners as an ornament for the life after death. But how can we interpret their motivations of making these artifacts? Maybe their need for fertility، hope for victory over the enemy، fear of the unknown life after death، or trying to ward off evil spirits.

The site of Qoli Darvish is located in the central plateau of Iran. It is considered as a significant region in this Plateau. By research through this region, it’s possible to answer some ambiguities,questions, and archaeological challenges of the second and third millennium in the margin of the central desert of Iran. Concerning the special geographical location of Qom city, its being located in the route of important highways of trade-cultural communications, and also its role in linking different cultural centers in Iran, all lead us to choose this site for more investigation.The features of Iron Age’s cultures at Qoli Darvish and also the presence or absence of Medes in this region will be discussed.The aim of this research is to analyze the reasons which show Qoli Darvish is not attributed to Median period. This issue is investigated via library method. In other words, this research has been done on base of gathering the resources, theories, & related data.In the end, in accordance with analyzing present findings, the considered questions will be answered.Finally, it is concluded that according to different evidence such as figurines, earthenwares and engraved bricks and also due to severe destruction of Qoli Darvish’s brick structure, we cannot attribute this site to the Median period definitely.