Parent

Adolescence is associated with many challenges, including behavioral problems. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of solution-oriented therapy and intervention based on parent-child interaction on behavioral disorders of middle school students.

The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all first and second high school students with behavioral problems in the second education district of Kerman in the academic year of 1402-1403. 45 students from the mentioned community were screened and selected as the final sample and were replaced in two experimental groups (intervention based on parent-child interaction and solution-oriented therapy), 15 people and a control group (15 people) in a completely random way. The data collection tool included the Achenbach Child Behavior Problems Inventory (CBCL). To analyze the data, the method of mixed analysis of variance with repeated measurement and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used with SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-cook interaction training were effective on internalized (anxiety, depression, withdrawal and physical complaints) and externalized (law-breaking behavior and aggressive behavior) problems and caused These problems have been reduced. Also, the results showed that solution-oriented therapy was more effective in reducing internalized problems and externalized problems compared to parent-cook interaction training (P<0.05).

The conclusion of the present study showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-child interaction training have an effect on the behavioral problems of adolescents, and these approaches can be used to improve their behavioral problems.

Measuring the way adults respond to the needs of children with chronic diseases is of therapeutic and research importance due to its effect on the course of the disease and children's symptoms.

The purpose of this research is to validate and prepare a norm table for the Persian version of the questionnaire of Adults Responses to the Symptoms of Children.

The current research design is descriptive and of instrument validation type, which had three sub-studies. The statistical population of this research was formed by the parents of children aged 4 to 16 years who had chronic diseases and visited 17 Shahrivar Hospital in Rasht between the winter of 1400 and the spring of 1401. Two hundred ninety parents were selected by consecutive sampling and answered the Adult Responses to the Symptoms of Children Scale (ARCS) and Pianta Parent-Child Relationship Scale (CPRS) with informed and voluntary consent.

The items of each dimension had the highest correlation with the total score of that dimension. The correlation coefficients of the items with the dimensions of the ARCS questionnaire, respectively, in the dimension of supportive and monitoring behaviors in the range of 0.35 to 0.72, the dimension of protective responses in the range of 0.44 to 0.73 and the dimension of small number of signs in the range 0.53 to 0.66 were calculated. In addition, the results of the regression analysis showed that the score of different dimensions of the ARCS questionnaire was able to significantly explain the variance of the scores of the parent-child subscales of Pianta. The amount of explained variance of the subscales of Pianta's parent-child relationship measure was obtained in the dimension of conflict (20%), closeness (34%), dependence (36%) and overall positive relationship (19%), respectively.

The present study showed that the ARCS questionnaire has satisfactory reliability coefficients for use in the Iranian parents' community.

Parents of children with phenylketonuria experience a significant care burden due to the provision of continuous care. It will be easier to bear if parents are self-efficacious in providing care. Follow-up care can be supportive in this regard. This study was conducted to determine the effect of implementing the continuous care model on the self-efficacy and care burden of parents with a child with phenylketonuria.

The present study is a semi-experimental study that was conducted in 2019 at the clinic of Amin Shahr Hospital in Isfahan. 72 parents of children with phenylketonuria were first selected by the available method and randomly assigned to two groups of 36 people, test and control. In the test group, the follow-up care model was implemented in four months. The control group received the usual training. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire, Zarit care pressure, and Domka parental self-efficacy, which the participants answered before and one month after the study.

In the test group, the average self-efficacy after the study was significantly higher than before, but there was no significant difference in the control group (P < 0.05). The average self-efficacy before the intervention was not significantly different between the two groups. The average care burden after the intervention was significantly lower than before in the test group, but there was no significant difference in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the average care burden before the intervention. Still, after the intervention in the test group, it was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05).

The implementation of follow-up care for parents with a child with phenylketonuria increases self-efficacy and reduces the burden of care. Therefore, it is suggested to use this model during discharge for this target group.

Behavioral and personality traits of family members, especially the parents can affect a child's behavior. According to high prevalence of mental disorders in Iran, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between personality disorders in parents and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.

A cross-sectional-analytical survey was performed in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years in Ilam and its suburbs, west of Iran, 2018-2019. A total of 1022 children and adolescents were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and data were collected using Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Data analysis was done applying descriptive statistics and calculation of odds ratio with 95% confidence interval.

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 10.80% in boys and 8.15% in girls. The most prevalent disorders in boys were depression (0.81%), enuresis (3.67 %), hyperactivity (1.84 %), and specific fear (1.22 %) and in girls separation anxiety (4.17%) was more common. Findings showed significant direct relationships between depressive personality disorder in mothers and depression in children (OR= 1.07, 95% CI: 1-1.14, P=0.02) and between depressive personality disorder in fathers and nocturnal enuresis in children (OR= 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.14, P=0.02), and also between avoidant personality disorder in fathers and specific fear disorder in children (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1-1.20, P=0.04).

In this study, we observed high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents that are significantly linked to the personality traits of parents and should be taken into account in making diagnosis and designing interventions.

The current study was conducted with the aim of phenomenology of the lived experience of hearing teenagers with hearing impaired parents in Isfahan City.

The investigation of this research was qualitative and based on the descriptive phenomenology approach that was conducted in 2018. The participants were selected by purposive sampling among hearing teenagers with parents with severe and profound hearing loss in the schools of Isfahan, and there were ten of them. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were used and the life experiences of hearing teenagers with hearing impaired parents were investigated through interviews with them. The duration of the interviews was between 56 and 80 minutes.

 The results of the interviews were classified into seven main categories and 38 subcategories after extracting themes. The first main category was parental acceptance, which included subcategories such as deaf parents' acceptance, willingness to communicate with parents, and parents' social acceptance. The second main category was cultural values and its subcategories included cultural differences, respect for cultures, and awareness of cultural values and beliefs. The third main category was the cycle of emotions, which included subcategories such as feelings of incompetence and weak self-efficacy in parents, emotional instability, feelings of shame and doubt, anxiety and stress, feelings of loneliness and the need for empathy. The fourth main category was social conditions, which included sub-categories such as inappropriate attitude towards deaf people, inappropriate reactions of others, social distance, poor information, inappropriate social interaction and lack of attention to social justice. The fifth main category was knowledge and thinking, whose sub-categories were parents' ignorance, hearing and deaf people's misunderstanding of each other, duality in the way hearing and deaf people think, deaf parents' lack of attention towards their children's future. The sixth main category was support networks with subcategories such as insufficient support from parents, weak support from formal and informal institutions, and lack of coordination between support sources. The last main category was life challenges, which included subcategories such as behavior management, expectations, inadequate services, financial problems, and worry about the future.

Based on the findings, the analysis of the lived experience of hearing teenagers with hearing-impaired parents showed that they are affected by the hearing status of their parents in different ways; therefore, these categories can be used to design educational and psychological programs for hearing teenagers with hearing-impaired parents.

Colic is a common disease of infancy that affects the mental health of parents. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parents' quality of life and infant colic and Islam's view on this issue.

A cross-sectional comparative study was performed on the parents of infants with infantile colic in the hospital of the Pediatric Medical Center in 2009-2010. As a control group, comparisons were made with the parents of infants who did not have infantile colic. Data were collected using a parent demographic checklist and the SF-36 questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical tests.

Quality of life in two areas of emotional rehabilitation (P = 0.015) and pain (P = 0.017) was significant in the regression model. Increasing one unit of emotional rehabilitation decreases the infant's chances of developing colic by 3%, and increasing one unit of pain increases the infant's chances of developing colic by 1%. Quality of life in the area of energy-fatigue was significant. In Islamic view the healthy life style is affected on children’s health and the best way for health promotion of child is Islamic life style.

According to the results and valuable order in Islamic view, health care providers can reduce the stress of pregnant mothers with functional suggestions based on cultural and religious infrastructures, and as a result, provide them with more relaxation during pregnancy.

Background &

Adolescence is a period between childhood and adulthood that make up a large part of the world's population, in many countries, about 40 to 50 percent of people are under 18 years of age, and this is the important of paying attention to It shows the mental and behavioral health of teenagers. This period is characterized by the increase of stress factors in different areas of life in a way that is full of conflict and fluctuation between dependence and independence. During the changes specific to this period, teenagers may show certain behavioral problems that can have a great impact on their future and if these behavioral problems are not taken seriously, they will lead to adverse consequences in adulthood. Therefore, emotional and behavioral problems can appear simultaneously or separately during adolescence. Behavioral problems are chronic extreme and deviant behaviors that include aggressive actions or sudden excitement to depressive and withdrawn actions, which internalized and externalizing behavioral problems are the most widely and widely used classification of these problems. The wide range of behavioral problems based on Achenbach's perspective includes two categories of externalized problems such as; Exaggeration, conflict and aggression, as well as internalized problems such as withdrawal, isolation and depression. The research showed that the period of adolescence in relation to the processing of social information leads to many behavioral problems such as aggression, social isolation, etc. Internalized behavioral problems include symptoms of depression/anxiety, withdrawal/depression, and physical complaints that usually bother the individual, and externalized behavioral problems are incompatible behavior patterns that conflict with other people (such as aggression, disciplinary problems, conflict, excitement, delinquency, uncontrollable behaviors, etc.) are placed. In fact, these behavioral problems appear in teenagers and represent the negative effect of these children on the internal and external environment; therefore, while they affect the person himself; they will cause problems for others. Therefore, due to the increasing importance of this type of behavioral problems, the necessity of intervention and training specific to this problem is important. Considering the increasing prevalence of behavioral problems among adolescents in today's Iranian society, and a significant percentage of them are suffering from behavioral problems that can lead to costs for themselves and their families on the one hand, and for society on the other hand; Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the behavioral problems of this group of children, and on the other hand, due to the influence of different approaches, the present study prompted the researcher to use the intervention based on parent-child interaction as a relatively new approach in Iran and compare its effect with the therapy. Solving the gap of previous studies regarding the comparison of the effectiveness of these two approaches on the component of adolescent behavioral problems. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of solution-oriented therapy and parent/child interaction training on behavioral problems (internalization and externalization) of adolescents.

The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all male and female students of the first and second secondary schools in Anbarabad city, Kerman city in the first year of 1402. 45 students from the said community were screened and selected as the final sample and were replaced in two experimental groups (intervention based on parent-child interaction and solution-oriented therapy), 15 people and a control group (15 people) in a completely random way. The data collection tool included the Achenbach Child Behavior Problems Inventory (CBCL). To analyze the data, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test with SPSS-26 software were used.

The findings showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-child interaction training on internalized (anxiety, depression, isolation, and physical complaints) and externalized (law-breaking behavior) problems has been effective and has reduced these problems. Also, the results showed that solution-oriented therapy was more effective in reducing internalized problems and externalized problems compared to Wald-Cook interaction training.

The conclusion of the present study showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-child interaction training have an effect on the behavioral problems of adolescents and these approaches can be used to improve their behavioral problems. Therefore, it is suggested to hold training classes for parents of teenagers with behavioral problems in order to reduce them and improve the mother-child relationship in teenagers to make them resistant to behavioral problems and life challenges. In explaining the results obtained from the present research regarding the effectiveness of parent-child interaction training on behavioral problems, it can be said that this type of intervention and training is a therapeutic method that emphasizes training parents to improve relationships with children and solve their behavioral problems. On the one hand, a harsh, dry, and bigoted family atmosphere makes possible the emergence of behavioral disorders, and on the other hand, many behavioral problems of children and adolescents are rooted in negative parent-child interactions. Parents' negative behaviors such as shouting and threatening strengthen children's negative behaviors such as irresponsibility, which worsens parents' behaviors and this cycle continues. Since parent-child interaction group training aims to break the cycle of parent-child negative behaviors by encouraging positive parent-child interactions, parents' behavioral stability, and parents' use of non-violent discipline techniques, this therapy can have an effective role in reducing children's behavioral problems. It can also be said that in this treatment model, people have the skills to solve their problems, but they are unable to use their strengths and abilities. Considering that solution-oriented therapy emphasizes cognitive processes such as repetition of skills, organization of thoughts, and expansion of daily activities, therefore, it is not far from expected that solution-oriented therapy is more than education. Parent-child interaction can cause a stable reduction of internalized and externalized behavior problems in adolescents.

Family is a safe place for managing the challenges of early adolescence. Adolescents try different roles and situations to find a role and situation that is more in tune with their moods. At this age, they do different things and experiment with everything to find their interests and orientations. Parent–adolescent conflict is a feature of early adolescence that plays an essential role in reshaping family relationships to support the growing needs of adolescent autonomy. The conflict between parents and adolescents is common and somewhat natural. However, the methods of conflict resolution between parents and adolescents and the conflicting behaviors that parents and adolescents engage in are related to adolescent adaptation. Some of these conflicts are between parents and adolescents, and if these challenges are not appropriately resolved, the conflict will persist, resulting in family members' disputes. The main purpose of this study was to explain the strategies for resolving parent–adolescent conflicts from the parent's perspective.

This research was a qualitative study conducted based on the objectivist grounded theory developed by Strauss and Corbin. The study's target population was parents living in Yazd City, Iran, who had conflicts with their adolescents. In the academic year 2018–2019, in coordination with the local education administration, 15 schools (seven primary high schools and eight secondary high schools) were randomly selected. Schools then introduced parents who were in conflict with their teens and needed counseling. By purposeful sampling method, 29 parents (19 mothers and 10 fathers) who had a conflict with their adolescents were selected in Yazd City. The study data were collected using a semi–structured, sound interview method. The interview sessions were held in schools. The duration of each interview varied from 45 to 60 minutes. During the interview, the conversations were recorded with the permission of the participants to collect detailed information. The obtained data were analyzed after the first interview to extract the main concepts and design new questions. The interview process continued until data saturation. Theoretical saturation was obtained after interviewing 29 parents. Microanalysis was performed at three levels of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. To evaluate the reliability and validity of qualitative data, four Guba and Lincoln (2001) validity indices (credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability) were used.

Data analyses for conflict resolution revealed 62 concepts, 10 subcategories, and 3 main categories of passive strategies, destructive strategies, and efficient strategies. Based on the analyses of the statements, 21 concepts and 2 subcategories were included in the main category of passive strategy. The avoidance and accomodating strategies were two subcategories related to passive strategies. The concepts extracted from parents' statements related to passive strategies are named under the concepts, such as silence, neglect, sulk, frowning, taking refuge in social media, abusing of illness, withdrawal, avoidance of position, leaving home, searching intermediator, remarriage, apologizing, and putting a curse. Also, in the analysis of the statements, 21 concepts and 4 subcategories were included in the main category of destructive strategy. The cheating/mocking, hegemonic, confrontational, and repressive strategies were subcategories of destructive strategies. The concepts extracted from parents' statements related to destructive strategies are named under the concepts of intrigue, coercion, conceal, verbal aggression, bullying, disinheriting, physical aggression, chastise, self–Injury, incarceration, showing improper behavior, obstinacy, retaliating, blaming, comparing, humiliating, menace, preach, penalizing, and prohibition. In the analysis of the statements, 20 concepts and 4 subcategories were included in the main category of efficient strategies. The spiritualistic, compromising, conciliatory, and collaborating strategies are four subcategories of effective strategies. The concepts extracted from parents' statements related to efficient strategies are named taking refuge in God, rewriting the story of life, consulting, negotiating, arguing, intangible controlling, reinforcement, coacting, paying attention, behavior correction, punctuality, showing friendly behavior, showing respect, admonishing, pointing out successful ones, not prejudging, helping, correct management, making rules at home, and referring to trouble–free times.

This study showed that when a parent–adolescent conflict happens, the parties take action to resolve the conflict and achieve their goals. People's experiences, knowledge, beliefs, and values provide them with various strategies to resolve conflicts that are sometimes destructive, sometimes passive (destructive), and sometimes effective (constructive) strategies.