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عضویت

جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "Parent" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

  • Yanming Lu*, Daohan Sun
    Background

    This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of prioritizing risk factors of coffee consumption in kindergarten children based on parental perceived changeability and importance. It was conducted in a local Chinese kindergarten, with study participants involving 40 parents.

    Methods

    Qualitative data were generated by conducting semi-structured interviews and analyzed employing a thematic inductive analysis approach.

    Results

    Multiple risk factors related to high doses of coffee consumption in children were identified. Notably, children’s mobile phone use and sleep behavior were considered relatively more changeable and more important risk factors, which should be addressed in intervention development. Moreover, other identified risk factors, including later diner times, physical activity participation, parental coffee consumption before sleep, and parental perceived benefits and barriers of coffee consumption, require further contextual investigation.

    Conclusion

    Future intervention development should target parental influences on children’s coffee consumption and sleep health. The aim should be to promote awareness of sleep hygiene behaviors in both children and parents as a starting point. The intervention development process could be an iterative and back casting approach, necessitating extensive information gathering and in-depth consideration of critically revisiting the existing data to enhance the potential success and effectiveness of the intervention.

    Keywords: Child, Sleep, Parent, Coffee Consumption, Intervention Planning
  • Arash Khalili, Fatemeh Cheraghi, Afshin Fayyazi, Alireza Soltanian, Farshid Shamsaei*
    Background

    Understanding the care needs of parents with epileptic children is crucial, as they experience unique challenges affecting their mental and physical health. 

    Objectives

    This study aims to investigate the needs of parents caring for children with epilepsy.

    Methods

    This is a systematic review study. A search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for related articles published from 1975 to 2023, using keywords “epilepsy”, “children”, “parents”, “caregivers”, “care needs”, and “unmet needs”. The review followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Finally, 30 articles were selected for review after quality appraisal using the critical appraisal skills program (CASP) and strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) checklists.

    Results

    The care needs were identified as psychological, educational, supportive, economic, social, and unmet needs. Parents expressed their supportive, economic, and social needs to reduce the burden of caregiving; their educational needs to cope with epilepsy; their psychological needs to reduce stress and anxiety; and their unmet needs to reduce emotional distress.

    Conclusions

    To improve the health status of children with epilepsy, their parents' care needs should first be considered. The healthcare providers should provide health care services to the parents of epileptic children tailored to the identified needs.

    Keywords: Caregivers, Child, Epilepsy, Parent, Need
  • Forough Riahi, Maryam Izadi-Mazidi
    Background

    The COVID-19 crisis has confronted parents with significant challenges in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry that must be addressed.

    Objectives

    The current study aimed to evaluate the burden of the pandemic on families with children and adolescents diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.

    Methods

    This descriptive study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 92 children and adolescents (age range: 2 - 18 years; mean age: 9.49 ± 4.72) diagnosed with psychiatric disorders participated in the study. The parents (father or mother) of the children were asked to complete an informed consent form, a questionnaire to obtain demographic data, and a questionnaire to gather information about the difficulties parents faced with their children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and Fisher's exact test.

    Results

    The most common challenges parents faced included sleep problems (disruption of the sleep-wake cycle; 58.7%), excessive use of media (54.3%), and significant challenges with eLearning (53.33%). Inactivity (41.3%), difficulty accessing a psychiatrist (32.6%), difficulty accessing other therapists (23.9%), and worsening symptoms (23.9%) were the next most prevalent issues. The results also showed that 80.8% of parents of children with sleep-wake cycle disruptions, 83.5% of parents of children with excessive social media use, and 79.3% of parents of children with educational problems reported conflict with their children; the intensity of the conflict was moderate in most cases. A history of psychiatric disorders in parents did not predict parent-child conflict over the children’s problems during the quarantine (all P > 0.05).

    Conclusions

    Attention to the impact of the pandemic on these patients should guide the care provided by clinicians.

    Keywords: COVID-19, Child, Adolescence, Parent, Psychiatric Disorder
  • Forough Amirabadi, Fatemeh Roshan, Fatemeh Akhavan Fard*
    Background

     Dental anxiety is a challenge faced by dental professionals when treating young children and adolescents. It is caused by several complex factors. This study aimed to investigate the association between different parenting styles and the levels of social anxiety and dental anxiety in adolescents.

    Methods

     The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 126 adolescents aged 12-19 and their mothers at a private pediatric dental clinic in Zahedan in 2021. The convenience sampling method was used to select participants. The Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were employed to measure dental anxiety and social anxiety, respectively. Mothers completed the Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire. Statistical analyses included variance tests, post hoc (Tukey) tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis.

    Results

     According to the findings of this study, the number of mothers with permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles was 4 (3.2%), 9 (7.1%), and 113 (89.7%), respectively. The means±standard deviations (SD) of dental anxiety in the authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles were 45.80±28.0%, 45.31±11.83%, and 35.42±18.49%, respectively. In addition, the mean scores±SD of social anxiety in the authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles were 22.61±17.71%, 48.81±5.24%, and 38.72 ±11.93%, respectively. According to the results, social anxiety and maternal parenting styles were significant and influential factors in dental anxiety in adolescents (P<0.001).

    Conclusion

     This study highlights the significant relationship between dental anxiety, social anxiety, and parenting styles in adolescents. Addressing social anxiety and understanding the impact of parenting styles can help reduce dental anxiety. Interventions should prioritize creating a supportive environment and attending to psychological well-being alongside dental care.

    Keywords: Dental Anxiety, Parent, Adolescents, Psychometric, Pediatric Dentistry
  • مهناز مرتضوی مهریزی*، فاطمه معاذاللهی، محدثه فلاح زاده، زهرا صفری
    مقدمه

    دوره نوجوانی همراه با چالش های متعددی است که از جمله آنها به مشکلات رفتاری اشاره شده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی مقایسه تاثیر درمان راه حل مدار و مداخله مبتنی بر تعامل والد-کودک بر اختلالات رفتاری دانش آموزان دوره متوسطه بود.

    روش کار

    مطالعه حاضر از نوع نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون-پس آزمون همراه با گروه کنترل و دوره پیگیری بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه دانش آموزان دوره متوسطه اول و دوم دارای مشکلات رفتاری ناحیه دو آموزش و پرورش کرمان در سال تحصیلی 1402-1403 بودند. 45 دانش آموز از جامعه مذکور غربال و به عنوان نمونه نهایی انتخاب و به شیوه کاملا تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش (مداخله مبتنی بر تعامل والد-کودک و درمان راه حل مدار) 15 نفر و یک گروه کنترل (15 نفر) جایگزین شدند. ابزار جمع آوری داده شامل فهرست مشکلات رفتار کودک آخنباخ (CBCL) بود. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش آزمون تحلیل واریانس آمیخته با اندازه گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بنفرونی با نرم افزار SPSS-26  استفاده شد.

    یافته ها

    نتایج نشان داد که درمان راه حل مدار و آموزش تعامل والد-کوک بر مشکلات درون سازی شده(اضطراب، افسردگی، گوشه گیری و شکایت جسمانی) و برون سازی شده (رفتار قانون شکنانه و رفتار پرخاشگرانه) اثربخش بوده و موجب کاهش این مشکلات شده است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که درمان راه حل مدار در مقایسه با آموزش تعامل والد-کوک اثربخشی بیشتری در کاهش مشکلات درونی سازه شده و مشکلات برون سازی شده داشته است (05/0<p).

    نتیجه گیری

    نتیجه گیری مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که درمان راه حل مدار و آموزش تعامل والد-کوک بر مشکلات رفتاری نوجوانان تاثیر داشته  و می توان از این رویکردها در بهبود مشکلات رفتاری آنها استفاده نمود.

    کلید واژگان: درمان راه حل مدار, مداخله مبتنی بر تعامل والد, کودک, اختلالات رفتاری, نوجوانان
    Mahnaz Mortazavi Mehrizi*, Fateme Maazallahi, Mohaddese Fallah Zade, Safari Zahra
    Introduction

    Adolescence is associated with many challenges, including behavioral problems. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of solution-oriented therapy and intervention based on parent-child interaction on behavioral disorders of middle school students.

    Methods

    The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all first and second high school students with behavioral problems in the second education district of Kerman in the academic year of 1402-1403. 45 students from the mentioned community were screened and selected as the final sample and were replaced in two experimental groups (intervention based on parent-child interaction and solution-oriented therapy), 15 people and a control group (15 people) in a completely random way. The data collection tool included the Achenbach Child Behavior Problems Inventory (CBCL). To analyze the data, the method of mixed analysis of variance with repeated measurement and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used with SPSS-26 software.

    Results

    The results showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-cook interaction training were effective on internalized (anxiety, depression, withdrawal and physical complaints) and externalized (law-breaking behavior and aggressive behavior) problems and caused These problems have been reduced. Also, the results showed that solution-oriented therapy was more effective in reducing internalized problems and externalized problems compared to parent-cook interaction training (P<0.05).

    Conclusion

    The conclusion of the present study showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-child interaction training have an effect on the behavioral problems of adolescents, and these approaches can be used to improve their behavioral problems.

    Keywords: Solution-Oriented Therapy, Parent, Child Interaction Training, Behavioral Problems, Adolescents
  • یاسمن لاریجانی، سجاد رضائی، عذرا زبردست*، شهره ملک نژاد، بهرام دربندی
    زمینه

    سنجش نحوه پاسخگویی بزرگسالان به نیازهای کودکانی که دارای بیماری های مزمن هستند، به دلیل تاثیر آن بر سیر بیماری و نشانه های کودکان حائز اهمیت درمانی و پژوهشی است.

    هدف

    هدف از این پژوهش اعتباریابی و تهیه جدول هنجار برای نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه پاسخ های بزرگسالان به نشانه های کودکان است.

    روش ها

    طرح پژوهش حاضر توصیفی و از نوع روش شناختی ابزار است که دارای سه زیرمطالعه بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را والدین کودکان 4 تا 16 ساله که دارای بیماری مزمن بودند و در بازه زمانی زمستان 1400 تا بهار 1401 به بیمارستان 17 شهریور رشت مراجعه کردند، تشکیل دادند. به روش نمونه گیری پیاپی تعداد 290 نفر از والدین انتخاب و به پرسشنامه پاسخ های بزرگسالان به نشانه های کودکان (ARCS) و مقیاس رابطه والد-کودک پیانتا (CPRS) با رضایت آگاهانه و داوطلبانه پاسخ دادند.

    یافته ها

    گویه های هر بعد با نمره کل آن بعد بیشترین همبستگی را داشت. ضرایب همبستگی گویه ها با ابعاد پرسشنامه ARCS به ترتیب در بعد رفتارهای حمایتی و نظارتی در دامنه 35/0 تا 72/0، بعد پاسخ های محافظتی در دامنه 44/0 تا 73/0 و بعد کوچک شماری نشانه ها در دامنه 53/0 تا 66/0 محاسبه شدند. همچنین نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشانگر آن بود که نمره ابعاد مختلف پرسشنامه ARCS به طور معناداری توانسته است واریانس نمرات زیرمقیاس های والد-کودک پیانتا را تبیین نماید. میزان واریانس تبیین شده زیرمقیاس های سنجه رابطه والد-کودک پیانتا به ترتیب در بعد تعارض (20 درصد)، نزدیکی (34 درصد)، وابستگی (36 درصد) و رابطه مثبت-کلی (19 درصد) به دست آمد.

    نتیجه گیری

    پژوهش حاضر نشان داد پرسشنامه   ARCS دارای ضرایب  اعتبار رضایت بخش برای استفاده در جامعه والدین ایرانی است.

    کلید واژگان: اعتباریابی, هنجاریابی, بیماری مزمن, والدین
    Yasaman Larijani, Sajjad Rezaei, Azra Zebardast*, Shohreh Malek Nejad, Bahram Darbandi
    Background

    Measuring the way adults respond to the needs of children with chronic diseases is of therapeutic and research importance due to its effect on the course of the disease and children's symptoms.

    Objective

    The purpose of this research is to validate and prepare a norm table for the Persian version of the questionnaire of Adults Responses to the Symptoms of Children.

    Methods

    The current research design is descriptive and of instrument validation type, which had three sub-studies. The statistical population of this research was formed by the parents of children aged 4 to 16 years who had chronic diseases and visited 17 Shahrivar Hospital in Rasht between the winter of 1400 and the spring of 1401. Two hundred ninety parents were selected by consecutive sampling and answered the Adult Responses to the Symptoms of Children Scale (ARCS) and Pianta Parent-Child Relationship Scale (CPRS) with informed and voluntary consent.

    Results

    The items of each dimension had the highest correlation with the total score of that dimension. The correlation coefficients of the items with the dimensions of the ARCS questionnaire, respectively, in the dimension of supportive and monitoring behaviors in the range of 0.35 to 0.72, the dimension of protective responses in the range of 0.44 to 0.73 and the dimension of small number of signs in the range 0.53 to 0.66 were calculated. In addition, the results of the regression analysis showed that the score of different dimensions of the ARCS questionnaire was able to significantly explain the variance of the scores of the parent-child subscales of Pianta. The amount of explained variance of the subscales of Pianta's parent-child relationship measure was obtained in the dimension of conflict (20%), closeness (34%), dependence (36%) and overall positive relationship (19%), respectively.

    Conclusion

    The present study showed that the ARCS questionnaire has satisfactory reliability coefficients for use in the Iranian parents' community.

    Keywords: Validation, Standardization, Chronic Disease, Parent
  • سیمین صفیری، مریم مقیمیان، نرگس صادقی*، لیدا ساسانی
    مقدمه

     والدین کودکان مبتلا به فنیل‏کتونوری بدلیل ارائه مراقبت های مداوم بارمراقبتی قابل توجهی را تجربه می‏کنند. اگر والدین در ارائه مراقبت ها خودکارامد باشند تحمل آن سهل تر میگردد. مراقبت های پیگیر می تواند در این زمینه جنبه حمایتی داشته باشد.  این مطالعه با هدف تعیین تاثیر اجرای مدل مراقبت پیگیر بر خودکارآمدی و بار مراقبتی والدین دارای فرزند مبتلا به فنیل کتونوری انجام شد.

    روش

     پژوهش حاضر مطالعه نیمه‏تجربی است که در سال 1399 درمانگاه بیمارستان امین شهر اصفهان انجام شد. 72 والد کودک مبتلا به فنیل‏کتونوری ابتدا به شیوه دردسترس انتخاب و بصورت تصادفی‏سازی به دو گروه 36 نفری آزمون و شاهد تخصیص داده شدند. در گروه آزمون، مدل مراقبت ‏پیگیر در چهارماه اجرا شد. گروه شاهد آموزشهای معمول را دریافت کرد. ابزار گرداوری داده، پرسشنامه جمعیت‏شناختی، فشار مراقبتی زاریت و خودکارامدی والدینی دومکا بود که مشارکت کنندگان  قبل و یکماه پس از مطالعه پاسخ دادند.

    یافته ها

     در گروه آزمون میانگین خودکارآمدی بعد از مطالعه به طور معناداری بیشتر از قبل بود اما در گروه شاهد اختلاف معنادارنداشت (0/05 >P). میانگین خودکارآمدی قبل از مداخله بین دو گروه اختلاف معنادار نداشت. در گروه آزمون، میانگین بارمراقبتی بعد از مداخله بطور معناداری کمتر از قبل بود اما در گروه شاهد اختلاف معنادار نداشت (0/05 >P). میانگین بارمراقبتی قبل از مداخله بین دو گروه اختلاف معنادار نداشت؛ اما بعد از مداخله در گروه آزمون بطور معناداری کمتر از گروه شاهد بود (0/05 <P).

    نتیجه گیری

     اجرای مراقبت پیگیر جهت والدین دارای فرزند مبتلا به فنیل کتونوری موجب افزایش خودکارآمدی و کاهش بارمراقبتی میشود. لذا پیشنهاد میشود برای این گروه هدف از این مدل در حین ترخیص استفاده شود.

    کلید واژگان: خود کارآمدی, بار مراقبتی, فنیل کتونوری, والد, مراقبت پیگیر
    Simin Safiri, Maryam Moghimian, Narges Sadeghi*, Lida Sasani
    Introduction

    Parents of children with phenylketonuria experience a significant care burden due to the provision of continuous care. It will be easier to bear if parents are self-efficacious in providing care. Follow-up care can be supportive in this regard. This study was conducted to determine the effect of implementing the continuous care model on the self-efficacy and care burden of parents with a child with phenylketonuria.

    Method

    The present study is a semi-experimental study that was conducted in 2019 at the clinic of Amin Shahr Hospital in Isfahan. 72 parents of children with phenylketonuria were first selected by the available method and randomly assigned to two groups of 36 people, test and control. In the test group, the follow-up care model was implemented in four months. The control group received the usual training. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire, Zarit care pressure, and Domka parental self-efficacy, which the participants answered before and one month after the study.

    Results

    In the test group, the average self-efficacy after the study was significantly higher than before, but there was no significant difference in the control group (P < 0.05). The average self-efficacy before the intervention was not significantly different between the two groups. The average care burden after the intervention was significantly lower than before in the test group, but there was no significant difference in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the average care burden before the intervention. Still, after the intervention in the test group, it was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05).

    Conclusion

    The implementation of follow-up care for parents with a child with phenylketonuria increases self-efficacy and reduces the burden of care. Therefore, it is suggested to use this model during discharge for this target group.

    Keywords: Self-Efficacy, Care Burden, Phenylketonuria, Parent, Follow-Up Care
  • Sara Shirdelzade, Monir Ramezani, Peyman Eshraghi, Abbas Heydari *
    Background

     Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are a group of congenital and chronic diseases that cause many difficulties for children and their parents.

    Objectives

     This review aims to identify the needs that they are faced in caring.

    Methods

     This is an integrative review using the method of Whittemore and Knafl (2005). The databases of PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), SID, and Google Scholar were searched in English and Persian without any time and methodology restrictions in October and November 2022.

    Results

     After screening the documents, 19 articles, consisting of 9 quantitative, 7 qualitative, and 3 review studies, were retrieved. Three categories of needs, including children, parents, and the healthcare system, were identified. The most reported needs were related to diet, psychological, social, and financial support dimensions and the necessity of implementing a multidisciplinary and coordinated care approach.

    Conclusions

     Children with IEMs and their parents have many needs that can be satisfied through a multidisciplinary, patient-centered, and coordinated care approach.

    Keywords: Care, Need, Inborn errors of metabolism, Child, Parent
  • مقدمه

    هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثربخشی مهارت های گفت و گو بر تاب آوری و سازگاری مادران دارای کودکان ناتوان جسمی بود.

    روش کار

    جامعه آماری شامل کلیه مادران کودکان کم توان جسمی مشهد بود که در فاصله شهریور تا آبان 1400 به مراکز مشاوره و درمان معلولان جسمی حرکتی مشهد مراجعه کردند. نمونه ها با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمون (30 نفر) و شاهد (30 نفر) تقسیم شدند. ابزارهای تحقیق شامل مقیاس تاب آوری کانر- دیویدسون (CD-RISC) و پرسشنامه سازگاری بل بود. گروه آزمون به مدت 6 جلسه 2 ساعته آموزش مهارت های گفت و گو را دریافت کردند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، ANCOVA و نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد.

    یافته ها

    نتایج نشان داد که اجرا و آموزش مهارت های گفت وگوی تاثیر مثبت و معناداری بر تاب آوری (001/0>P) و سازگاری (001/0>P) مادران دارای فرزند ناتوان جسمی دارد.

    نتیجه گیری

    با توجه به نتایج، آموزش مهارت های گفت وگو نقش مهم و موثری در تاب آوری و سازگاری مادران دارای کودکان ناتوان جسمی دارد.

    کلید واژگان: ارتباط, تاب آوری, سازگاری, ناتوانی جسمی, والد
    Arezoo Neyestani, Hamidreza Ghanbari *, Narges Ebrahimi Sales
    Introduction

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of dialogic skills on the resilience and adjustment of mothers with physically challenged children.

    Materials and Methods

    The statistical population included all mothers of physically challenged children in Mashhad-Iran who were referred to counseling and treatment centers for people with physical disabilities in Mashhad between September 2021 and November 2021. The samples were selected using the convenient sampling method and were randomly divided into experimental (n= 30) and control (n= 30) groups. Research instruments included The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Bell Adjustment Inventory. The experimental group received the dialogic skills training for six 2-hour sessions. Data analysis was performed using the descriptive statistics, ANCOVA, and SPSS software.

    Results

    The results showed that the implementation and training of dialogic skills have a positive and significant effect on the resilience (P< 0.001) and adjustment (P< 0.001) of mothers with physically challenged children.

    Conclusion

    According to the results, dialogue skills training have a significant and effective role in the resilience and adaptation of mothers with physically challenged children.

    Keywords: Adjustment, Communication, Parent, physical disability, Resilience
  • Naeimeh Rouhani, Mohammad Kamali*, Taher Babaee
    Background

    This qualitative study was designed to investigate parental adherence to cranial remolding orthotic (CRO) treatment of infants with positional cranial deformities.

    Methods

    A qualitative content analysis was employed in this study. Researchers sought to find parental behavior while using a CRO for their infant with cranial deformity. Through in-depth and in-person interviews, researchers collected data from 22 participants using semi-structured questions regarding adherence to CRO treatment. Data were examined for patterns until saturation occurred, yielding categories that focused on the parents’ main barriers and facilitators.

    Results

    Two general themes of “potential barriers to CRO treatment adherence” and “potential facilitators to CRO treatment adherence” were extracted from 12 subthemes of parental burden, transportation, availability of CRO services in hometown, financial responsibility, maternal/paternal attachment attitudes, CRO-related problems, others feedback, adjustment to the treatment, motivation and self-confidence, aesthetic satisfaction, communication with orthotist, and wife's empathy/spousal support.

    Conclusion

    Getting time off work, transportation to the orthotics’ clinic, the lack of medical insurance coverage for CRO, reduced physical contact between parents and their child, and getting negative feedback from others were the most reported challenges. However, overcoming the initial difficulties and adjustment to the treatment with CRO, the high motivation of parents during therapy, an orthosis with good fitting and minor complications, a strong relationship between the parents and orthotist, and the father's companionship were revealed to facilitate the treatment process and increase adherence of treatment with CRO.

    Keywords: Parent, Challenge, Cranial Remolding Orthosis, Facilitator, Adherence, Infant, Skull Deformity
  • Fatemeh Torabi, Abdolrasoul Khosravi *, Atefeh Zolfagharnasab Hajizadeh, Leila Nemati-Anaraki, Hamideh Jafari Pavarsi, Alireza Hashemian, Zahra Safaei
    Background and Objective
    Children and adolescents are at risk of experiencing sexual behaviors, which can harm their physical and mental health. Parents must understand gender issues and distinguish between normal and abnormal sexual behaviors to prevent maladaptive behaviors. This study aimed to examine the sexual health literacy of parents and adolescents and their correlation.
    Materials and Methods
    The research conducted was correlational and focused on employees of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. The sample size consisted of 87 parents and 33 children, selected through available sampling between 2020 and 2021. The researcher created questionnaires to measure the sexual health literacy of both parents and children. Data analysis was done using SPSS 23 software and the U-Man-Whitney test at a significance level of 0.5.
    Results
    The Results show that the total score of parents' sexual health literacy is equal to 117.05 and the standard deviation is 17.50. The highest average is related to an understanding with an average of 59.43 and the lowest is related to evaluation with an average of 16.89. It is 108.52 with a standard deviation of 25.56. The highest average is related to an understanding with an average of 54.97 and the lowest is related to evaluation with an average of 15.76. Also, the findings do not show a significant relationship between the level of sexual health literacy of parents and children.
    Conclusion
    The study found no notable correlation between parents' and children's sexual health. However, parents displayed a higher level of health literacy compared to their children. This could positively impact the education of adolescents, given the importance of family-oriented education. Therefore, it is crucial to empower parents to educate their teenagers.
    Keywords: Adolescent, Parent, sexual health literacy
  • عباس ناصری، نورالله یادگاری، یوسف ویسانی، خیرالله اسدالهی*
    سابقه و هدف

    خصوصیات رفتاری و شخصیتی اعضای خانواده بخصوص والدین، می تواند رفتار کودک را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد. با توجه به شیوع بالای اختلالات روانی در ایران، مطالعه حاضر به منظور تعیین ارتباط بین اختلالات شخصیت والدین با اختلالات روانپزشکی در کودکان و نوجوانان انجام شد.

    مواد و روش ها

    در این مطالعه پیمایشی مقطعی (قسمتی از یک طرح ملی که در استان های کشور اجرا شد)، جامعه آماری شامل کودکان و نوجوانان 18-6 ساله شهر ایلام و حومه در سال 1398-1397 بود. 1022 کودک و نوجوان با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چندمرحله ای انتخاب شدند. داده ها با استفاده از مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته پرسشنامه Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) و پرسشنامه میلون به دست آمد، سپس با آمار توصیفی و محاسبه نسبت شانس با حدود اطمینان 95 درصد تحلیل شدند.

    یافته ها

    شیوع اختلالات روانپزشکی در کودکان و نوجوانان(10/80درصد پسران و 8/15 درصد دختران) بود. افسردگی(0/81درصد)، شب ادراری(3/67درصد)، بیش فعالی(1/84درصد)، اختلال ترس خاص(1/22درصد) در پسران و اضطراب جدایی(4/17درصد) در دختران، بیش ترین میزان شیوع را داشتند. بین اختلال شخصیت افسرده در والد مادر و افسردگی کودکان(0/02P=،1/14-1 :CI 95 درصد، 1/07OR=) و بین اختلال شخصیت افسرده خویی در والد پدر و شب ادراری کودکان(0/02P=،1/14-01/1 :CI 95 درصد، 1/07OR=) و هم چنین بین اختلال شخصیت دوری گزین در پدر و ترس خاص در کودکان(0/04P=،1/20-1 :CI 95 درصد، 1/09OR=) ارتباط مستقیم و معناداری مشاهده شد.

    استنتاج

    با توجه به بالا بودن شیوع اختلالات روانپزشکی در کودکان و نوجوانان در مطالعه حاضر و ارتباط معنادار بین برخی از ویژگی های اختلالات شخصیت در والدین با اختلالات روانپزشکی کودکان و نوجوانان، می توان پیشنهاد نمود که در فرایند تشخیص و مداخله های درمانی کودکان و نوجوانان به ویژگی های روانشناختی والدین نیز توجه شود.

    کلید واژگان: اختلال شخصیت, اختلال روانپزشکی, والد, نوجوان, کودک
    Abbas Naseri, Noorollah Yadegari, Yousef Veisani, Khairollah Asadollahi *
    Background and purpose

    Behavioral and personality traits of family members, especially the parents can affect a child's behavior. According to high prevalence of mental disorders in Iran, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between personality disorders in parents and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.

    Materials and methods

    A cross-sectional-analytical survey was performed in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years in Ilam and its suburbs, west of Iran, 2018-2019. A total of 1022 children and adolescents were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and data were collected using Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Data analysis was done applying descriptive statistics and calculation of odds ratio with 95% confidence interval.

    Results

    The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 10.80% in boys and 8.15% in girls. The most prevalent disorders in boys were depression (0.81%), enuresis (3.67 %), hyperactivity (1.84 %), and specific fear (1.22 %) and in girls separation anxiety (4.17%) was more common. Findings showed significant direct relationships between depressive personality disorder in mothers and depression in children (OR= 1.07, 95% CI: 1-1.14, P=0.02) and between depressive personality disorder in fathers and nocturnal enuresis in children (OR= 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.14, P=0.02), and also between avoidant personality disorder in fathers and specific fear disorder in children (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1-1.20, P=0.04).

    Conclusion

    In this study, we observed high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents that are significantly linked to the personality traits of parents and should be taken into account in making diagnosis and designing interventions.

    Keywords: personality disorder, psychiatric disorder, parent, adolescent, child
  • Elaheh Ghorbanikhah, MohammadAli Mohammadyfar*, Shahab Moradi, Mohammadagha Delavarpour
    Objective

    Depression and anxiety are common in children and a major cause of many illnesses and disabilities in this age group; Moreover, parents have the greatest impact on shaping the mental health and well-being of their children and there is a vast literature describing the importance of parenting factors in the development of depression and anxiety in children. 

    Methods

    We used the experimental research design in this study. The sample consisted of 34 children with depression and anxiety who were randomly allocated into ACT on parenting (intervention) and control groups via the randomization method. The intervention group received eight 2-h sessions weekly. The revised child anxiety and depression scale, parent short versions and the self-compassion scale were administered in both groups. The analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and the repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to determine the difference between the intervention and control groups on depression, anxiety, and self-compassion. 

    Results

    ANCOVA and repeated measures ANOVA results showed clinically significant changes in depression and anxiety in children and self-compassion in parents in the intervention group (P<0.001). The Mean±SD of depression in the intervention group was 16.50±0.89 at baseline, which significantly decreased to 2.94±3.27 at post-measure and 2.25±3.35 at follow-up (P<0.001). The Mean±SD of anxiety was 18.19±1.87, which significantly decreased to 7.63±4.34 at post-measure and 7.06±4.52 at follow-up (P<0.001). Additionally, the mean and SD score of self-compassion was 56.43±3.14 in pre-intervention, which significantly improved to 97.18±3.72 in post-intervention and 98.25±4.76 at follow-up (P<0.001).

    Conclusion

    The results show that ACT-based parenting is an effective treatment for depression and anxiety in children. This method also improves self-compassion in parents.

    Keywords: Acceptance-and-commitment-therapy-based parenting, Depression, Anxiety, Children, Self-compassion, Parent
  • Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, Alireza Heiran *, Roya Sahebi, Fatemeh Azadian, Reza Shahriarirad, Mohammadhossein Sharifi
    Introduction
    Like many countries, in our country schools were reopened by September2021, mainly because of massive personal and social costs due to the social distancingstrategies. With the emergence of Omicron variant, questions are raised and still not fullyanswered about the causes of a noticeable increase in pediatric ICU admissions. Currently,schools have reopened. In this retrospective study, the parents’ willingness to September 2021school reopening was investigated.
    Methods
    We extracted data from approximately 3,700 parents. The data gathering tool wasa self-administered, semi-structured, web-based survey, which was filled by the parents fromJuly 18th, 2021 to August 3rd, 2021.
    Results
    Only 38.4% of parents agreed with school reopening. The most common reasonparents were concerned with, irrespective of their agreement status, was full vaccinationof students, teachers, and staff (83.6%); also, the most common concern that might haveenforced the parents to consider school reopening was lower learning achievements at homeusing the online platforms (55.6%). Furthermore, full-time online learning was still themostly preferred mode of reopening by the parents (43.48%).
    Conclusion
    The agreement with school reopening was low among the parents and theirhighest concern was full vaccination of students, teachers, and staff. During the longerclosure, the impact on students will worsen; policymakers should accelerate and encouragethe vaccination of young ages, supply safety measures, and retain the trust of the communityfor school reopening.
    Keywords: COVID-19, children, Student, Parent, School, School reopening, Reopening, Vaccine
  • Hassan Karami*, Bahareh Lashtoo Aghaee, Jamshid Yazdani Charati, Alame Abedi
    Objectives

    Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is a debilitating disorder that has a high prevalence among children. The goal of this study is to evaluate patients’ and parents’ perceptions of health-related quality of life (QoL) for children with FAP.

    Methods

    Between April 2018 and June 2019, a total of 200 children (including 100 with FAP and 100 healthy individuals) and 200 parents participated in this study. The participants completed a health-related QoL scale (pediatric quality of life inventory) that is scored on a scale from 0 (poor) to 100 (best). Children with FAP and their parents were compared to a control group consisting of healthy children.

    Results

    Children with FAP had lower self-report QoL scores (46.97±17.43) compared to their healthy peers (78.69±13.02) and the difference was significant (P<0.05). Parents of children with FAP reported lower QoL scores compared to parents of the control group (45.56±14.19 vs 75.94±15.06, P<0.05) but it was similar to the scores for their children.

    Conclusions

    The present study demonstrated that children with FAP and their parents experience a poor QoL compared to their healthy peers.

    Keywords: Functional abdominal pain, Quality of Life, Children, Parent
  • محمد عاشوری*
    هدف

     آگاهی از تجارب زندگی نوجوانان شنوای دارای والدین با آسیب شنوایی برای بررسی وضعیت زندگی آن ها و ارایه خدمات مناسب ضروری است و به عنوان یک فعالیت انسان دوستانه شناخته می شود. در کشورهای مختلف، خدمات و برنامه های آموزشی و توان بخشی متنوعی به افراد شنوای دارای خانواده نا شنوا ارایه می شود. این مسیله مهم است که برنامه های آموزشی براساس تجربه زیسته این افراد طراحی شود. پژوهش حاضر با هدف پدیدارشناسی تجربه زیسته نوجوانان شنوای دارای والدین با آسیب شنوایی در شهر اصفهان انجام شد. 

    روش بررسی

    این پژوهش از نوع کیفی و مبتنی بر رویکرد پدیدارشناسی توصیفی بود که در سال 1398 انجام شد. شرکت کنندگان به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند از بین نوجوانان شنوای دارای والدین با آسیب شنوایی شدید و عمیق در مدارس شهر اصفهان انتخاب شدند که تعداد آنها 10 نفر بود. برای جمع آوری داده ها از مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته استفاده و تجربه های زندگی نوجوانان شنوای دارای والدین با آسیب شنوایی از طریق مصاحبه با آن ها بررسی شد. مدت مصاحبه ها بین 56 تا 80 دقیقه بود. برای تحلیل داده ها از روش کلایزی استفاده شد. این روش هفت مرحله دارد که به ترتیب عبارت اند از: خواندن دقیق همه توصیف ها و یافته های مهم، استخراج عبارات مهم و جمله های مرتبط با پدیده، مفهوم بخشی به جمله های مهم استخراج شده، مرتب کردن توصیف های شرکت کنندگان و مفاهیم مشترک در طبقه های خاص، تبدیل همه عقیده های استنتاج شده به توصیف های جامع و کامل، تبدیل توصیف های کامل پدیده به یک توصیف واقعی، خلاصه و مختصر و معتبر سازی نهایی.

    یافته ها

    نتایج مصاحبه ها پس از استخراج موضوعی در 7 مقوله اصلی و 38 مقوله فرعی طبقه بندی شد. مقوله اصلی اول، پذیرش والدین بود که شامل مقوله های فرعی از قبیل پذیرش والدین ناشنوا، تمایل به برقراری ارتباط با والدین و پذیرش اجتماعی والدین می شد. دومین مقوله اصلی، ارزش های فرهنگی و مقوله هایی فرعی آن شامل تفاوت های فرهنگی، احترام به فرهنگ ها و آگاهی از ارزش ها و باورهای فرهنگی بود. مقوله اصلی سوم، چرخه هیجان ها بود که مقوله هایی فرعی از قبیل احساس بی کفایتی و خودکارآمدی ضعیف در والدین، بی ثباتی هیجانی، احساس شرم و تردید، اضطراب و استرس، احساس تنهایی و نیاز به همدلی را دربر می گرفت. چهارمین مقوله اصلی، شرایط اجتماعی بود که شامل مقوله هایی فرعی مانند نگرش نامناسب به افراد ناشنوا، واکنش های نامناسب اطرافیان، فاصله اجتماعی، اطلاع رسانی ضعیف، تعامل اجتماعی نامناسب و کم توجهی به عدالت اجتماعی می شد. مقوله اصلی پنجم، شناخت و تفکر بود که مقوله هایی فرعی آن ناآگاهی والدین، درک نادرست افراد شنوا و ناشنوا نسبت به همدیگر، دوگانگی در نحوه تفکر افراد شنوا و ناشنوا، کم توجهی والدین ناشنوا نسبت به آینده فرزندان بود. ششمین مقوله اصلی نیز شبکه های حمایتی با مقوله های فرعی از قبیل حمایت ناکافی از سوی والدین، حمایت ضعیف از سوی نهادهای رسمی و غیررسمی و عدم هماهنگی میان منابع حمایتی بود. مقوله اصلی آخر چالش های زندگی بود که شامل مقوله هایی فرعی مانند مدیریت رفتار، انتظارات، ناکافی بودن خدمات، مشکلات مالی و نگرانی درباره آینده می شد.

    نتیجه گیری

    بر اساس یافته ها، واکاوی تجربه زیسته نوجوانان شنوای دارای والدین با آسیب شنوایی نشان داد آن ها به روش های مختلفی تحت تاثیر وضعیت شنوایی والدین خود قرار می گیرند. بنابراین از این مقوله ها می توان به منظور طراحی برنامه های آموزشی و روان شناختی برای نوجوانان شنوای دارای والدین با آسیب شنوایی استفاده کرد.

    کلید واژگان: شنوا, نوجوان, ناشنوا, والدین
    Mohammad Ashori*
    Objective

    The current study was conducted with the aim of phenomenology of the lived experience of hearing teenagers with hearing impaired parents in Isfahan City.

    Materials & Methods 

    The investigation of this research was qualitative and based on the descriptive phenomenology approach that was conducted in 2018. The participants were selected by purposive sampling among hearing teenagers with parents with severe and profound hearing loss in the schools of Isfahan, and there were ten of them. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were used and the life experiences of hearing teenagers with hearing impaired parents were investigated through interviews with them. The duration of the interviews was between 56 and 80 minutes.

    Results

     The results of the interviews were classified into seven main categories and 38 subcategories after extracting themes. The first main category was parental acceptance, which included subcategories such as deaf parents' acceptance, willingness to communicate with parents, and parents' social acceptance. The second main category was cultural values and its subcategories included cultural differences, respect for cultures, and awareness of cultural values and beliefs. The third main category was the cycle of emotions, which included subcategories such as feelings of incompetence and weak self-efficacy in parents, emotional instability, feelings of shame and doubt, anxiety and stress, feelings of loneliness and the need for empathy. The fourth main category was social conditions, which included sub-categories such as inappropriate attitude towards deaf people, inappropriate reactions of others, social distance, poor information, inappropriate social interaction and lack of attention to social justice. The fifth main category was knowledge and thinking, whose sub-categories were parents' ignorance, hearing and deaf people's misunderstanding of each other, duality in the way hearing and deaf people think, deaf parents' lack of attention towards their children's future. The sixth main category was support networks with subcategories such as insufficient support from parents, weak support from formal and informal institutions, and lack of coordination between support sources. The last main category was life challenges, which included subcategories such as behavior management, expectations, inadequate services, financial problems, and worry about the future.

    Conclusion

    Based on the findings, the analysis of the lived experience of hearing teenagers with hearing-impaired parents showed that they are affected by the hearing status of their parents in different ways; therefore, these categories can be used to design educational and psychological programs for hearing teenagers with hearing-impaired parents.

    Keywords: Hearing, Adolescent, Deaf, Parent
  • فائزه خنجریان، اکرم سادات حسینی*
    مقدمه و هدف

    کولیک بیماری شایع دوره شیرخوارگی است که بر سلامت روحی- روانی والدین اثر دارد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی ارتباط بین کیفیت زندگی والدین با کولیک شیر خواران و دیدگاه اسلام در اینمورد انجام شد.

    روش

    مطالعه مقطعی- مقایسه ای در سال 99-1398در بیمارستان مرکز طبی کودکان بر روی والدین شیر خوارانی که دچار کولیک شیر خواری بودند به عنوان گروه مورد و گروه مقایسه والدین شیر خوارانی که فاقد کولیک شیر خواری بودندانجام شد. داده ها با استفاده از چک لیست دموگرافیک والدین و پرسش نامهی SF-36 جمعآوری شد. اطلاعات با آزمونهای توصیفی و تحلیلی تجزیه و تحلیل شد.

    نتایج

    کیفیت زندگی در دو حیطه بهزیستی هیجانی (015/0P=) و درد (017/0P=) در مدل رگرسیونی معنی دار شد. با افزایش یک واحد بهزیستی هیجانی شانس ابتلای شیر خوار به کولیک 3 درصد کاهش و باافزایش یک واحد درد شانس ابتلای شیر خوار به کولیک 1درصد افزایش مییابد. همچنین با افزایش یک سال سن مادر شانس ابتلای شیر خوار 7 درصد کاهش مییابد. شانس ابتلا به کولیک مادرانی که مصرف چای دارند 30 برابر بیشتر است. کیفیت زندگی در حیطه انرژی- خستگی در مدل رگرسیونی معنادار شد و در مادران دارای شیر خواران کولیکی 3 درصد کمتر بود.

    نتیجه گیری

    با توجه به نتایج و آموزه های غنی اسلام در اینمورد ارایه دهندگان خدمات سلامتی می توانند با پیشنهادهای عملکردی و مبتنی بر زیر ساختهای فرهنگی و دینی در جهت کاهش استرس مادران باردار اقدام نمایند و در نتیجه امکان طی دوره بارداری را برای آن ها با آرامشی بیشتر فراهم نمایند.

    کلید واژگان: کولیک, کیفیت زندگی, والدین, سبک زندگی اسلامی
    Faezeh Khanjarian, Akram Sadat Sadat Hoseini *
    Introduction & aim

    Colic is a common disease of infancy that affects the mental health of parents. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parents' quality of life and infant colic and Islam's view on this issue.

    Method

    A cross-sectional comparative study was performed on the parents of infants with infantile colic in the hospital of the Pediatric Medical Center in 2009-2010. As a control group, comparisons were made with the parents of infants who did not have infantile colic. Data were collected using a parent demographic checklist and the SF-36 questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical tests.

    Results

    Quality of life in two areas of emotional rehabilitation (P = 0.015) and pain (P = 0.017) was significant in the regression model. Increasing one unit of emotional rehabilitation decreases the infant's chances of developing colic by 3%, and increasing one unit of pain increases the infant's chances of developing colic by 1%. Quality of life in the area of energy-fatigue was significant. In Islamic view the healthy life style is affected on children’s health and the best way for health promotion of child is Islamic life style.

    Conclusion

    According to the results and valuable order in Islamic view, health care providers can reduce the stress of pregnant mothers with functional suggestions based on cultural and religious infrastructures, and as a result, provide them with more relaxation during pregnancy.

    Keywords: Colic, quality of life, Parent, Islamic life style
  • پریا افشار پور*، فاطمه منصوری
    زمینه و هدف

    هدف پژوهش حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی درمان راه حل محور و آموزش تعامل والد/کودک بر مشکلات رفتاری (درونی سازی و بیرونی سازی) نوجوانان بود.

    روش کار

    مطالعه حاضر از نوع نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون-پس آزمون همراه با گروه کنترل و دوره پیگیری بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه دانش آموزان دختر و پسر دانش آموز دوره متوسطه اول و دوم شهرستان عنبرآباد شهر کرمان در نبمه اول سال 1402 بودند. 45 دانش آموز از جامعه مذکور غربال و به عنوان نمونه نهایی انتخاب و به شیوه کاملا تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش (مداخله مبتنی بر تعامل والد-کودک و درمان راه حل مدار) 15 نفر و یک گروه کنترل (15 نفر) جایگزین شدند. ابزار جمع آوری داده شامل فهرست مشکلات رفتار کودک آخنباخ (CBCL) بود. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش آزمون تحلیل واریانس آمیخته با اندازه گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بنفرونی با نرم افزارSPSS-26  استفاده شد.

    یافته ها

    یافته ها نشان داد که درمان راه حل مدار و آموزش تعامل والد-کوک بر مشکلات درون سازی شده(اضطراب، افسردگی، گوشه گیری و شکایت جسمانی) و برون سازی شده (رفتار قانون شکنانه و رفتار پرخاشگرانه) اثربخش بوده و موجب کاهش این مشکلات شده است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که درمان راه حل مدار در مقایسه با آموزش تعامل والد-کوک اثربخشی بیشتری در کاهش مشکلات درونی سازه شده و مشکلات برون سازی شده داشته است.

    نتیجه گیری

    نتیجه گیری مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که درمان راه حل مدار و آموزش تعامل والد-کوک بر مشکلات رفتاری نوجوانان تاثیر داشته و می توان از این رویکردها در بهبود مشکلات رفتاری آنها استفاده نمود.

    کلید واژگان: درمان راه حل محور, آموزش تعامل والد, کودک, مشکلات رفتاری, نوجوانان
    Paria Afsharpour*, Fatemeh Mansouri

    Background &

    Aims

    Adolescence is a period between childhood and adulthood that make up a large part of the world's population, in many countries, about 40 to 50 percent of people are under 18 years of age, and this is the important of paying attention to It shows the mental and behavioral health of teenagers. This period is characterized by the increase of stress factors in different areas of life in a way that is full of conflict and fluctuation between dependence and independence. During the changes specific to this period, teenagers may show certain behavioral problems that can have a great impact on their future and if these behavioral problems are not taken seriously, they will lead to adverse consequences in adulthood. Therefore, emotional and behavioral problems can appear simultaneously or separately during adolescence. Behavioral problems are chronic extreme and deviant behaviors that include aggressive actions or sudden excitement to depressive and withdrawn actions, which internalized and externalizing behavioral problems are the most widely and widely used classification of these problems. The wide range of behavioral problems based on Achenbach's perspective includes two categories of externalized problems such as; Exaggeration, conflict and aggression, as well as internalized problems such as withdrawal, isolation and depression. The research showed that the period of adolescence in relation to the processing of social information leads to many behavioral problems such as aggression, social isolation, etc. Internalized behavioral problems include symptoms of depression/anxiety, withdrawal/depression, and physical complaints that usually bother the individual, and externalized behavioral problems are incompatible behavior patterns that conflict with other people (such as aggression, disciplinary problems, conflict, excitement, delinquency, uncontrollable behaviors, etc.) are placed. In fact, these behavioral problems appear in teenagers and represent the negative effect of these children on the internal and external environment; therefore, while they affect the person himself; they will cause problems for others. Therefore, due to the increasing importance of this type of behavioral problems, the necessity of intervention and training specific to this problem is important. Considering the increasing prevalence of behavioral problems among adolescents in today's Iranian society, and a significant percentage of them are suffering from behavioral problems that can lead to costs for themselves and their families on the one hand, and for society on the other hand; Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the behavioral problems of this group of children, and on the other hand, due to the influence of different approaches, the present study prompted the researcher to use the intervention based on parent-child interaction as a relatively new approach in Iran and compare its effect with the therapy. Solving the gap of previous studies regarding the comparison of the effectiveness of these two approaches on the component of adolescent behavioral problems. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of solution-oriented therapy and parent/child interaction training on behavioral problems (internalization and externalization) of adolescents.

    Methods

    The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all male and female students of the first and second secondary schools in Anbarabad city, Kerman city in the first year of 1402. 45 students from the said community were screened and selected as the final sample and were replaced in two experimental groups (intervention based on parent-child interaction and solution-oriented therapy), 15 people and a control group (15 people) in a completely random way. The data collection tool included the Achenbach Child Behavior Problems Inventory (CBCL). To analyze the data, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test with SPSS-26 software were used.

    Results

    The findings showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-child interaction training on internalized (anxiety, depression, isolation, and physical complaints) and externalized (law-breaking behavior) problems has been effective and has reduced these problems. Also, the results showed that solution-oriented therapy was more effective in reducing internalized problems and externalized problems compared to Wald-Cook interaction training.

    Conclusion

    The conclusion of the present study showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-child interaction training have an effect on the behavioral problems of adolescents and these approaches can be used to improve their behavioral problems. Therefore, it is suggested to hold training classes for parents of teenagers with behavioral problems in order to reduce them and improve the mother-child relationship in teenagers to make them resistant to behavioral problems and life challenges. In explaining the results obtained from the present research regarding the effectiveness of parent-child interaction training on behavioral problems, it can be said that this type of intervention and training is a therapeutic method that emphasizes training parents to improve relationships with children and solve their behavioral problems. On the one hand, a harsh, dry, and bigoted family atmosphere makes possible the emergence of behavioral disorders, and on the other hand, many behavioral problems of children and adolescents are rooted in negative parent-child interactions. Parents' negative behaviors such as shouting and threatening strengthen children's negative behaviors such as irresponsibility, which worsens parents' behaviors and this cycle continues. Since parent-child interaction group training aims to break the cycle of parent-child negative behaviors by encouraging positive parent-child interactions, parents' behavioral stability, and parents' use of non-violent discipline techniques, this therapy can have an effective role in reducing children's behavioral problems. It can also be said that in this treatment model, people have the skills to solve their problems, but they are unable to use their strengths and abilities. Considering that solution-oriented therapy emphasizes cognitive processes such as repetition of skills, organization of thoughts, and expansion of daily activities, therefore, it is not far from expected that solution-oriented therapy is more than education. Parent-child interaction can cause a stable reduction of internalized and externalized behavior problems in adolescents.

    Keywords: Solution-Oriented Therapy, Parent, Child Interaction Training, Behavioral Problems, Teenagers
  • Deniz Yorulmaz *, Havva Karadeniz
    Background

    This study was conducted to identify the reasons for vaccine refusal of individuals/parents by analyzing the comments on the pages screened with the keyword vaccine refusal on social media.

    Methods

    Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the study. Within the scope of the study, 7 pages, 216 posts and 3446 comments found with the keyword #vaccine refusalwere analyzed. The comments obtained within the scope of the study were evaluated using content analysis and theme analysis methods. The study data were collected between Sep 1st and 11th, 2020.

    Results

    The comments on vaccine refusal were found to increase in 2018 and 2019, especially in September, October, November, and December. The reasons for vaccine refusal were grouped under 2 themes as individual reasons and vaccine-related reasons as a result of the analysis of the comments. The most commonly used word in the text analysis, consisting of 10,428 words mentioned in the posts, was found to be vaccine (3.2%).

    Conclusion

    Individuals/parents refuse vaccination for reasons such as distrust of vaccine content, disbelief in the need for vaccines, distrust of pharmaceutical companies, previous experiences, like-minded peo-ple/platforms, religious reasons, and preference for alternative health care approaches.

    Keywords: Child, Parent, Qualitative research, Social media, Vaccine, Vaccine refusal
  • طیبه یوسفی احمدآبادی، محمدحسین فلاح*، سید سعید وزیری، سید علیرضا افشانی
    زمینه و هدف

    تعارضات بین والد-نوجوان اگر به‌شیوه صحیح حل نشود، تداوم تعارض را در پی دارد؛ همچنین ممکن است شکل آسیب‌زا به خود بگیرد و این خطر وجود دارد که خانواده به دسته‌بندی‌های مخالف همدیگر تبدیل شود. هدف این پژوهش تبیین راهبردهای حل تعارض والد-نوجوان از دیدگاه والدین بود.

    روش‌بررسی:

     این تحقیق از نوع کیفی بود که به‌شیوه نظریه داده‌بنیاد انجام شد. جامعه مطالعه‌شده، والدینی از شهر یزد بودند که با نوجوانان خود تعارض داشتند. در سال‌های 1397 و 1398پانزده مدرسه (هفت مدرسه دوره متوسطه اول و هشت مدرسه دوره متوسطه دوم) به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب شد. در ادامه از سوی مدارس، والدینی که با نوجوان خود دچار تعارض بودند و نیاز به خدمات مشاوره‌ای داشتند، معرفی شدند. روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند بود. داده‌ها ازطریق مصاحبه عمیق و نیمه‌ساختاریافته و اشباع نظری پس از مصاحبه با 29 والد (نوزده مادر و ده پدر) جمع‌آوری شد. مدت‌زمان هر مصاحبه بسته به شرایط شرکت‌کنندگان از 45تا60 دقیقه متغیر بود. به‌منظور تحلیل استقرایی داده‌ها، رویکرد عینی‌گرای استراوس و کوربین به‌کار رفت.

    یافته‌ها:

     یافته‌های پژوهش شامل 62 مفهوم، ده مقوله فرعی و سه مقوله اصلی (انفعالی، مخرب، کارآمد) به‌منظور تبیین مقوله مرکزی تحت عنوان تاکتیک‌های حل تعارض بود. راهبردهای اجتنابی و خدمتکارانه مربوط به راهبردهای انفعالی، راهبردهای ایتلاف‌گرایانه، سلطه‌گرایانه، مقابله‌ای و سرکوب‌گرایانه مربوط به راهبردهای مخرب، راهبردهای معنویت‌گرایانه، موتلفانه، مصالحه‌گرایانه و توافقی مربوط به راهبردهای کارآمد این پژوهش بود.

    نتیجه‌گیری: 

    تجارب، دانش، باورها و ارزش‌های افراد راهبردهای مختلفی را برای حل تعارض بین والد-نوجوان پیش روی آن‌ها می‌گذارد که این راهبردها گاهی مخرب، گاهی منفعل و گاهی کارآمد است؛ بنابراین فهم راهبردها برای جلوگیری از آسیب فرد، خانواده و اجتماع ضرورت دارد.

    کلید واژگان: والد, نوجوان, تعارض, راهبرد
    Tayebeh Yousefi Ahmadabadi, MohammadHossein Fallah *, Seyed Saeed Vaziri, Seyed AliReza Afshani
    Background & Objectives

    Family is a safe place for managing the challenges of early adolescence. Adolescents try different roles and situations to find a role and situation that is more in tune with their moods. At this age, they do different things and experiment with everything to find their interests and orientations. Parent–adolescent conflict is a feature of early adolescence that plays an essential role in reshaping family relationships to support the growing needs of adolescent autonomy. The conflict between parents and adolescents is common and somewhat natural. However, the methods of conflict resolution between parents and adolescents and the conflicting behaviors that parents and adolescents engage in are related to adolescent adaptation. Some of these conflicts are between parents and adolescents, and if these challenges are not appropriately resolved, the conflict will persist, resulting in family members' disputes. The main purpose of this study was to explain the strategies for resolving parent–adolescent conflicts from the parent's perspective.

    Methods

    This research was a qualitative study conducted based on the objectivist grounded theory developed by Strauss and Corbin. The study's target population was parents living in Yazd City, Iran, who had conflicts with their adolescents. In the academic year 2018–2019, in coordination with the local education administration, 15 schools (seven primary high schools and eight secondary high schools) were randomly selected. Schools then introduced parents who were in conflict with their teens and needed counseling. By purposeful sampling method, 29 parents (19 mothers and 10 fathers) who had a conflict with their adolescents were selected in Yazd City. The study data were collected using a semi–structured, sound interview method. The interview sessions were held in schools. The duration of each interview varied from 45 to 60 minutes. During the interview, the conversations were recorded with the permission of the participants to collect detailed information. The obtained data were analyzed after the first interview to extract the main concepts and design new questions. The interview process continued until data saturation. Theoretical saturation was obtained after interviewing 29 parents. Microanalysis was performed at three levels of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. To evaluate the reliability and validity of qualitative data, four Guba and Lincoln (2001) validity indices (credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability) were used.

    Results

    Data analyses for conflict resolution revealed 62 concepts, 10 subcategories, and 3 main categories of passive strategies, destructive strategies, and efficient strategies. Based on the analyses of the statements, 21 concepts and 2 subcategories were included in the main category of passive strategy. The avoidance and accomodating strategies were two subcategories related to passive strategies. The concepts extracted from parents' statements related to passive strategies are named under the concepts, such as silence, neglect, sulk, frowning, taking refuge in social media, abusing of illness, withdrawal, avoidance of position, leaving home, searching intermediator, remarriage, apologizing, and putting a curse. Also, in the analysis of the statements, 21 concepts and 4 subcategories were included in the main category of destructive strategy. The cheating/mocking, hegemonic, confrontational, and repressive strategies were subcategories of destructive strategies. The concepts extracted from parents' statements related to destructive strategies are named under the concepts of intrigue, coercion, conceal, verbal aggression, bullying, disinheriting, physical aggression, chastise, self–Injury, incarceration, showing improper behavior, obstinacy, retaliating, blaming, comparing, humiliating, menace, preach, penalizing, and prohibition. In the analysis of the statements, 20 concepts and 4 subcategories were included in the main category of efficient strategies. The spiritualistic, compromising, conciliatory, and collaborating strategies are four subcategories of effective strategies. The concepts extracted from parents' statements related to efficient strategies are named taking refuge in God, rewriting the story of life, consulting, negotiating, arguing, intangible controlling, reinforcement, coacting, paying attention, behavior correction, punctuality, showing friendly behavior, showing respect, admonishing, pointing out successful ones, not prejudging, helping, correct management, making rules at home, and referring to trouble–free times.

    Conclusions

    This study showed that when a parent–adolescent conflict happens, the parties take action to resolve the conflict and achieve their goals. People's experiences, knowledge, beliefs, and values provide them with various strategies to resolve conflicts that are sometimes destructive, sometimes passive (destructive), and sometimes effective (constructive) strategies.

    Keywords: Parent, Adolescent, Conflict, Strategy
نکته
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