نشریه مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

  The aim of this study is examine effects of different concurrent training protocols on muscle strength, Testosterone and cortisol serum levels in young wrestlers. 

  41 young men (18-25 year-old) were randomly divided in 5 groups: 1.endurance-strength training with 8 hours inter-Session recovery (ES8) 2.Strength- endurance training with 8 hours inter-Session recovery (SE8) 3.Strength- endurance training without recovery (SE0) 4.Endurance-strength training without recovery (ES0) 5.Control (CON). The experimental groups performed Strength training 4-8 repetitions ،85-100% 1RM and endurance training with running 10-30 minutes at 70-85 percent of final speed of IFT 30-15 test. Frequency of Session was three times a week for eight weeks. The blood sampling was performed after 12 hours fasting in 8-9 am to evaluate serum cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) concentration. One–way ANOVA and paired t-test was applied for examining training effects (α=0.05) and η2 for evaluate effect size. 

  The result of study showed that significant difference was between SE8 with SE0, ES0 and CON on lower body strength (p=0.04, p=0.004, p=0.004). Lower body strength improved after ES8, SE8 training (10% and 17%). Upper body strength increased after ES8, SE8, and SE0 with no difference between the groups (5%, 10% and 4%). 

  Cortisol concentration decreased in SE8 (-8%). The results indicate that performing strength and endurance training with 8 hours recovery between training could improve upper and lower body strength in young wrestlers.

  Inactivity and incorrect eating habits are the most important factors in the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, due to the importance of preventing metabolic diseases, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of selenoprotein P, glycemic and body composition indices in women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

 The present study was a quasi-experimental study in which women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 25 of whom were randomly divided into two exercise (13) and control (12) group. The HIIT protocol was performed for 8 weeks and four sessions per week for 60 minutes each session. Blood samples were taken in pre and post-test to measure serum levels of selenoprotein P and other variables. Statistical analysis of data was performed by using paired and independent t-test by spss21 software at significant level of p <0.05.

  The results was showed that after eight weeks of HIIT in the training group compared to the control group, the amounts of selenoprotein , insulin resistance index, body fat percentage, BMI, WHR and body weight  decreased significantly.

  It seems that HIITcan be suggested as a suitable strategy to improve the levels of selenoprotein P, insulin resistance and body composition indices in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

 Today, the consumption of caffeinated beverages such as coffee has increased among athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of consuming two different doses of coffee on fluid balance, electrolytes and VO2max in active men.

In quasi-experimental studies, 54 trained men (Age: 20.89±1.31 y; Weight: 70.10±8.43 kg; Height: 174.7±5.65 cm; VO2max: 52.16±5.99 ml/kg/min) were randomly selected and  divided  into three equal groups (N=18). All subjects consumed equal amounts of 3 cups of coffee per day for 5 days (balancing stage), on the sixth and seventh day (test stage) subjects of three groups consumed 0, 3 and 8 cups of coffee per day (equivalent to 0, 258 and 688 mg caffeine per day, respectively). with no other dietary caffeine intake, for 7 days. Before and after the intervention, subjects 'body weight was measured, blood samples were taken to examine blood factors, and subjects' VO2max was assessed using the Fox protocol. The measuring of indices changes in subject's body fluids, electrolytes and VO2max in 3 levels of controlled coffee ingesting, were analyzed by multivariate test (MANOVA) and Tukey post hoc in (P≤0.05).

Percent plasma volume changes in ingestion level of 0 (cup / day) was increased significantly (P = 0.013), compared to ingestion level of 3 (cup / day). The mean body weight of subjects at the ingestion level of 0 (cup / day) showed a significant increase (P = 0.001), compared to the other two levels. Concentration of the serum sodium at the ingestion level of 3 (cup / day) showed a significant increase (P≤0.05), compared to the other two levels. There was no changes in the concentration of serum potassium between different levels of caffeine ingestion. Estimated VO2max in the two forms of absolute and relative at the ingestion level of 8 (cup / day), showed a significant decrease (P= 0.003) compared to the other two levels .

Consumption of coffee in different doses reduces body fluids, increases serum sodium concentration and possibly increases sodium excretion and decreases VO2max in active people. Accordingly, considering the importance of maintaining body fluids on the performance of athletes, it seems that coaches and sports professionals have the necessary care in the amount or time of consumption of this drink.

Overweight and obese people who do not engage in physical activity or exercise are usually at risk for certain metabolic, cardiovascular, and type 2 diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of concurrent training (resistance and endurance) on insulin resistance and plasma levels of resistin and glucose in overweight and obese middle-aged men in Yasuj.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design.  The statistical population was overweight and obese men aged 30 to 45 years in Yasuj. The sampling method was purposeful and 30 people were selected as a statistical sample and were randomly divided into two groups of  concurrent training and control. The subjects in the experimental group performed 8 weeks of  concurrent training and 3 sessions per week. Data on insulin resistance,  plasma resistin and glucose before and after concurrent training were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, dependent and independent t-tests at a significant level of p<0.05.

The results showed that insulin resistance, resistin and plasma glucose levels in the post-test in the experimental group were significantly reduced compared to the control group (p <0.05). In contrast, no significant change was observed in all variables in the control group (p > 0.05).

Therefore, it is can to suggest 8 weeks of concurrent resistance and endurance training that were performed in one session as one of the preventive and non-pharmacological methods to improve the metabolic, cardiovascular health status of overweight and obese middle-aged men.

  Today, the use of energizers has become a complex problem in sports. On the other hand, resistance training and Tribulus terrestris have a great effect on controlling oxidative stress, but the interaction of resistance training with Tribulus terrestris and Stanazol on low antioxidant capacity. More reviewed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training with consumption of Tribulus terrestris extract on the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) in the hippocampal tissue of male rats exposed to stanazol.

In this experimental study, 56 male rats with a weight range of 150 to 200 g and a mean age of 8 weeks were selected and included in 7 groups of 8 series including 1) control (C), 2) stanazol (S), 3) stanazol with 100 mg / kg of tribulus terrestris (ST100), 4) Taking Stanazol with 50 mg / kg of tribulus terrestris (ST50), 5) Taking Stanazol with resistance training (SRT), 6) Taking Stanazol with resistance training and 100 mg / kg of tribulus terrestris (SRTT100) and 7) Taking Stanazol with training Resistance and 50 mg / kg of tribulus terrestris (SRTT50) were divided. For eight weeks, the 2-7 groups received 5 mg / kg daily of stanazole peritoneally;  Groups 5-7 performed resistance exercises three sessions a week with an intensity of 30 to 100% of their body weight and groups 3, 4, 6 and 7 received certain doses of tribulus terrestris daily.  One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test was used to analyze the findings (p <0.05).

Consumption of S had a significant effect on reducing SOD, GPX and CAT levels in rat hippocampal tissue (P<0.05), however, SRT significantly increased SOD, GPX and CAT levels (P<0.05), as well as ST50 and ST100. They had a significant effect on increasing SOD and GPX levels (P<0.05). SRTT100 and SRTT50 had a significant effect on increasing SOD, GPX and CAT levels (P<0.05). SRTT100 had a greater effect on increasing SOD levels (P<0.05), while CAT levels had a greater increase in SRTT50 (P<0.05).

 It seems that resistance training and consumption of tribulus terrestris separately have effective effects on improving antioxidant indices, however, resistance training and consumption of tribulus terrestris supplementation can have more favorable effects than any intervention alone on Have antioxidant properties of hippocampal tissue due to stanazole poisoning.

Chronic inflammation as an integral part of cardiovascular disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-intensive aerobic workout caffeine-beetroot supplementation on indicators related to vascular function including endothelial selectin (E-SELECTIN), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in elite  endurance runners.

In this experimental study, 10 elite male runners (age: 27.5±3.8 y, height: 176.7±7.8 cm, BMI: 22.3±1.5 kg/m2 and VO2max 52.2±4.6 ml/kg/min, were selected and with a double-blind, counterbalance, crossover and randomized design, were participated into three short-term conditions with 2 week washout. 1: high dose (9.6 mmol nitrate and 400 mg caffeine), 2: low dose (4.8 and 200) and 3: placebo. Subjects consumed 250cc of the supplement twice daily. Aerobic exercise included 5-km high intensity indoor running.

intervention, conditions and time effects with MANOVA repeated measures and bonferroni statistical analysis tests showed that the short term beetroot-caffeine supplementation (intervention effect) had no significant effect on E-SELECTIN and GDF-15, but decreased TNF-α (p=0.038). Also, that increased the GDF-15 (p=0.024), TNF-α (p=0.0001) and E-SELECTIN (p=0.047) and the supplementation after seven days (time effect) decreased the levels of TNF-α (p=0.033), GDF-15 (p=0.021) and E-SELECTIN (p=0.004) following exercise. 

an increase in the variables after exercise and decrease after seven days of the supplementation, indicates that may improves cardiac dysfunction caused by intensive aerobic exercise.

 Nerve cell growth factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) cause neuronal plasticity and survival in the brain. The survival of neurons can delay the effects of aging. Improving physical fitness factors can increase the risk of falling down and the treatment cost. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of circuit training on serum levels of NGF and physical fitness factors in elderly females.

This present study was a quasi-experimental research design with pre-test and post-test, among 23 elderly women (age: 64.84±3.2 years, weight: 72.71±7.45 kg and height: 157.09±3.61cm) that were divided into training (n=12) and control (n=11) groups. The training group performed selected circuit training, including 12 aerobic and resistance exercise for the lower and upper torso and central muscles of the body for three sessions per week with an intensity of 40 to 60% of 1RM for an hour and 8 weeks. Physical fitness factors has been measured and fasting blood sampling were taken 48 hours before the after the training protocol. Nerve growth factor was assessed by ELISA method. Shapiro-wilk test was used for normal data distribution, analysis of variance (ANOVA) 2 × 2 and independent t-test were used at a significance level of α <0.05 in data analysis.

 Inter-group comparison of the results showed that eight weeks of circular training significantly increased NGF level (p≥0.001) as well as improved cardiovascular endurance (p = 0.004), muscle endurance (p≥0.001), performance ( P = 0.009) and physical reduction (p = 0.005)..

Regular circuit training could improve the physical fitness factors and also delay the neurological index in elderly women.

 Proteins such as p38α and HSP70 are considered as potential factors for type 2 diabetes disorders treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate eight weeks of High-intensity Interval Training and caffeine consumption on p38α and HSP70 protein expression in the liver of diabetic rats.

50 male Wistar rats with an age range of 2-3 months were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 rats in each group: Healthy control (C), Diabetic control (D), Diabetic with Training (D+T), Diabetic with Caffeine treatment (D+CA), and Diabetic with Training and Caffeine treatment (D+ T + CA). The training program consisted of 8 sessions and 5 sessions per week (6 to 12 2-minute sessions with an intensity of 85-90% of maximum speed) and 70 mg / kg of Caffeine soluble with saline was injected every day for five days. Western blotting was used to evaluate p38α and HSP70 proteins. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and if a statistically significant difference was observed, Turkey test was used to determine the location of intergroup differences.

 HSP70 protein levels were significantly different in healthy and diabetic mice. High-intensity Interval Training and caffeine consumption significantly increased HSP70 protein compared to the supplement + diabetic group (P=0.001). exercise + supplement group had a greater effect on increasing p38α than other diabetic groups, but this difference was not significant (P=0.96).

 High-intensity interval training and caffeine can play an effective role in counteracting damage of diabetes by increasing the expression of HSP70 in the liver.  However, high-intensity Interval Training and caffeine consumption have no effect on p38α expression in the liver of diabetic rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different exercises on the expression of FGF and TGF genes in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats.

For this purpose, 32 Male Wistar rats with an average weight of 250 g were prepared. Mice randomly divided into four equal groups of control, moderate intensity training, and high intensity training and high intensity intermittent training. The training groups participated in moderate-intensity, high-intensity, and high-intensity interval training programs for 8 weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, rat liver tissue was extracted and stored at -80 ° C and the amount of TGF and FGF gene changes was determined using Real time PCR. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test used to examine the differences between groups of variables. SPSS-24 used for data analysis.

 The results showed that there was a significant difference in the expression of TGF and FGF between the groups (control, HIT, HIIT and MIT) (p = 0.0005) (p = 0.001).The results of Tukey test showed that there was a significant increase in TGF gene expression among training groups (HIT, MIT, HIIT) compared to the control group (P = 0.001)In addition,  There was also a significant increase in FGF gene expression among training groups (HIT, MIT, HIIT) compared to the control group (P = 0.001).

In the present study, it was shown that three training methods, MIT, HIT and HIIT, increase the expression of TGF and FGF in liver tissue, but it seems that the expression of these genes in MIT training was more than HIT and HIIT.

Aging is associated with increased functional and morphological alteration in cardiac tissue which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Recently Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) is suggested as anti-aging factor in cardiac tissue, so the present study aimed at investigating the effect of aerobic and resistance training on cardiac tissue levels of GDF11 in elderly rats.

 Twenty four elderly male rats were used and divided into 3 groups: control, resistance training (Climbing the ladder with a resistance of 55 to 85% of a maximum repetition, 3 sessions per week) and aerobic training (swimming with a load equal to 3-6% of body weight, 4 sessions per week, 45 minutes per session). After eight weeks, heart weight and GDF11 levels of cardiac tissue were assessed.

  The results of one-way analysis of variance test showed that resistance and aerobic training increased GDF11 of cardiac tissue by 5.1% and 4.6%, respectively; however, the changes were not statistically significant (p= 0.59). Also, comparing to the control group the heart to body weight ratio was 5.9% and 3% lower in both resistance and aerobic training groups, respectively (p= 0.67).

The trend of changes in GDF11 levels and heart to body weight ratio observed in the present study supports the proposed role for GDF11 in the control of aging related pathological hypertrophy. However, it seems that training, at least with the intensity, duration and type used in the present study, does not have a significant effect on the levels of this protein.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT) swimming on TNF-α and TLR4 in rats with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

rats aged 6 to 8 years were randomly divided into healthy (n = 20) and patient (high fat diet (HFD)) (n=20) groups. The HFD lasted for 8 weeks until the rats became infected with NASH. After induction of the disease, the patient group was randomly divided into 2 groups: patient- inactive (n=10), patient-swimming (n=10); Also, the healthy group was divided into two groups: healthy-inactive (n=10) and healthy-swimming group (n=10). The HIIT swimming exercise consisted of 14 20-second swimming sessions with a 10-second break between each session (three days a week for eight weeks). In the intermittent exercise of the load in the first week, the weight was 7% of the body weight of each rat and 1% was added to it every week. TLR4 protein was measured from liver tissue by Western blotting and TNF-α from serum. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test (p <0.05) were used to determine the differences between the groups.

in healthy-swimming and patient-swimming groups there was a significant decrease in the TNF-α variable compared to the sedentary patient (P=0.001) and in the TLR4 variable in the healthy-swimming group relative to the patient. There was a significant decrease in  inactive (P=0.04) and a non-significant decrease in the patient-swimming group compared to the sedentary patient (P=0.87).

This type of exercise in patients with NASH had a greater effect on TNF-α than TLR-4 and in general, it can be said that HIIT swimming training are useful on the level of liver inflammation in NASH patients.

Exposure to arsenic through drinking water is a widespread public health problem that is associated with an increased risk of several consequences, including inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effect of aerobic training on the amount of paw edema and IL-6, TNF-α and CC16 levels in rats exposed to arsenic.

In this experimental study, 32 male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, arsenic, training and arsenic+training. Arsenic  was consumed  five mg/kg/day orally (gavaged) for eight weeks. Aerobic training was conducted  for eight weeks (five sessions/week, each session for 10 to 30 min with a treadmill speed of 10 to 25 m/min, at slope of 5%. ELISA and plethysmometer methods were used to measure serum IL-6, TNF-α and CC16 levels and the amount of rat paw edema, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests at the p<0.05 level.

Arsenic exposure elevated IL-6, TNF-α and CC16 levels (For all three variables p=0.001) in rats exposed to arsenic, but had no significant effect on paw edema (p=0.8). Training intervention decreased arsenic-induced serum levels of IL-6 (respectively p=0.001, p=0.02,  p=0.001), TNF-α (respectively p=0.001, p=0.02,  p=0.03) and CC16 (respectively p=0.03, p=0.001,  p=0.008) compared to the control, arsenic and arsenic + exercise groups  (p=0.8). However, training had no significant effect on rat paw edema (p <0.05).

While, arsenic exposure leads to an increased serum IL-6, TNF-α and CC16 levels in rats exposed to arsenic, aerobic exercise seems to can reverse this inflammatory response. However, more researches remains to be done because of the study limitations and lack of similar evidence in human population.

The use of resistance training along with dietary supplements are the most widely used methods that improve strength and increase muscle hypertrophy and improve performance in athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training with milk protein concentrate supplementation on serum follistatin and myostatin levels and muscle hypertrophy in novice bodybuilders.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study and its statistical population consisted of beginner bodybuilders aged 20 to 35 years who participated in this study as 40 subjects. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups of exercise - supplement, exercise - Placebo, supplement and control were divided. Subjects from both training groups participated in an eight-week resistance training program three sessions per week. The supplement groups consumed a 30-gram pack of milk protein concentrate daily for eight weeks between lunch and dinner meals and immediately after exercise. Data were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance and correlated t-test.

 The results showed that resistance training with and without supplementation led to a significant increase in serum folate levels (p = 0.001), muscle volume (p = 0.001) and muscle strength (p = 0.001) and a significant decrease. Serum myostatin levels (p = 0.002) were higher than the control group. The results also showed that supplementation of milk protein concentrate without exercise had no significant effect on serum folate and myostatin levels, muscle volume and muscle strength in novice bodybuilders (P <0.05).

Considering the significant effect of resistance training on hypertrophy factors, it can be concluded that resistance training with milk protein supplementation for eight weeks can affect the acquisition of strength and muscle mass of novice bodybuilders.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of resveratrol and aerobic exercise on the expression of genes involved in thermogenesis and lipid profile in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice.

Thirty-two male mice with a mean weight of 16±4 g were randomly divided into four groups (n=8).  1. Resveratrol (Res), 2. Control, 3. Aerobic exercise (Exe), 4. Resveratrol+Aerobic exercise (Res+Exe). The mice received resveratrol by gavage five times/week for eight weeks. The exercised mice trained on a treadmill for eight weeks, five sessions/week with an average intensity of 65-50% of maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max). Adipose tissue was extracted after completing the research protocol and 24 hours after the last training session, subcutaneous adipose tissue was extracted and the expression of genes (PGC1a, FNDC5, UCP1, PRDM16, and SIRT1) in adipose tissue was measured using Real-time PCR.

 The results showed that the levels of FNDC5, SIRT1, and UCP1 in the adipose tissue of Res mice were higher than the control group.  Also, the expression of PGC1α, FNDC5, UCP1, PRDM16, and SIRT1 in the adipose tissue of Exe mice was higher than the control group. The markers of thermogenesis and genes involved in adipose tissue browning were significantly in the Res+Exe group higher than the Res and Exe groups.  The levels of HDL in the Res+Exe group were higher than the control group and the levels of LDL, triglyceride and total cholesterol were lower in the Res+Exe group than the control group.

 Aerobic exercise and resveratrol have a significant synergistic effect on increased thermogenesis and increased expression of UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1α, SIRT1, and FNDC5 compared to Exe and Res group alone.  Increased expression of FNDC5 in subcutaneous adipose tissue following modification of aerobic exercise and resveratrol is modulated by SIRT1.