فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Identification of the marine mammals’ suitable habitats is one of the requirements for coastal ecosystem conservation plans in southern Iran. A total of 42 points of Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) presence were collected based on direct and random observation from late autumn to late winter of 2021. Depth map was created using a logarithm ratio model with a coefficient of determination of 0.784 and along with bed slope, channel width, average channel depth and width, channel length, channel width ratio and channel depth ratio (relative to the channels connected to it) were submitted into the Maxent model as predictor variables. The porpoise habitat suitability map was produced with an area under the curve of 0.887 for training and 0.832 for test data. According to the results of the Jackknife test, depth with an S-shaped response curve had the largest contribution (50.23%) to predicting suitable habitats of the porpoise. The suitability of the porpoise habitats increased with increasing depth and average channel depth, while the probability of the species' presence decreased with increasing slope, channel width, average channel width and channel length. The two variables of channel width ratio and channel depth ratio had insignificant effects on the probability of the species' presence. Moreover, an area of 4400 ha (10.6% of the total area) was identified as suitable habitat. Since these areas cover a small percentage of the study region and commercial fishing is performed more in such deep areas than the shallow waters, it is important to protect deep waters and reduce the resulting conflicts of interest with humans, thus ensuring the long-term survival of porpoise in the region. Therefore, it is necessary to outline porpoise conservation projects in deep areas and focus on efforts aiming to alleviate conflict with humans.

Reproductive performance of dairy cows plays an essential role in the efficiency of the herd and its economy, and indices have been defined to evaluate it. These indices can be affected by various conditions such as the climatic conditions and herd density. Although a large number of dairy cows in Fars province are kept in small farms, but information about their reproductive performance is not available. The purpose of this study was to assess reproductive traits in smallholder dairy farms in Fars province and investigate effects of climate and herd size on it. Reproductive events of 586 cows in selected farms in the cold, temperate and warm climates of Fars province which categorized base on herd size were recorded during one year (from 2017 to 2018) and using them, reproductive traits including the length of pregnancy, Voluntary waiting period (VWP), the numbers of open days (DO) calving interval (CI) and the numbers of service for each conception were calculated. Also, by calculating the number of calves per number of productive cows in herd (including pregnant heifers and dairy and dry cows) and the total number of cows in the herd, the reproductive efficiency of productive cows and the whole herd were calculated. Using analysis of variance tables, the effects of climate, herd size and their interaction on the calculated indices were investigated. The overall mean±standard deviation (SD) of the length of pregnancy, VWP, DO and CI were 278.97±4.70, 83.62±20.12, 104.35±30.04 and 383.34±30.73 days and the numbers of service for each conception was 1.56±0.71 times. The GL, VWP and CI differed significantly (p < 0.05) between warm and cold regions. The herd size alone was not influenced studied traits but in interaction with geographical regions, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in VWP, DO and CI between warm and cold regions in herd size 15-21 cows. Means±SD of reproductive efficacy were 54.32±21.27 and 38.20±19.30 % in productive and total cows, respectively, which were not significantly affected by climate and herd size. Unlike climate, herd size has no effect on reproductive performance indicators of small farms in Fars province and although these indicators are not ideal, but they are more desirable than the other reports from Iran.

The most appropriate way to maximize profitability through breeding is to use economic coefficients of traits along with genetic evaluation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic coefficients of production, reproductive, performance and risk traits in farms in Ardabil, Khalkhal, Nir and Germi counties based on the collected data and market conditions in 1400, using a bio-economic model. The economic coefficient of the traits was calculated using MATLAB software with a unit change in the mean of the desired trait if other traits remain constant in their mean. The studied traits included milk production, milk fat, calving interval, production lifespan, daily weight gain before and after weaning, birth weight, adult body weight, survival rate before and after weaning. The economic coefficients for Ardabil city are 15501/17, 556278, -78829/41, 18325/85, 607695/31, 1984509/5, 47849/36, -34521/69, 676066/77, 3174287/11 Rials, respectively. Khalkhal city 12154/83, 555009/65, -156539/61, 17409/81, 1058103/07, 3480949/26, 83976/43, -43347/37, 3814230/34, 6371210/65 Rials, for Nir city 15281/13, 490212/7,-128232/97, 64858/19, 898225/59,2932385/16,70725/61,-49044/99,2503282/56 5036932/8 Rials and for Germi city 27118/6, 448803/94, -130308/28, 15699/58,908827/54,2990291/35,72192/17,-54554/8,3024142/99,5006904/32 Rials per cow per year were calculated in all production systems The highest income was related to milk sales and the lowest was related to elimination heifers. It was also found that the cost of nutrition has the largest share of the total variable costs. Among non-nutritional costs, manpower costs were the most important factor in increasing costs. The results of the sensitivity test showed that economic coefficients are the most sensitive to changes in feed and live weight prices and the least sensitive to fluctuations in milk and fat prices. The results also showed that livestock diseases and lack of vaccines and drugs are the most important risk factors in a livestock unit and problems with milk transportation and changes in livestock insurance conditions are the least important risk factors, so the most important risks In livestock, there are risks related to production and manpower. Also, the most important risks threatening natural factors include heat and cold stress and drought, respectively. The economic review of the production system causes a better identification of the position of the units and increases the level of awareness of the policy makers and planners of the livestock sector as well as the investors of these types of activities in order to make fundamental decisions or solve the existing problems.

Corn is the most important component of concentrate feeds in livestock which due to climate change and reduced rainfall, its price is always increasing and therefore the use of affordable corn waste, it seems necessary. After corn processing and starch extraction, by-products including corn germ, fiber and gluten are produced which are rich sources for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fermentability, digestibility, ME and MP for corn fiber and corn gluten feed. Samples of Corn processing residues including germ, fiber and corn gluten feed were obtained from a company and the samples were transferred to the laboratory of Animal Science Research Institute of Iran and they were milled. Then the chemical composition, gas production and digestibility were measured. Gas production was measured using a mixture of rumen liquor from three fistulated  bulls (Taleshi cow) for different fermentation times, including 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,48, 72 and 96 hours of ruminal incubation. Also, ME, MP and DMI of Corn processing residues were obtained. Amount of Organic Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, NDF, ADF, NFC and starch in corn fiber were obtained 89.3, 14.0, 3.3, 10.7, 70.2, 14.7 and 3.5% respectively; in corn germ were obtained 98.4, 9.4, 52.1, 1.6, 27.3, 9.9 and 10.7% (in order) and in corn gluten feed were obtained 94.9, 20.6, 3.5, 5.1, 53.1, 17.6 and 8.5 %, respectively. The gas production (at 24 hours of fermentation) of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 37.7 and 61.5 (ml/200mg), respectively. The ME content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were calculated 6.2 and 11.6 (MJ/Kg), respectively. OMD of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 67.1 and 80.2%, respectively. The MP content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed (at maintenance level) were calculated 13 and 15.5 (g/Kg) in order. Dry matter intake (DMI) of corn gluten feed on cow, sheep and goat (at maintenance level) were obtained 4226.3, 1102.4 and 932.5 (g/KgW0.75) respectively. Due to the suitability of fermentability and digestibility of gluten corn feed, it seems this wastes is useful for feeding livestock. Corn gluten feed can be used as a substitute for the fibrous part of the ruminant diet. In general, the use of processed corn waste can reduce the cost of feed production in ruminants.

Cytological examination of the reproductive tract is often used to evaluate possible reproductive lesions in humans and domestic animals.Cytological method has been used to determination of the subclinical endometritis in the cattle.There was no information about cytological cervical cervix in anestrous cow. The aim of this study was to compare cervical cytology between normal postpartum and anestrus cow that treat by ovulation synchronization in heat day.This prospective cohort study was performed on 50 estrous Holstein cows with various days in milk (DIM) and parity (2-4), in a moderate commercial dairy herd in susangerd, of Ahvaz province, southern Iran, from April to December 2022.Cervical mucus was aspirated with a pipette.Giemsa stain Cytological assessment determined the percent neutrophils (percentage PMN) by counting a minimum of 100 cells at 400× magnification,in order to provide a quantitative assessment of ratio %PMN to %epithelial cell.No significant differences were observed in ratio % PMN with %epithelial cell in smears of cows between anestrus cow that treatment by CoSynch and control in heat day.As well as, in our study the mean neutrophil percentage according to the parity of cows between the two groups done. Although the neutrophil percentage was higher in parity 2 in the CoSynch group, this difference was not significant (p≥ 0.05).Our findingsindicate that anestrus dairy cow treated with synchronization of ovulation protocols in estrus day no difference of % PMN with %epithelial cell ratio in cytological smears.

Sex-sorted semen is an important technology in cattle breeding. Without the widespread use of sexed semen, the major part of genetic development occurs through the selection of males in dairy herds. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of using sexed semen in embryo transfer program economically. Six strategies were compared based on economic value (EV). Visual basic 6 and Excel software were applied for calculations. In strategy 1, 5% of heifers were considered as donors and were inseminated by sexed semen. In strategy 2, 5% of heifers and cows were donors and were inseminated by sexed semen. In strategy 3, the number of heifer and cow donors, was similar to strategy 2 but conventional semen was used for all donors. The number of heifer and cow donors in strategy 4 was similar to strategy 2 but sexed semen was used for heifer donors and conventional semen for cow donors. In strategy 5, 10% of heifers were considered as donors and were inseminated by sexed semen. Strategy 6 was similar to strategy 5 but conventional semen was used for all donors. According to the results, among these strategies, the EVs of strategies 1 and 5 were higher than other strategies. It showed that using sexed sorted semen for insemination of superovulated heifers would result in higher EV. The lowest EV was related to the strategy that used sexed semen for all donors, including heifers and cows. The main reason is the low number of transferable embryos after using sexed semen in donor cows. The Results showed that the use of sexed semen in the embryo transfer technique for heifers is more effective than its use in cows.

Pathogens affect host cellular mechanisms in order to impair the capabilities of the host cell in the path of infection.Cryptosporidium parvum in people with AIDS and people with weakness of the immune system creates severe bile and acute diarrhea, and is known as an important intestinal pathogen in humans and some mammals and rows with Salmonella, Shigella and Enterotoxic genetic strains of Escherichiacoli It takes. From the point of view of cellular genetics, it should be noted that human intestinal cells due to infection with Cryptosporidium parvum undergo major changes in host-parasite interactions, especially changes in the expression of relevant genes. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of altering the expression profile of genes in HCT-8 cells infected with Cryptosporidium parvum on host-parasite interaction. In this study, an estimate of the number of genes involved in biological processes and in the process of intestinal cell infection with Cryptosporidium parvum was obtained. In order to carry out the studies, the data recorded in the GEO database on the NCBI website, which was placed by researchers at the University of Houston, Texas, USA, were used. Raw data were read, pre-processed and processed using various software and online databases. Studies have shown that the expression of genes involved in HCT-8 cell line infection is affected by Cryptosporidium parvum, and that some genes are over-expressed and some are under-expressed. The results of this study show that the most genes involved in biological processes are related to cell-parasite communication and the least genes are involved in cell death (apoptosis) and DNA replication. The results of this study show that different genes under the influence of infection change in expression, each of which can activate different factors and different pathways in the direction of infection and be considered as future drug and vaccine targets.

Saffron for 3000 years ago was valued as culinary condiment, dye, perfume and medicinal herb. The aim of research was to examine the effects of saffron supplementation on glucose levels, lipids and liver enzymes. In present study, the homogenate of saffron and saffron treated with chitosan was extracted after drying using 96% ethanol. Then, ethanol solvent was removed using rotary equipment. 60 Wistar rats (200-250g) were divided into six groups, including normal group, saffron group, saffron group treated with Chitosan, isoniazid group, isoniazid-saffron group and isoniazid-saffron group treated with Chitosan. For induction of oxidative effect, oral extract of saffron and saffron treated with chitosan was used as gavage. The DPPH method was used to compare the antioxidant effects of chitosan extract. The use of extract of saffron led to decreasing of triglyceride(31%), cholesterol(35%), LDL(22%), ALP(16%) and increasing of HDL levels until to 32%. Chitosan-treated saffron extract also led to decreasinf of LDL to 21%, ALT to 7% and increasing of HDL to 26%. In group receiving isoniazid and saffron, serum levels of enzymes of ALT(7%-16%), ALP(26%-69%), cholesterol(3%-31%), triglycerides(18%-44%) and glucose(4%-14%) showed a significant increasing compared to the control group. Therefore, considering these positive effects of saffron and chitosan-treated saffron, it is obvious the enhancing effects of the evaluated factors. Regarding the effects of saffron on blood glucose and triglycerides and also Liver enzymes, they have a positive effect on blood glucose and lipid control. The results of this study confirmed the undesirable effects of isoniazide on the cells of body.

Trans-anethole is a steroidogenic plant derivative. Adiponectin secretion and dopamine release is lower in patients suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In the present study the effects of interaction of trans-anethole and L-dopa were investigated on serum concentration of adiponectin in PCOS model rats. Following estradiol valerate- induced PCOS, forty-five PCOS rats in 9 groups received saline, trans-anethole (50 mg/kg), L-dopa (100 mg/kg), sulpride (10 mg/kg), SCH23390 hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) or simultaneous injections of these drugs via intraperitoneal injection. Five intact rats received saline. Blood samples were collected via tail vein. Serum concentration of adiponectin was determined by ELISA. Mean serum concentration of adiponectin significantly decreased in PCOs rats compared to intact group. Adiponectin concentration in PCOS rats receiving trans- anethole or L-dopa significantly increased compared to PCOS group. Simultaneous injections SCH23390 hydrochloride and sulpride inhibit the stimulatory effects of L-dopa on serum concentration of adiponectin via exerting synergistic effects. Simultaneous injections of trans- anethole and L-dopa synergistically caused a significant increase in serum concentration of adiponectin compared to PCOS group. Trans-anethole as a steroidogenic plant derivative, may be an effective agent for increasing the activity of dopaminergic neurons and controlling the metabolic complication derived of decreased levels of adiponectin secretion in PCOS.

Protecting wetlands and the life in them requires recognizing the biodiversity of these ecosystems. waterfowl and shorebirds that are ecologically dependent on wetlands are used as environmental in dicators. Bishe Dalan wetland with an area of ​​913.5 hectares is one of the largest wetlands in Lorestan province, which is located in the south of Boroujerd city and on the edge of Silakhor plain. In this study, species diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson photos), species uniformity (Smith-Wilson indices and Simpson dominance) were used to study the species diversity of Bisheh Dalan (2017-2020). In Bisheh Dalan wetland, 9 Orders out of 22 Orders, 13 Families out of 78 Families and 48 Species out of 545 Species Identified in Iran, Census and registration, which are 40.09 percent of the order, 16.66 percent of the family and about 8 percent of Iranian bird species have lived in Bishe Dalan wetland. the results of bird species diversity study in Bishe Dalan wetland showed that 67.90 percent of the bird abundance of three species of green duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Common fox (Fulica atra) and Gypsy rooster (Vanellus vanellus) and about 41.66 percent of birds in the situation is protected and endangered. In terms of species diversity and species uniformity, 2019 had the highest rate of indicators. in general, the trend of heterogeneity and uniformity indices in the forest wetland is a sinusoidal corridor.

Starter period is the most important period in broiler breeding and any change in the amount of bird growth in this stage of breeding has a direct impact on the overall performance of the bird at the end of the breeding period. This experiment was conducted to determine the best length period of corn and water sugar using in starter on performance, carcass traits and blood parameters of broilers. This experiment carried out with 240 one day old Ross- 308 chicks in 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate in three experiment periods include starter (1-10 days), growth (11- 24 days) and finish (25-42 days) in a completely randomized design. Treatments included: control group (fed on the base of Ross nutrients recommendation) and 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours using corn and water sugar. After 96 hours all birds in all experimental groups used the same diets and same management program in all breeding periods. In starter period the lowest amounts of daily feed intake, the highest daily weight gain, live weight and the best feed conversion ratio were obtained in group 2 fed 24 hr with corn and sugar water (P<0.05). In growing period, chicks had the highest live weight and the best feed conversion ratio by using corn and water sugar for first 24 hr (P<0.05). In whole breeding period, the highest values of daily weight gain, production index, the best feed conversion ratio and the lowest feed price for per kilogram of weight gain were observed by using corn and water sugar for 24 (P>0.05). The chicks those fed corn and water sugar for 24 hr, had the lowest intestinal, abdominal, gizzard and lever relative weight in contrast to other experimental groups (P>0.05). In broilers in early breeding period, using corn and water sugar for 24 hr cause the performance and carcass traits improve, but long than 24 hr has adverse effects in these respects and not recommended.

Some heavy metals such as cadmium and lead have no role in the natural metabolism of aquatic animals and these metals are toxic to living organisms even at low concentrations. This study was conducted to study the effect of body size (total length and total weight) on the accumulation of lead and cadmium in common redfish (Lutjanus lohni) in three regions of Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh and Jask in Hormozgan province. The number of samples in each station was sampled separately. In the laboratory, after bioassay, muscle tissue was separated and lead and cadmium were extracted by chemical digestion and their concentrations were read by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results of the study showed that the concentration of lead and cadmium in the muscle tissue of redfish in three areas of Bandar Jask, Bandar Abbas and Bandar Lengeh with body size (body length and weight) had a negative Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and was significant (p>0.05). The results of tissue analysis of common red fish muscle in the study areas have the highest and lowest concentrations of lead metal equal to 0.2686+0.1 and 0.550+0.1 μg/g and for cadmium metal, respectively. It was shown with 0.021+0.01 and 0.057+0.01 μg/g. The results also show that the Jask port area is significantly different from Bandar Abbas and Bandar Lengeh areas in terms of the amount of lead and cadmium elements in muscle tissue (p>0.05).It can be concluded from the data of this study that in the study areas in the Persian Gulf (Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh and Jask) a very weak relationship between the body size of the studied species has been shown. The trend of accumulation of the studied elements in ordinary redfish has not affected the sex (male or female) and also the contamination of these elements in the present study has been less than the international standards reported.

This study aimed to investigate the catch per unit effort of target and non-target species and to determine the bycatch composition in boat trawlers used in Mond and Dayyer-Nakhiloo coastal waters in Bushehr province. Field operations were carried out during the years 2020 (13 August to 15 February) and 2021 (11 April to 9 September). During the research, a 27-foot fishing boat with a 200 hp engine was used. The trawl net used was made of polyamide (PA). The sampling operation was performed in 32 steps. During this study, the amount of catch per unit effort, the ratio of by-catch to the target species, and the amount of by-catch were calculated. The highest frequency of Penaeus semisulcatus in July 2021 (96.67%), the highest frequency of Metapenaeus affinis in August 2021 (21.74%), and the highest frequency of Parapenaeopsis stylifera in July 2021 (63.75%) were recorded in Mond. 37 aquatic species were observed as a bycatch composition during fishing operations. Species including Saurida tumbil, Cynoglossus arel, Portunus segnis, Gerres filamentosus, Drepane punctata, Solea elongata, and Epinephelus coioides were permanently present in the catch composition. The highest rate of shrimp fishing effort was observed in the Mond region (58 kg/h) and the lowest rate was observed in the Dayyer-Nakhiloo (1 kg/h). Also, the ratio of by-catch to target (r) was 2.32 and the weight of by-catch during the fishing season was 1478.96 kg. The results indicate high fishing pressure on commercial and non-commercial species in this area and can be used to assess the damage caused by shrimp trawl nets on fish stocks in ecological risk assessment models. In addition, the findings showed that the deletion of some species can make the food chain longer due to their role in the food chain and reduce the resistance of the ecosystem food web, and ecological and habitat efficiency.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GaroVak immersion vaccine against lactococcosis and streptococcosis disease in different weights on growth and feeding performance and some immunological responses and survival rate of Asian Sea bass (Lates calcarifer). Fish with an average weight of 5, 10 and 14 g in 300-liter polyethylene circular tanks in 6 treatments and 2 repetitions including vaccinated groups in low (5 g), medium (10 g) and high-weights (14 g) (ST, MT, LT) and control groups of each the weight without vaccination (SC, MC, LC) were examined. Feeding was done twice a day ad libitum for 8 weeks. The obtained results showed that GaroVak immersion vaccine has no significant effect on growth and feeding performance the vaccinated fish and the control fish (P>0.05). Regarding immunological responses, the amount of total protein and albumin was significantly higher in the low weight-treatment (ST) compared to the low-weight control group (SC), and no significant difference was observed in the medium-weight and the high-weight between the vaccinated treatments and the control group (P>0.05). Also, vaccination did not show a significant effect on antibody titer and lysozyme activity in any of the treatments (P>0.05). In addition, the survival rate at the end of the experiment did not show a significant difference between the vaccinated treatments and the control group (P> 0.05). However, the result of the bacterial challenge showed that mortality rate in the low-weight vaccinated group (ST) was lower than the medium-weight control group (MC) (P<0.05). According to the general results of this study, administration of GaroVak immersion vaccine against streptococcosis disease has been able to improve the survival rate after bacterial challenge in low-weight of Asian seabass (5 g).

Boleophthalmus dussumieri is one of the leading fish in tidal mud areas. This species is larger than other mudskippers. It is mainly herbivorous and has been reported to spread from Iraq to Pakistan and the west coast of India. Sampling was performed in the spring of 1401-1400 from two stations of Khor Jafari and Petroshimi (from Khoryat Musa Bandar Mahshahr, Khuzestan province). A total of 36 fish were caught alive by hand and transferred to the laboratory. After explaining the samples and extracting the sex gonads, the reproductive characteristics of the gonad index and homogeneity were examined. With the dissection of the skull, the cornerstones were removed and the annual rings were counted to determine the age, and the relationship between age and body weight and length was calculated. The study of the relationship between sexual characteristics with weight and length showed a significant relationship with both traits, with the difference that the correlation coefficient between sexual characteristics and weight was more prominent than the correlation of indicators with total length. Comparison of sexual characteristics in the two stations studied showed the superiority of Jafari station. In order to determine the age, after dissecting the skull, ear stones were isolated and annual rings were counted and the age of the samples was recorded. In determining the age and population growth pattern in both stations, the fish were in the age range of 1-3 years, the highest frequency was related to two-year-old fish and the maximum maturity age was recorded in both three-year-old stations, with the difference that the relationship There was a higher correlation coefficient between sex and age indices in Petroshimi station compared to Jafari station. At the Petroshimi station, due to contamination, the samples do not reach the age of three and often at the age of two have a higher reproductive capacity compared to the parsley.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic effects of Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus brevis on blood parameters of Sander lucioperca weighing 14±1 g. The number of fish was 225 completely randomly distributed in 5 treatments with three replications and 15 in each the ponds. Dietary treatments containing Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus brevis (1010, 108 probiotic cells per gram of diet) and probiotic-free control treatments were fed in three replications for 6 weeks and then evaluated for blood. Nutritional treatments were named, A2, A1,B1 ,B2, respectively. A1 (Enterococcus faecium probiotic (number of bacteria/g 1010 + basic food), A2 (Enterococcus faecium probiotic (number of bacteria/g 108+ basic food), B1 (Lactobacillus brevis probiotic) Number of bacteria/g 1010 + Basic food), B2 (probiotic Lactobacillus brevis) number of bacteria /g 1010 + basic food) and control treatment were Lactobacillus (basic food + physiological serum) Hematocrit (HCT) was measured using hematocrit capillary tubes and a hematocrit centrifuge. Hemoglobin by chlorometric method with a wavelength of 540 nm in a spectrophotometer was measured. The results showed that HCT increased in A1 treatment compared to control and A2 groups. There were no significant differences in treatments B1 and B2, but they had a significant increase compared to the control group(P<0.05) Leukocyte count in probiotic treatments was higher than the control group was significantly higher (P<0.05) . Lymphocyte counts in fish fed diets containing probiotics were significantly higher than in the control group. MCV had a significant difference in treatments B1 and A1 and control with A2 and B2 (P<0.05). Howevr, other parameters e.g. RBC, HB, MCH, MCHC had no significant different (P>0.05). The present study showed that the addition of probiotic bacteria in treatments B1, A1 to the diet of Sander lucioperca can have a favorable effect on their blood factors.

Streptococcosis and Yersiniosis are important diseases for the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in our country. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of divalent vaccine (Streptococcus iniae and Yersinia rockeri) in the immune responses contains, serum lysozyme rate, complement activation, bactericidal, respiratory burst (NBT), total protein, albumin, globulin and some hematological indices contains, RBC and WBC count, hematocrit and haemoglobin in rainbow trout. In this study three hundred rainbow trout fingerlings (25±2g) were randomly divided into four equal groups in triplicates. Treatments contains Streptococcosis vaccine, Yersiniosis vaccine, bivalent vaccine and control group. Fish in vaccinated treatment intraperitonealy injected with 100 microliter vaccine on the first day. The control group was injected with sterile PBS, identical to vaccinated group. Blood samples were collected from vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups at days 0, 30, and 60 of study. The results demonstrated that lysozyme rate in bivalent vaccine were significantly higher at day 60 post-immunization compared to the control group (p<0.05). A significant increase was observed in the complement activation in bivalent vaccine at day 30 and 60 post-vaccination compared to the other groups(p<0.05). Also this results demonstrated that number of WBC in vaccinated groups were higher than control treatment. Generally, it can be concluded that the administration of bivalent Streptococosis/Yersiniosis vaccine provided appropriate protection against disease and effectively induced the immune response against these two diseases which is comparable to either of the vaccines separately. Therefore, investigation of the efficiency of the bivalent vaccine at commercial level is highly warranted.

The composition of the intestinal microflora of animals is affected by the type of food, on the other hand, the use of natural compounds and traditional medicinal plants such as spirulina and etc… as a new component in fish diets is expanding today. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spirulina algae powder and clove powder on the gastrointestinal microflora of common carp juveniles. So, 160 juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (average weight 16.20 ± 1) were fed for 8 weeks with diets containing different amounts of spirulina algae powder (5, 10, and 15 %) and Cloves powder (2, 4, and 6 %) per kg of food. At the end of the period, the Guts and viscera of juveniles were harvested. DNA was extracted after preparing the required sample. The extracted DNA was used to build a new generation molecular library and sequencing. The abundance of intestinal bacteria was determined by molecular study and DNA extraction by quantitative analysis based on Real-Time PCR. The results showed that increasing the amount of spirulina powder in fish diets by up to 10 % and clove powder by up to 4 % increased the activity of firmicutes bacteria. While the activity of Bacteroides was observed in the treatment containing 15 % spirulina and 4 % of clove powder. Bacterial activity decreased in both bacterial groups by increasing the percentage of clove powder in the diet. This activity was lower than the control treatment. Therefore, the addition of spirulina powder (up to 10 %) and cloves (up to 4 %) can improve the intestinal microflora of juvenile common carp. Based on the findings, it was found that herbal supplements have a positive effect on the beneficial bacteria of carp gut microbiota and they can provide an effective strategy for aquaculture activities.

Today, for the preservation and survival of honey bee colonies, special attention has been paid to the nutrition of colonies with extracts of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the effect of different levels of Rosa canina hydroalcoholic extract on population, queen egg laying, brood rearing, honey production and development of the hypopharyngeal glands of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) were studied during summer in an apiary in Ardabil province. At the beginning of the experiment, the colonies were homogenized according to the population, food storage and queens of the same age. The colonies were fed with control treatment and different concentrations of Rosa canina extract (2, 4 and 8% of the extract) during1 month. Brood rearing and queen egg laying were measured by Lattice frame (size of the squares are 5×5 cm2). The population of adult honey bee was measured by frame and 30 days after feeding the colonies. To investigate development of the hypopharyngeal glands, length and width of 10 acini from different parts of the gland for age 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days were measured using a stereomicroscope and by software (T Capture).This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four replications and four treatments. In this study, treatment of 2% Rosa canina extract had a significant effect on brood rearing, but in queen egg laying, population and honey production, although it had a better effect numerically, but this effect was not statistically significant. In the growth of hypopharyngeal glands, the highest growth of acini level at 3 days (0.0432 mm2) for honey bees fed with 4% Rosa canina extract and at 9 and 12 days (respectively 0.0763 and 0.0722 mm2) It belonged to the colonies fed with 2% Rosa canina extract (P<0.05). In general, it can be said that the use of 2% of Rosa canina hydroalcoholic extract has been effective in improving the performance of honey bee colonies. It is also recommended for beekeepers to use Rosa canina hydroalcoholic extract as a nutritional supplement.

Organophosphate pesticides are widely used today to increase the yield and efficiency of agricultural products and to control diseases transmitted by disease-carrying arthropods. These toxins enter water sources extensively through agricultural wastewater and cause irreparable damage to water resources. The aim of the present study was to purify the chlorpyriphos organophosphate pesticide from the Aquatic environment using adsorbents of carbon nanoparticles in the bioDrOF system. Among the many reasons that make activated carbon potential adsorbent for the removal of contaminants from the aquatic environment, can point to the large microscopic structure, the large surface erea and chemical nature, the adsorption efficiency of organic pollutants in the environment also depends on activated carbon microspores. Sampling was performed over a period of twelve days. The factors evaluated in this study were to determine the reduction of toxins in the water, including the amount of pesticide concentration in the water, light absorption and water ph. Nanocarbon adsorbent was instslled at the entrance of the Bit Trap Filter equipped with bioDrOf. The adsorption of light was measured by spectrophotometry. The standard pesticide curve used in this experiment was plotted using different concentration and then measured through this pesticide in each sample. A digital pH meter was used to measure the pH of the water. With an initial concentration of 60 mg per one pesticide, the pesticide concentration at the end of the experiment decreased to 2.07 ± 0.075 and its reduction efficiency was estimated to be 96.55%. The amount of light absorption at the end of the experiment decreased to 0.008 ± 0.005, which was estimated to reduce 96.32%. There was an increasing trend of water pH and at the end of the period it reached 8.25. Significant differences were found between changes in pesticide concentration and also between changes in light absorption from the beginning to the end of the experiment (P˂0.05). It can be concluded based on the present study that activated carbon had a good performance to create alkaline conditions and remove pesticides at the concentration used by chloriprifos in this study (60 mg/l). Therefore, due to the effectiveness and low cost of this method for the treatment of organophophate Pesticide Chloriprifus and similar compounds is recommended.

The aim of this study was to identify the type and frequency of microplastic particles in the soft tissue of banana shrimp species on the shores of the Persian Gulf. Five stations along the west coast of Bandar Abbas with different levels of industrialization and urbanization were selected. A sampling station on the beach of Bandar Moallem was also selected as a control sample. Preparation and digestion of samples for separation of microplastic particles using flotation method were performed after collection and biometrics of biological samples. Then the properties of microplastics such as shape, color, size and type of particles were examined by microscope and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-FTIR. To ensure the accuracy of the measurement and the recovery rate of the proposed method, spike matrix samples were prepared and analyzed under the same method as for the original samples. The identified forms included fiber, part and film that fiber and film microplastics were the highest and lowest forms detected in the studied species, respectively. The detected particles were classified into three categories: 0.25-45, 25-250 and 250-500 micrometers. Most of the particles (66%) were in the size range of 0.45-25 micrometers and had black and blue colors. In addition, the polymers of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polyamide were the most common polymers identified. The average frequency of microplastics in the studied samples of banana shrimp on the west coast of Bandar Abbas was 2.57±1.23, and on the coast of Bandar Moallem was 1.57±1.15. The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a positive correlation between the frequency of microplastic particles in the soft tissue of the studied samples and their body size (weight and length) at the level of 0.01. All the samples contained microplastics, which due to the fact that banana shrimp plays an important role in the food chain of the people in this region, can potentially cause many health problems in the long run.

Emissions of carbon dioxide from cities have increased significantly in the last few decades with rapid urbanization. It is an important scientific question to what extent carbon dioxide emissions from urban activities can be offset by maintaining or increasing carbon sequestration in and around urban areas. Although natural terrestrial ecosystems absorb some of the emitted carbon dioxide, the long-term sustainability of these ecosystems is affected by their biodiversity status. In this study, using the data obtained from field surveys, field and laboratory measurements, the carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation on the northwestern outskirts of Tehran was estimated. Identification of biomass relationships with diversity, richness and uniformity indices was also assessed by Pearson correlation test. The results showed that the diversity index of Simpson and Shannon Wiener was normal and their distribution was symmetric. In the study of Ghana indices, both Margalf and Mannich indices had a normal distribution. The Hill uniformity index distribution was not normal but the Pete uniformity index had a normal distribution. Investigation of the relationship between vegetation topsoil and study indices showed that between Simpson diversity index (n=37, P<0.039, and r=66.91%), Shannon-Wiener diversity (n=38, p<0.033, and r=53.58%). Ghana Margalf (P<0.033, n=38, r=21.52%), Ghana Manichae (P<0.035, n=38, r=19.71%), Peat uniformity (P<0.010, n=38, r=17.36%) There is a significant and positive relationship with terrestrial biomass. The conditions and structure of vegetation on the outskirts of cities can indicate the status of carbon sequestration in the region and the amount of carbon sequestration of such ecosystems is directly affected by the indicators of diversity, richness and uniformity of vegetation.

In recent decades, extensive studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of marine aquatic extracts in the treatment of diseases including cancer. Based on the results of various experiments in Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand and Japan on the effect of the extract on the treatment of various diseases, this study is an attempt to investigate the effect of coral extract of Sinularia compressa on human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. Different concentrations of coral extract 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 μg/ml were extracted. The AGS cell line was then transferred to the laboratory under sterile conditions. This cell line was cultured in "DMEM f12" medium. The cultured cells were then transferred to plate 96 of the well. The cells were incubated at three different times 18, 24, 48 hours. Then, using MTT and flow cytometers, the effectiveness of the extract on AGS cells was measured. Based on the results, it was found that at concentrations above 15 μg/mg, the cells were isolated from the surface of the plate and suspended in the medium. According to the results of the MTT method at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, more than 84% of the cells were destroyed. Based on the findings, the time factor did not show a significant effect on the results. Factor LC50 showed 50% cell death at a concentration of 7.5 μg/ml Sinolaria coral extract. Due to the high effect of this extract on cancer cell death, the lowest concentration was tested in flow cytometry. The results of this experiment showed that cell death of 43% of cells occurred at a concentration of 5 μg/ml of coral extract, which was consistent with the results of MTT test at this concentration. Cell shape changes were also examined. Based on morphological observations, the affected cells became smaller and lost their epithelial shape. S. compressa coral extract showed a great effect on AGS cell mortality. These findings confirm that the potential of using bioactive compounds extracted from marine aquatic animals to control cancer is very significant and can be considered as an alternative to chemical treatments and high side effects.

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals is a threat to the health and life of aquatic animals and, as a result, human health. This research was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (copper, nickel, lead, cadmium and iron) in Anzali Wetland. In order to measure the amount of heavy metals in Anzali Wetland, sampling was done from four stations during four seasons (2019-2020). The concentration of heavy metals was determined using a plasma atomic spectrometer. The results showed that the average annual concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Fe in water were 66/16±36/17, 16/60±12/25, 45/46±21/63, 15/51±7/24 and 75/43±26/80 μg/L, respectively. The decreasing trend of metal concentration in water was obtained as Fe>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cd. The concentration of these metals was higher in winter and autumn compared to other seasons. The concentration of all the investigated metals was lower than the national standard of Iran. Compared to WHO and USEPA standards, the amount of Cu, Ni and Fe metals was lower and the amount of Pb and Cd metals was higher than these standards. Based on the results of this survey, the amount of heavy metals in the surveyed areas is very low, which indicates the absence of serious pollution in the area.

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people’s interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Conflict is any encounter between wildlife and humans or their property resulting in a contest or interference competition. Therefore, conflict includes humans harming animals or animals harming humans or their property claims, and the harm may be motivated by any reason (intention is irrelevant). The conflict between humans and carnivores in Iran has also grown significantly in recent decades. Among carnivores, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) has a higher conflict with humans and animals. Wolves are known in many countries as a common example of conflict with local people. In the Middle East, field observations and studies on the wolf diet indicate the dependence of this species on anthropogenic food resources (livestock, waste, etc.), which has led to a severe conflict between this species with local communities. Unfortunately, the conflict between humans and wolves has reached its peak in some parts of the country, especially in the western regions of Iran (Hamadan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, and Ardabil provinces) to the point that in recent years a number of local people, as well as a large number of livestock, have been killed by wolves. Therefore, addressing the ecological and behavioral aspects of this species is an important step in reducing conflicts. In this research, using a review of some important papers related to human-wolf conflict, we described some subjects into wolf diet, a wolf-dog hybrid, waste management, livestock and poultry carcass management, and management of wolf attacks on humans and livestock. An attempt has been made to use some of the latest findings of researchers in the world and studies conducted in Iran. The results of this study can be used to manage of human-wolf conflict in Iran.

The presence of macroalgae, are important in aquatic habitats. Nowadays, this plants have been receiving increasing attention by many researchers as a promising natural rich sources of antioxidants. They have displayed numerous advantageous effects on biological activities, including antioxidants and cytotoxicity. In this regard, at the present study, the antioxidant properties of three species of native macroalgae to the northern coast of the Oman Sea (Sistan and Baluchestan province) were studied and compared. Sampling was carried out in autumn and winter of 2018 on the northern coast of the Oman Sea (Chabahar Gulf). The samples included one species of green (Ulva lactuca) and two brown (Sargassum illicifolium and Nizamuddinia zanardinii) algae. These species are predominantly found on the northern shores of the Oman Sea. After sampling, the algae were washed with sea water and tap water. The prepared samples were then dried and powdered with an electric mill. The extract was prepared in three steps. The first and second stages was carried out with distilled water and the third stage with methanol solvent. The total content of anthocyanin and flavonoid were measured by spectrophotometry method. Antioxidant properties were also measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power. Based on the results, a significant difference were observed in the studied indices between the studied species (p<0.05). Total anthocyanin contents in S. illicifolium, N. zanardinii and U. lactuca extracts was 8.31±1.14, 5.19±1.36 and 3.59±1.84 mg per 100 g dry weight, respectively (p<0.05). However, total flavonoid content between the studied extracts was 27.40±2.71, 21.12±1.14 and 0.39±0.12 mg per 100 g QE per 100 g dry weight and ferric reducing antioxidant power was 1.21±0.36, 0.67±0.10 and 0.60±0.12, respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the total amount of anthocyanin and flavonoid contents as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power in S. illicifolium extract were significantly higher than U. lactuca and N. zanardinii extracts.

The world has undergone a fundamental change and the population density in cities is very high. Forecasts indicate that the population of cities will reach 5.06 billion people (60%) in 2030. The growth of urban and man-made land use, especially in its unfavorable form, has been condemned due to its negative effects on the environment, human health, and social and economic issues. Irregular urban development in coastal areas, which are a sensitive ecosystem, leads to the destruction and disruption of natural habitats in this area. In order to study the urban and man-made land use in the study area, Landsat 8 satellite images were used, which were received for three times (2013, 2017 and 2021). After making the necessary corrections, the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) was used to accurately extract the coastline of Khamir port. Then, from the coastline to the mainland, three distances of 2, 4 and 6 km were considered, respectively, which Buffer tool was used to separate each area in ArcMap environment. Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) was used to extract urban land use. Finally, the growth rate of urban land use was measured at three time points and different distances from the coastline. The results showed that from 2013 to 2021, urban and man-made land use has increased. The increase in man-made land area from 2013 to 2021 for distances of 2, 4 and 6 km from the coastline was 120.1, 110.3 and 65.8 hectares, respectively. Since the proximity and influence of urban land use to the coastline causes the destruction and reliance of coastal habitats, it also affects the hydrological systems, so this is especially important in the city of Khamir, which has ecosystems such as wetlands. Should be seriously considered and all land use changes monitored.