نشریه مدیریت بحران
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Resilience is defined to enhance the ability of the community, planning and readiness to achieve and improve more success in dealing with adverse effects of catastrophes providing the view of repairing and improving the injured community. Resilience of critical infrastructure in the face of disasters, before, during and after a crisis is essential for proper response and recovery. Critical aspects of resilience, such as planning for hazardous situations and engaging with the calculation of infrastructures' interdependence must be understood so that managers can enhance system resilience. Wastewater transmission and treatment system is considered as one of the important urban infrastructures. Due to the large volume of available wastewater, uninterrupted operation of the sewerage system for the metropolis of Tehran is really important. This performance in the face of unexpected events is a function of its system resilience. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the resilience of the wastewater-transmission tunnel infrastructure of Tehran metropolitan to the treatment plant of Firooz Bahram. Also, methods of collecting data are based on library resources and face-to-face interview. Thus, considering the threats of the assets of the sewage transfer tunnel, the effective factors in its resilience are presented from the its literature. Then, with the help of Infrastructure Resilience Assessment Method (IRAM), its localization for the sewage-transmission line to Firooz Bahram treatment plant will be done. The results indicate that the current situation does not have the necessary resilience and a large volume of wastewater enters and damages the urban environment and other infrastructure based on scenarios (resilience costs). At the end to address the issue, the solution "Implementation plan of sewage bypass to Kan River" will be proposed and evaluated to improve the level of resilience. Evaluation of the results for implementation of the improve - resilience strategy (primary and secondary RDR difference) approves positive effect.

One of the issues facing most of the world is the issue of natural and unnatural events that cause financial and life losses to individuals, organizations and societies.The earthquake that occurred in 2016 in Kermanshah is one of these incidents. It is important to make quick and correct decisions and execute operations due to the unexpectedness of these events, that this is possible by acquiring knowledge and experiences from these crises and documenting them and using these experiences and knowledge obtained in similar cases, in this way, we need a model in which the components of knowledge management that are effective on crisis management are identified in the stages before, during and after the crisis, and the extent of their influence on each other is determined. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of developing the knowledge management model in crisis. In order to develop this model, first of all, the components of knowledge management and crisis management appropriate to the earthquake crisis through literature study and review of various models of knowledge management and crisis management, field study in the earthquake-affected areas of Kermanshah and interviews with different people from the time of the earthquake in Kermanshah in 2016 to 2022 earthquake in Hormozgan have been identified And finally, 8 components and 22 sub-components have been extracted. Then, we have weighted these components and determined the relationships between them using the DNAP method (combined technique of Dimatel and ANP). At the end, according to the effectiveness and influence of knowledge management and crisis management components on each other, the final model was presented. Based on the results obtained from the model, the component of knowledge transfer and sharing and production and acquisition of knowledge in crisis conditions and the sub-components of identifying the processes of knowledge production and knowledge production from available sources, creating processes for absorbing knowledge and experiences of people has been the most important, Also, knowledge management components are effective in all stages of crisis management and help in effective crisis management.

The main goal of this research is to provide a structural model of the impact of social capital on university crisis management. The current research is part of applied research in terms of "type of target" and in terms of the method of this research, it is a descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of this research includes 13 thousand students studying in Payam Noor Karaj University, which according to Morgan's table number 374. The sample people are required, and the sample was selected randomly. The tools for collecting information in this research include two questionnaires, the standard social capital questionnaire by Nahapit Ghoshal (1998) and the researcher-made questionnaire related to university crisis management. The face validity of the research tools has been approved by 5 professors of Payam Noor Karaj University. The reliability of the research tool was calculated by distributing 30 questionnaires among the research sample and using Cronbach's alpha calculation, during which the reliability of the social capital questionnaire was 0.941 the crisis management questionnaire was calculated as 0.954. The results of the test of the structural model of the impact of social capital on crisis management in the university show that the model has a suitable fit based on the mentioned indicators. In addition, the coefficient of impact of university social capital on crisis management in universities is equal to 0.867, which shows its very high impact. In addition, the results of the final structural model show that the structural dimension of social capital directly affects the political dimension of crisis management in universities.

Since the quality of internal audit can guarantee the correctness and accuracy of the company's financial reporting, it will increase the trust of investors in the company, which will improve the management of the crisis of keeping cash due to the trust of investors and financiers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of internal audit quality on the crisis of cash holding, considering the mediating role of market competition crises, financial constraints and agency costs. In line with the purpose of the research, in terms of the result of its implementation, it is an applied research, from the perspective of the implementation process, quantitative, from the perspective of the implementation logic, analogical-inductive, from the perspective of the implementation goal, analytical-experimental, and from the perspective of the time dimension, a longitudinal-retrospective research. This research was conducted in the community of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange and its statistical sample included 110 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2021. Ordinary least squares regression model has been used to test research hypotheses. The results show that the quality of the company's internal audit has an effect on the crisis of cash retention, financial limitation and agency cost, while the quality of internal audit does not affect the product market competition, and also the market competition, agency cost and financial limitation will not be able to influence the quality of internal audit and The crisis of holding cash, play the role of a mediator. The present study simultaneously and for the first time investigated the effect of internal audit quality on the crisis of cash holding with regard to the mediating role of market competition crises, financial constraints and agency fees.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of lifestyle and social capital on the resilience of Kermanshahi citizens during the Corona crisis. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of survey type. Its statistical population consisted of all people aged 15 years and above in the city of Kermanshah, of which 384 people were selected as a statistical sample using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression and path analysis tests were used to analyze the data. The measurement tool has face validity and has the necessary reliability, and the alpha value of social resilience behaviors is 0.826. The findings of the research show that the average social resilience in the studied community is (3.12), which indicates the average social resilience among the citizens of Kermanshahi during the Corona era. Among the dimensions of social resilience, the dimension of positive acceptance of change has the highest average (3.43) and the dimension of trust in individual instincts has the lowest average (3.02). There is a positive and direct relationship between the amount of lifestyle and social capital with the amount of social resilience. The more the amount of social capital and lifestyle increases, the more the amount of social resilience increases. The coefficient of determination is 0.358, which shows that the set of independent variables explain and predict 35.8% of the variance and changes in social resilience. Social capital has the highest impact. The result is that in order to increase the level of social resilience in society, it is necessary to pay attention to the amount of social capital and its dimensions and to improve the dimensions of cognitive and structural capital. It is also necessary to teach healthy lifestyle strategies to increase social resilience.

Disruptions are considered as an integral part of the supply chains of today's organizations, and since competition between organizations has been replaced by competition between their supply chains, supply chains that can maintain their capability in the event of disruptions and continue their activities, they are the winners of this competition. Therefore, making the supply chains of today's organizations more resilient is necessary, and identifying the obstacles in front of them and trying to resolve these obstacles is considered as the most important initial key action in the organizations' supply chain resilience. Considering the importance of the Iran Energy Resources Development Company in the production and development of advanced hybrid systems and arrays consisting of energy production systems and storage systems in the form of telecommunication and car batteries, this research aims to identify the key obstacles facing Tab Its supply chain has been developed and the hierarchical model of these barriers has been developed. In order to achieve this goal, first, through literature review and interviews with experts, the obstacles to the resilience of the energy resources development company were identified, and then by using comprehensive interpretive structural modeling (TISM), a model was presented that the relationships between these it shows the obstacles and why they are. The analysis of driving power or the dependence of obstacles was also investigated using the Mic-Mc method. In this research, 10 important and fundamental obstacles were identified in the path of making the supply chain of the Energy Resources Organization more resilient, and the final comprehensive structural interpretative model of the research, in addition to showing how and why the relationships between these obstacles, showed that the lack of effective communication with suppliers and the lack of storage Strategic inventory is the most important obstacles to the resilience of the supply chain of this organization. Since these obstacles were also identified as motivating obstacles in the Mic-Mak model, therefore, the main focus of managers in removing obstacles should be in the initial levels of the hierarchical model presented in this research.

Urban planning in developing countries is limited to providing strategies and policies which are seldom efficient. The lack of preparation in facing crises will lead to an increase of material and moral damages, and the process of recovery from the crisis will take time. Since one of the basic human needs affected by the crisis is having access to a shelter and receiving services in the first hours of the crisis, crisis management support shelters become very effective in providing relief to the survivors. Accordingly, this study investigates the role of urban planning in post-disaster recovery and the site selection of crisis management support shelters in District 3 of Shiraz Municipality. This research is of descriptive-analytical type done through library method to collect the required data. Use of theoretical foundations and research literature as well as the majority of experiences in site selection of crisis management support shelters or temporary settlements would lead to 11 components including population density, land value, type of land use, building quality, neighborhood, building density, multipurpose usage, distance from dangerous activities, access to open spaces, site accessibility and efficiency of infrastructure related to urban transportation in three main criteria, including demographic and economic characteristics, physical and functional characteristics, as well as transportation, accessibility, and urban infrastructures, with the study being evaluated based on these components. In this process, experts' opinions about the components have been obtained by a researcher-made questionnaire and the components have been valued using the ANP method. Then, in the ARC GIS software, base maps have been prepared and integrated. The final output was presented with eight susceptible areas. These areas can be presented in three prioritizations. The priority is allocated to the plannable lands of the Shiraz University of Technology, the plannable lands of the Natural History Museum, and the plannable lands located in the middle of the site. The second priority is Jahannam Garden, Shiraz Central Library, and National Park, and the third priority is Hafiziyah Stadium and the University of Science and Literature.

Geological hazards include natural disasters, the neglect of which will lead to irreparable damages. Every year in our country, Iran, due to its geographical location and active tectonics, we have always witnessed many hazards with high casualties.In this article, the investigation of the relative active tectonics of the southeast catchment basins of Central Alborz was done through the analysis of morphometric indicators and the results of these evaluations were presented in the form of the relative index of tectonic activities (Iat) and to estimate the active tectonics of Topographic maps, geological maps, and DEM were used, and Arc GIS software was used to form watersheds on the studied area based on the data obtained from the digital elevation model. The studied area is divided into three categories of relative tectonic activity: very high, high and relatively high.As we move towards the east and also towards the northwest of the region which includes the heights of Tehran city, the tectonic activity increases and the zoned map of alluvium in the region shows that the uplift occurred in high latitudes and deposited the sediments in the bed. The bedrock of the river has moved towards lower latitudes, and this is due to relatively high active tectonics in the upper latitudes of the region. Therefore, it is always necessary to analyze the risks of watersheds in this area. Because based on it, basic steps can be taken in making decisions and prioritizing crisis management actions.

Political reversibility examines the capacity of political organizations to be able to respond appropriately to internal and external events such as war, terrorist attacks, etc. and adapt to changes and political consequences resulting from such events. Despite numerous studies in the field of reversibility, no research has been done in the field of political reversibility. Therefore, the researchers of this research tried to develop a model based on determining the relationships between the indicators and conducting a case study. The main goal of the research is to develop a political reversibility model against the consequences of terrorist attacks on the society. The main question of this research is that based on the available evidence, documentation and data, what are the characteristics of the model of political reversibility against terrorist attacks? In order to answer this question, according to the indicators calculated in previous researches and using the mutual influence method, the researchers provided the calculated indicators in the form of a questionnaire to the community of experts. Then, according to the classification of indicators in the three capacities of absorption, adaptation and revitalization, the main model was formed. Finally, in order to study the case of the sample population, 483 people were selected using simple random classification method and a questionnaire was provided to them. According to the analysis of the questionnaire, the absorption capacity is 39.1%, the adaptation capacity is 35.6%, and the regeneration capacity is 25.2%.

Foreign exchange crisis is one of the major challenges in the economies of countries, In exchange rate crises, the value of the national currency decreases relative to foreign currencies, and the exchange rate suddenly increases. In this context, the aim of this research is to design a model for avoiding exchange rate crises in the policies of central banks using an integrated approach. The research method is a mixed one, incorporating qualitative data analysis based on Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory approach and quantitative data analysis involving a Delphi survey. Interviews were conducted as the research tool for the qualitative section, and researcher-designed questionnaires were used for the quantitative part. The research participants in the qualitative section include experts, opinion leaders, policy-makers, and decision-makers in the field of exchange rate policies of the central bank, as well as managers of government banks and professors in public management, totaling twelve individuals. The Delphi participants consisted of thirty individuals, including managers and opinion leaders in the exchange rate field from Sepah Bank, Mashhad branch. The research findings cover critical conditions of the central bank's exchange rate policies, banking policies, and managerial reasons. The main focus of the research is to avoid exchange rate crises, which involves components such as avoiding payment balance crises and avoiding exchange rate crises. The strategies encompass public opinion management, managed floating exchange rate systems, restraint strategy, and interactive strategy. The consequences involve social and economic development. The areas of concern include supportive policies and cultural factors, while the interveners encompass political, economic, and investor behavior factors. Based on the research findings, it can be stated that avoiding exchange rate crises necessitates coordination and collaboration between the central bank and other institutions, along with the development of strategies appropriate for the country's economic conditions.

Due to its epidemic nature, the spread of the Covid-19 virus has caused many changes in human behaviors and biosocial patterns, which can be observed in the lifestyle of society. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the lifestyle changes resulting from the Covid-19 epidemic and extracting themes of post-Covid-19 lifestyle. To achieve this goal, a systematic review method based on the approach of Wright et al. (2009) was utilized. The sample consisted of 22 Persian and English articles on post-Covid-19 lifestyle. After collecting the research, they were analyzed and evaluated from three perspectives: first, structurally; then, the content of the results was conceptualized; and finally, their methodological evaluation and critique were conducted. Based on the analysis, the post-Covid-19 lifestyle encompasses five main themes: virtualization of everyday life, health-oriented life, socialization of governance, social distancing, and articulated panic. The post-Covid-19 lifestyle has become virtual and media-driven, influenced by global changes including virtualization and the Covid-19 epidemic. Health-oriented and medical discourse has dominated this lifestyle, with social distancing becoming its essence, and articulated fear taking root in the mentality of citizens and dominating their lifestyle. Ultimately, in the post-Covid-19 lifestyle, we will witness increased attention from citizens and governance systems towards cultural, social, and environmental dimensions of various issues. In general, the post-Covid-19 lifestyle will be a distinct phenomenon compared to the pre-Covid-19 lifestyle.

One of the dangers that have threatened the life of human societies throughout the centuries is the occurrence of natural disasters, which, in case of lack of awareness and lack of preparation, cause irreparable damage to various dimensions of human life, including residential, social and environmental areas. make It seems necessary to pay attention to the programs and principles of mitigating these disasters as well as their long-term effects in Iran, which is one of the countries prone to natural disasters. Today, the community-based crisis management approach has found a special place among societies and can be it used to improve the resilience of citizens. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of community-based crisis management on the resilience of citizens of Kerman province against natural disasters with the mediating role of spiritual capital. The research method is based on the applied goal and based on the descriptive-survey implementation method based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all the citizens of Kerman province in the number of 3164718 people, based on Cochran's formula and taking into account the error of 0.05, 384 people were selected as the sample size by simple random method. In order to collect information, a questionnaire tool was used, and the validity of the questionnaires was measured and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability using the combined reliability method. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling method was used in Smart PLS version 3 software environments. The results of data analysis with the structural equation modeling approach show that the community-oriented crisis management variable has a positive and significant effect on the resilience of citizens with an impact factor of 0.45. Also, spiritual capital, while having a positive and meaningful effect on the resilience of citizens, plays a mediating role in the relationship between community-based crisis management and resilience.