فهرست مطالب مهدی حاجیان

The CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated Protein9) method can create a nucleotide sequence complementary to the target sequence in the desired gene by Guide-RNA (gRNA) together with the Cas9 protein, which is a cutting enzyme for cutting in the both DNA strands of the desired sequence accurately and clearly. The DAZL (Deleted in azoospermia-like) gene encodes potential RNA-binding proteins that are expressed in male and female germ cells before and after birth. DAZL, which acts by post-transcriptionally binding mRNA in 3' untranslated regions, regulates the germ cell cycle. DAZL initiates the sexual differentiation of embryonic germ cells. The transfer and transplantation of gene-edited germ cells into recipient males is an effective method for targeted mutagenesis engineering. In mice knocked out for the Dazl gene, the number of testicular stem cells was reduced and it was found that the DAZL gene plays an important role in the differentiation of spermatogonial cells. The purpose of the current research is to edit the DAZL gene by knocking it out using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique and transferring the somatic cell nucleus into the genome of the Bakhtiari goat embryo. The inactivation of the gene will be investigated both at the level of the embryonic cell and the resulting embryo. There are no reports on the production of Bakhtiari goat cells and embryos edited for the DAZL gene by CRISPR technique and somatic nuclear transfer to improve any traits, including reproductive ones. To target the DAZL gene and explore (predict) potential off-target genomic sites, guide RNA (20 bp sequences) immediately upstream of each 5′-NGG in the DAZL gene was designed using the CHOOPCHOOP tool. Plasmid pX459 (9151 bp) was used to insert the gRNA sequence into the CAS9 vector and determine the characteristics and replication of the vector. This plasmid encodes the Cas9 protein along with the puromycin resistance gene under the promoter/enhancer, CAGGS, as well as the gRNA scaffold under the U6 promoter. Plasmid pX459 was digested by BbsI-HF (NEB #R3539) at 37°C for 10 min, followed by purification by NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up Midi kit (#740,986.20, Machery/Nagel). The purified piece was kept at -20°C for later use. Ligation of oligoduplex carrying diluted gRNA sequence (1:20 ratio from 10 μM source) (1 μL), digested pX459 vector (50 ng), 10x T4DNA ligase buffer (2 μL), and T4DNA ligase (1 μL) in the final concentration of 20 μL of the reaction was carried out. Ligation mixture transformation was performed with NEB 5-alpha Competent E. coli (#C2987I) and then placed on agar culture medium with 100 μg/mL ampicillin and incubated at 37°C overnight. From the cultured plate, five colonies were selected and each was cultured in LB culture medium, followed by miniprep plasmid extraction (Genejet Plasmid miniPrep kit, #K0502). Plasmids carrying the CRISPR system were transferred into cells through an electroporation system. The present results proved the possibility of knocking out the DZAL gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique in both fibroblast cell lines and Bakhtiari goat embryos. We performed somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to examine the embryonic developmental capacity to transition to the cleavage and blastocyst stages. The embryos created by knocking out the DAZL gene could grow and develop. The sequencing analysis using DECODR (Deconvolution of Complex DNA Repair) software showed the knock-out rate of the DAZL gene in fibroblast cells was 83.3% and in cloned blastocysts, it was 55.3%. The rate of blastocyst formation resulting from the cloning process with knockout cells was not significantly different from the control group. Based on these studies, we decided to edit the DAZL gene to produce knockout goat embryos by SCNT. The embryos were examined and evaluated with the help of PCR-RFLP test and sequencing. It turned out that in the first iteration, a knockout of 60.66% (the first ten embryos were paid), and in the second iteration, a knockout of 49.99% (the second ten embryos were paid) were achieved. Such mutations have not been described or detected in Iranian Bakhtiari goats, although polymorphisms have been identified. Using genetic sequencing, the mutations were of the INDEL type and were all in the form of frameshift, which resulted in a change in the protein. The CRISPR/Cas9 system easily influences the desired gene and can be used as a strategy to produce livestock animals that are superior in milk and meat production, reproduction, quality, disease resistance, etc. This research demonstrated the possibility of gene editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique in fibroblast cell lines and Bakhtiari goat embryos. The blastocytes produced can be used for transfer to the recipient animal and production of DAZL gene knockout goats for further study and optimization of spermatogonial stem cell transplantation.

Nowadays, the fear of crime and lack of societal security feeling is an issue that has challenged the issue of security in cities and therefore has been the center of attention of social sciences and criminology researchers. Fear of crime and being victimized refers to concern of  persons  including himself/herself, family members, relatives, neighbors and networks to become a victim by vagrants, drug addicts, thieves, kidnappers, street gangs, profiteers, criminal groups and immoral people who may threaten and victimize them or one of their relatives. Based on this, the present research is aimed at sociological investigation of the fear of crime in the social structure and the factors affecting it.

The research implementation mechanism was conducted using the questionnaire technique along with interviewing the 18 + citizens in the provincial capitals of the country along with subordinate cities (428 small towns and 11 main police stations of Greater Tehran). The research samples were 15,778 people who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method and in a systematic and simple random manner.

The results of the findings show that the most important crimes and social harms in the province are: unemployment, divorce, industrial drugs addiction, disputes and family disorders; and the incidence rate of crimes from the point of view of women is more than that of men. And there is a significant relationship between the performance of the police and the trust and participation of citizens and the degree of security feeling and success of the police. It means that the higher the citizens' satisfaction level with the police performance, the higher will be the citizens' trust in police, and citizens’ collaboration level with the police increase, and will lead to an increase in the security feeling at the community level and the success of the police.

COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus and mainly affects the lung tissue. In addition, other tissues are attacked by the virus. Reports have shown that clinical manifestations in Covid-19 patients vary from asymptomatic to acute respiratory symptoms in the lung and septic shock affecting the immune system in other organs. This review article aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with SARS-COV-2 pathogenicity and the relationship between these mechanisms and the severity of various clinical manifestations in patients.

Published articles by researchers in PubMed and Google scholar databases from 2019 to 2021 were collected and reviewed based on the keywords SARS-COV-2, COVID-19 and disease severity.

After entering the SARS-COV-2 virus into the body and the activation of the immune system for reasons such as increased NET production, oxidative stress, activation of cell death pathways including ferroptosis and finally the explosion of cytokine storm and pyroptosis, exacerbate the severity of the disease and increase mortality. In addition, the molecular expression of NLRP3 can play a major role in the development of cytokine storms in patients, some depend on their immune system to fight the virus due to the proliferation of NLRP3 and other destructive molecular mechanisms, thus showing the different severity of the disease.

Individuals in the community show varying degrees of Covid-19 disease depending on the different reactions of their immune systems. Various cellular and molecular mechanisms appear to be activated in sufferers that NLRP3 expression plays a large role.

Vitrification affects intracellular calcium, fertilization ability, and developmental competence of mammalian oocytes. This effect may be more closely associated with an intracellular calcium rise induced by cryoprotectants. The present study aimed to assess whether reducing calcium of vitrification solution could improve the fertilization and developmental competence of ovine oocytes.

COCs were collected from the ovine ovary. MII oocytes were divided into 5 groups, one non-vitrified (control) and four vitrified groups 24 hours after COC culture. Vitrified groups were designed according to the presence or absence of EGTA (a calcium chelator) and/or calcium in base media, including mPB1+ (modified PBS with Ca2+), mPB1- (modified PBS without Ca2+), mPB1+/EGTA (mPB1+ containing EGTA), mPB1-/EGTA (mPB1- containing EGTA). Fertilization rate and in vitro development were evaluated after embryo thawing. Also, blastocyst quality was assessed using differential staining. Data analysis was carried out using one-way analysis variance.

There was no significant difference in the viability rate between vitrified groups. Fertilization and the developmental rate decreased in the presence of calcium (p<0.05) but in the calcium-free medium with the EGTA supplementation group, the developmental rate obviously increased. On the other hand, blastocyst cell count in the control group was similar to vitrified groups.

Using a calcium-free cryoprotectant by adding EGTA can improve the quality of vitrified-thawed ovine MII oocyte and also a higher developmental rate in obtained embryos.

In an effort to present a new analysis of the Islamic Revolution, the question ascends as to whether the Islamic Revolution can be considered a freedom or emancipation-seeking revolution? It is assumed that the Islamic Revolution was the renaissance of the Iranian nation to raise the cause of freedom, and emancipation in both two positive and negative aspects has been expressed. The present research is carried out in a descriptive-analytical manner and its findings show that the Islamic Revolution of Iran has mainly focused on four major issues (negative liberty); domestic tyranny, foreign dominance, anti-Islam measures of the Shah's regime and economic decline, and the threat to people's livelihoods. On the contrary, this revolution has articulated the favorable response to these issues (positive liberty) by establishing and realizing values ​​such as religious democracy, freedom, efforts to preserve independence and national sovereignty, as well as efficiency with an emphasis on justice and deprivation.

Abstract muslims need to understand quran attracts their attention into hadis and its understanding and made hadis science the most popular and important science all over islamic lands. The Rabc_E Nisvabur as a part of Islamic territory enjoying partiular geographical characteristics and perfect environmental conditions changed into a place for gathering large number of jurisconsults and scholors of hadis and a place for formation of grand activities in hadis science during first four islamic centuries . The aim of the research is to investigate the state of Hadis science in The Rabc_E Nisvabur in first four islamic centuries. In this research, in order to study Hadis science historical_ analytical and documentary method is used. the researcher according to Analysis of information come to this conclusion that credit of Hadis science owe to large extent to religous scholors like Imam Reza (peace be upon him) , correction of Hadis collection and Valid and well_ founded narrations also activities of great soni and shia narrators. Following tryings of hadis scholors from Nisvabur in complying correct hadises and learning and teaching them,great works is complied by Moslem Nisvaburi, Fazl Ibn Shazan ,Hakem Nisvabur.correctness and validity of works like Sahih Moslem changed into an axis for other new hadis collection as Almostakhraj and Almosnad.

Groundwaters can be polluted due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. These water resources are directly used as community’s drinking water. Therefor, pollution vulnerability assessment of them can help the local and national managers and decision makers in control of many discharged pollutants. For this purpose, the aquifer vulnerability of Najaf Abad plain (Lenjan District) has been surveyed in this study.
Today, Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for assessment of vulnerability of groundwater systems. Therefor, GIS was also used to determine the different degrees of vulnerability in the study area. For this purpose, different information layers were prepared. These information layers included electrical conductivity, nitrate, total organic carbon, sulfate, chloride and total hardness concentration which were obtained from 25 wells in Lenjan district through sampling during 4 seasons from summer of 2008 to spring of 2009.
Finally, after weight ratings and overlaying of the information layers, the vulnerability of areas were determined both seasonally and annually.
Results of chemical analysis of the samples showed that the highest concentrations of nitrate, total hardness, chloride, sulfate and EC levels for spring of 2009 were 98, 3800, 6745, and 3780 mg/L and 14.5 mS/cm, respectively. In contrast, the highest concentration of TOC occurred in summer of 2008 was 21.6 mg/L. However, the lowest concentrations of these agrichemicals were recorded in summer and autumn of 2008.
The results obtained with the help of GIS showed that the area in the center of Lenjan district, that had clay type of soil and average groundwater depth compared to the adjacent regions, had the lowest vulnerability to analyzed pollutants. Therefore, vulnerability of the areas increased by moving towards the east of Lenjan district. Thus, digging a well in this vulnerable area will be faced with water resources pollution

In this paper a new strategy for congestion management is presented. Generally، in congestion management programs all considered contingencies are deterministic or stochastic. Therefore، congestion management cost is increased. In the proposed algorithm، congestion management program is divided to two parts، Primary and Secondary Congestion Management. Also، contingencies are divided in two groups. In the first group، the contingencies that should be managed by preventive actions are considered and the others are taken into account in the second group. The first group of contingencies is in primary congestion management. The secondary congestion management program starts from the nearest time to market run time. So، the secondary congestion management uses corrective actions for managing secondary group contingencies. Also، the secondary congestion management is capable of covering most uncertainties، especially load variations. The proposed method reduces congestion management cost.

There is some evidence that shows some manipulations during assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro culture and vitrification can affect fetal development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of culture medium (handmade culture medium: SOF vs. commercial culture medium: G1/G2) and vitrification (vitrified vs. non-vitrified) on survival rate, blastocyst formation and hatching rate. For this purpose, 2-cell embryos were recovered from naturally synchronized NMRI females and divided in two groups (vitrification and control groups). Embryos from each group cultured in SOF or G1/G2 culture medium. Results showed that survival rate was not significantly different between groups. The potential of embryos in vitrified-SOF group to develop towards blastocyst stage and also hatching rate were significantly lower than non-vitrified-G1/G2 group (P 0.05). These results suggest that, the potential of embryos to develop towards blastocyst stage and hatching rate might be affected by the vitrification procedure and culture medium.

Ignore of very epistemological basis in modern philosophy caused skepticism and Uncertainty in problem of other minds and the external world. These epistemological basis are Undeniable and Indemonstrable and they are in every proposition. In these epistemological basis, power of thought and other minds are more important and each other had some necessities that are in contrary to innatism and empiricism. Allameh Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai Answered the modern philosophy by Basing Epistemology on presential knowledge of self and our Knowledge to our ideas. But we can solve Problem of modern Epistemology and Show the justification of Realism by Analysis of epistemological basis in acquired knowledge.

Identification and classification of power quality disturbances (PQDs) are one of the most important functions of monitoring and protection of modern power systems. One of the most important issues in PQ analysis is automatic diagnosis of waveforms using an effective algorithm. This paper presents an effective method, for extracting features, using integration of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and hyperbolic S transform (HST). Moreover, an efficient feature selection method namely Orthogonal Forward Selection (OFS) by incorporating Gram Schmidt (GS) procedure and forward selection is applied for selection of the best subset features. Multi support vector machines (MSVM), as famous classifier, is applied. Also, the variable parameters of the classifier are optimized using a powerful method namely particle swarm optimization (PSO). Six single disturbances and two complex disturbances as well pure sine (normal) selected as reference are considered for the classification. Sensitivity of the proposed expert system under different noisy conditions is investigated. Also, efficiency of the proposed methods by comparing the results of this study with the results of other papers is examined.

The method of Islamic Philosophers in interpreting the revealed and religious texts has always been confronted by the opposition of literalists. Ibn Sina considers all knowledge, in clouding rational and revealed knowledge. As an emanation from Active Intellect and in this way he regards the revealed and rational knowledge as being of the same kind. He holds that a saye who by the aid of intellect discovers the orders of existence he also finds out the meanings of verses and can detect the symbolical and allegorical verses of Quranic verses by his own intellect. By contrast, Ghazali by his emphasis on the preservation of appearance, precluded the people from any kind of commentary and justified the path for the adherents of the ancients and explained it away.But he too after turning to mysticism proffered the inner way and has taken the same way in commentary by which he condemned Ibn ina. By comparing the commentary of Ibn Sina and Ghazali on the verse "Nor" the similarity and equality of them in the principles interpretation despite some small differences becomes clearer. This change of Ghazuli's position is a witness to this fact that belief in the order of existence and other principles cannot fit to gather with literalism and these principles lead to the same interpretive method. Therefore by keeping to the way of moderation, the correct path of interpretation and commentary on this basis can be ached.

Voltage stability is an important problem in power system networks. In this paper، in terms of static voltage stability، and application of Neural Networks (NN) and Supported Vector Machine (SVM) for estimating of voltage stability margin (VSM) and predicting of voltage collapse has been investigated. This paper considers voltage stability in power system in two parts. The first part calculates static voltage stability margin by Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN). The advantage of the used method is high accuracy in online detecting the VSM. Whereas the second one، voltage collapse analysis of power system is performed by Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) and SVM. The obtained results in this paper indicate، that time and number of training samples of SVM، are less than NN. In this paper، a new model of training samples for detection system، using the normal distribution load curve at each load feeder، has been used. Voltage stability analysis is estimated by well-know L and VSM indexes. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed methods، IEEE 14 bus grid and the actual network of Yazd Province are used.

Power quality monitoring is the first step in the identification of power quality disturbances and reducing them in order to improve the performance of the power system. The aim of this paper is to propose the architecture of a new intelligent strategy for online and offline power quality monitoring system based on multi-agent systems. In this study، a multi-agent system for solving some problems in power quality monitoring، including computational complexity، low accuracy، change in the data pattern، non adaptive structure of detection system to changing conditions is proposed. In the proposed strategy، the agent characteristics، such as automatic and dynamic performance، intelligent، learning، reasoning ability، objectively and interoperability of agents are used. This paper is presented in two stages. In the one stage، to indicate problems in power quality monitoring، different methods of feature extraction، feature selection and classification for automatic recognition of power quality disturbances have been analyzed. Optimal selection of input feature vector of distinguish system is applied using different methods of data mining. Also، three well-known classifiers are considered. In another stage of the paper، to solve some challenges، the design of investigated structures in the form of a multi-agent system is expressed. The results of the experiments in this paper demonstrate the superiority of agents and multi-agent systems for online and offline power quality monitoring.

The chemical quality of water used for dialysis fluid is a vital factor in the overall care received by dialysis patients. Therefore، water used for this purpose should be treated with advanced methods before use for dialysis. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of reverse osmosis systems to improve water quality used for dialysis fluid. In this descriptive study، 40 water samples were collected from inlet and outlet of reverse osmosis systems of 5 hemodialysis services of Isfahan hospitals، Iran، during April to August 2011. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters including residual chlorine، chloramines، pH، hardness، Al، F، Cu، Mn، Cd، Cr، Pb، Ni concentration according to the standard methods for examining water and waste water. The results of this study showed that the reverse osmosis systems significantly reduce the amount of residual chlorine، chloramines، hardness، Na، K، F، NO3، SO4 and Mn، but it could not significantly reduce the amount of Cu، Zn، Cd، Cr، Pb and Al. However، the results also showed that the amount of NO3، hardness، Pb، Cd، Cr and Al in outlet samples of reverse osmosis systems was higher than the value given by association for the advancement of medical instrumentation (AAMI). Reverse osmosis systems could improve the quality of water used for hemodialysis but they do not reduce the level of some contaminant to the recommended values for dialysis fluid. This condition may be unsafe for hemodialysis patients. Therefore، a rigorous control of chemical contaminants is necessary in order to ensure that hemodialysis therapy is in a good quality.