رامین ساریخانی

Surface waters or rivers are one of the most important water sources that play an important role in supplying water for various activities. In recent years, the optimal use of artificial intelligence models has been common to predict and simulate of the quantitative and qualitative parameters of water to prevent the pollution of surface water and rivers. The Kakareza river is located in the city of Selseleh, Lorestan province, the water of this river is mostly used for irrigation, thus it is very important to assess the quality and estimate the quality parameters of the water of this river. In this research hydrogeochemical methods and artificial intelligence have been used. The findings showed that bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium ions have a major role on the water quality of this river. The water quality index of Kakareza River is favorable in the period 1347 to 1398 and can be used for drinking and agriculture purposes. Also, the results of the artificial neural network show the high ability of the neural network in simulation and prediction the parameter index, the model with 9 inputs (HCO3, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, TDS, pH, Q) is shown the best performance in estimated value of EC. Finally, in order to implement the management program of water organizations to make optimal use of water resources in the region (such as the Kakareza River) by using hydrogeochemical studies and quantitative and qualitative predictions of water, it is possible to have a more accurate understanding of the water quality conditions, which makes better decisions about the use of these water resources.

The salty running water from Gachsaran Formation in Robat Namaki region, north of Khorramabad city, has caused salt weathering of some rocks in the region. Salt weathering due to the salty running waters of the region is one of the reasons for changing the geomechanical properties of rocks, and as a result reducing their durability. In current research, the effect of salty running waters on the geomechanical properties of outcropping rocks in Robat Namki region has been studied by conducting salt weathering tests. For this purpose, two samples of limestone and sandstone have been prepared and salt weathering tests have been performed on them for 30 cycles in salty running water, spring water and saturated salt solution. After every 5 cycles, the point load index and porosity of the samples were determined. Fitting curves between salt weathering test cycles with point load index and porosity were developed for all three test solutions, and parameters of decay constant and half-life were obtained from them. The effect of the three test solutions on the samples has been evaluated using these parameters, as well as the percentage of changes of the point load index and porosity. The results show that saturated salt solution, spring water and salty running water had the greatest to least effect on the changes of point load index and porosity of the samples, respectively. Also, data analyses shows that sandstone is more affected by salt weathering due to its higher porosity and layered than limestone.

Some researchers defined environment pollution as any change in properties of the environment members in a way that makes not only natural performance and biological balance disordered but also jeopardizes the benefits and the life of living creatures directly and indirectly. For centuries, different heavy metals, whether anthropogenic or earth-made, have been releasing into water and soil resources through different natural processes and industrial activities. In fact, studying water pollution to heavy metals can provide a good way to improve the quality of water, decrease disease, and increase safety and health. One of the natural water polluting activities is the weathering and oxidation processes on ophiolite rocks of special regions. Controlling chemistry processes and water composition, like weathering and dissolution, ion exchange, and absorption-desorption processes, can have high importance.

After field study and making related maps, the samples from the region’s wells and springs were gathered through a field operation. Since the concentration-aqueous concentration of the elements is affected more by evaporation during the dry season, the samples were gathered at the end of September, the time before precipitation when dry summer is finished. Plastic containers with half-liter capacity were used for the samples. Before gathering, the containers were filled and emptied 3 times. After that, 10cc nitric acid was added to the samples for each liter; and then they were sent to Zar Azma Mineral Company for analysis of their heavy elements. Concentration total of 28 light and heavy elements were measured in the water samples by ICP-MS analysis.

Dendrogram diagram and Pearson correlation were applied to classify the samples based on intergroup similarities, to find the probable source of the elements, and to study the correlation among the elements. It can be seen that Cr has a rather high positive correlation (0.54) with Si indicating the fact that they both have the same source, from Si minerals. This table reveals that there is a high correlation between Ca, S, and Sr on one hand, and a high correlation between Cr and Si and somewhat with Mg, on the other hand. Moreover, there is a rather high positive correlation between Ni and P and somewhat between Ni and Mg. These correlations can prove the fact that the elements have the same source. According to ArcGIS maps, the most concentration of calcium, Sr, and S is recorded for zone 1 including Hezarkhani and Yadabad. Moreover, the lowest concentration of these three elements is recorded for Aliabad and Ch-pavleh. These elements are expected to be originated mostly from conglomerate and limestone deposits. It turns out that the second controlling factor of groundwater chemistry includes the weathering and dissolution of source rock of Cr, Mg, and Si. The same-value maps of sampling points have been classified based on the concentration of Cr, Si, and Mg, revealing that the points of highest and lowest concentration of these elements are geographically the same. This fact proves a high correlation and a similar source of these elements. Therefore it can be seen that the highest concentration of these elements is recorded for Ch-pavleh, while the lowest concentration for Aliabad and Gashour. Since chromium has a high positive correlation with Si, it can be concluded that chromium has a silicate source. Based on the geological map of the region, the important silicate source is peridotite. In fact, peridotites, as a representative of the ophiolite collection of the region, can be considered as the source of Cr entrance to the regional waters. Moreover, as these peridotites include ferromagnesian minerals, they are also regarded as the source of Mg entrance to regional waters. Therefore, peridotites are considered as the common source of Si, Cr, and somewhat Mg entrance to regional waters. The existence of Cr- spinel in the geochemistry of peridotite rocks in Ch-pavleh can also prove silicate and peridotite sources of Cr in the region water.

Pearson correlation among elements was calculated to recognize the elements with the most correlation. According to that, the elements with higher correlation are suggested to have the same source. Factor analysis revealed that controlling factors of water chemistry have the highest correlation with the elements which have the highest correlation. Dissolution and weathering of these elements’ source rock are considered the important factors. Besides, focusing on water-rock interaction, the most essential minerals participating in the actions with water were recognized. Same-value maps were applied to determine the source of the elements. Moreover, according to these maps, it is revealed that the elements with the highest correlation come from the same geographical setting.   Based on these stages, the important controlling factors of water chemistry were recognized as the following: weathering and dissolution of conglomerate deposits to the dissolution of gypsum as the common source of calcium, strontium, and sulfide, weathering and dissolution of peridotites, especially ferromagnesian ( as the common source of magnesium and nickel) and chrome-bearing spinel (a common source of chromium, cilice, and magnesium), dissolution of chalcedony, barite, and calcite as three minerals with the highest saturation index.

Sahneh, Harsin-Nourabad ophiolits (Kermanshah Provience) located in outer Zagros ophiolitic zone and are parts of the Cretaceous ophiolitic belt, as remnants of southern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean obducted over the Arabic–Tauric platform from Oman to northwestern Syria, Cyprus and Antalya. Calculation of Fe/Mg separation coefficient of olivine indicates the mantle origin of this mineral. Textural evidence of ultramafic rocks displays clear evidence of cooling with decompression, partial melting and melt-rock reactions. Tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams show that peridotite samples are located in olivine- spinel mantle array and SSZ peridotite field. Based on geothermobarometry calibration the temperature and pressure of crystallization of harzburgite and lherzolite rocks were 1100 to 1500 ° C and 12 to 18 Kbar and the wehrlite sample was 1200 to 1500 ° C and 21 to 23 Kbar, which corresponds to the SSZ tectonic environment.

Today, the pollution of Rangeland soils by various destructive pollutants has become one of the human-environmental problems. Lacking proper management of organic matter discharge can also increase the concentration of salts, heavy metals, and pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, to investigate and measure the concentration of toxic elements, 128 soil samples of Chadegan region were selected to distinguish the concentration extent of these metals and also high-risk and polluted areas. Based on the obtained results in the sampled points, the average soil pollution by cobalt, copper, and chromium elements was observed which its origin can be considered as pollution with a geologic origin. The other elements observed in the soil have little enrichment or no pollution.

Soil pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of synthetic chemicals or other changes in the soil environment. The heavy metal pollution of soils has been very widespread and there is a risk of transmission of these toxic and accessible metals to humans, animals, and agricultural products. Heavy metals due to their non-degradability and physiological effects on living organisms are also very important in low concentrations. The soil pollution from toxic elements is different from water or air pollution because the toxic elements remain in the soil longer than the other parts of the biosphere and are more durable in the soil. The objectives of this study are to investigate the distribution of toxic elements and to assess the environmental pollution of a part of Chadegan’s soil which has been tried to be studied by using the accumulation land indices, pollution coefficient, pollution load, enrichment coefficient, heavy metals pollution zoning, and the statistical analyses.

In order to conduct this study, in-field inspections, 128 samples from the soil of the studied area have been taken from a depth of 30cm. After doing the initial preparation process, the samples up to the dimensions of less than four millimeters were firstly crushed by using the crusher machine in the laboratory and then pulverized in the disk mill up to 75 microns size (200 meshes). To weigh the samples, Teflon pipes were used in the 4-Acids Digest method.After weighing the samples in a Teflon tube; hydrochloride, pre chloridic, nitric, and chloride acids each added up to a certain amount and then all of them were placed in the Hot Box. After performing the complete digest operation, the samples were cooled at the ambient temperature and reached to sufficient volume with distilled water, and finally, the chemical analysis performed in the ICP-MS method by using Agilent Series 4500 machine made in the United Stutes. Due to the changes in the concentration of the elements in the soil of the region; Ba, Co, Sc, Pb, Y, Cu, B, Zn, Ni, Sr, Cr metals were selected. To determine and construe the extent of pollution of the soil samples studied; the enrichment factor, the pollution load index has been used here due to the concentration of the elements. The ArcGIS software was used to prepare the spatial distribution. Because Kriging methods (normal, simple, and discrete) have high potentials for determining the spatial distribution of the heavy metals of soil; hence they have been proposed as appropriate methods for interpolation and preparing the pollutants map.

The result of calculating the accumulation land index for the soil samples taken from different station show that Igeo extent of all elements is less than one or less than one or less than zero thus have little or no pollution. The result of the pollution coefficient analysis indicates that pollution is law and soil is non-polluted in all sampled areas except for some station that has low and average pollution in terms of cobalt, copper, and chromium elements. Regarding the pollution load index and due to the standard values of P.L.I; the soil of the studied area is free of pollution. The obtained results of calculating the enrichment coefficient of the studied soil samples show that apart from cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc elements which have average enrichment and its origin can be considered as pollution with anthropogenic pollution; the rest of the present elements have low enrichment and are non-polluted. The zoning map of the concentration of the toxic elements from the area soil indicates that the elements of cobalt, nickel, copper, and strontium in the southwest of the region and also boron, barium, and yttrium elements in the southeast of the area have average to low concentration and the other elements have very low concentration. Based on histogram diagrams, the elements of boron, chromium, nickel, lead, strontium, and yttrium have symmetrical distribution and the elements of barium, cobalt, copper, and scandium have asymmetrical distribution and positive skewness.

According to the result of the accumulation land index, it was found that the studied soils have little or no pollution. The results of the pollution coefficient suggest that except for the elements of cobalt and lead which have average enrichment in some stations, the other elements have poor enrichment. The pollution load index shows that the studied samples have no pollution and also have appropriate concentration and this is while that the enrichment extent of cobalt, chromium, copper, and lead is near average and this enrichment extent can be considered as pollution with an anthropogenic origin.

Soils are discontinuous cover at the surface that may be composed of rocks and sediments in situ or by material transport. Heavy metals are one of the most important soil pollutants that can have a major impact on the health of living things and, above all, humans. Heavy metals, which enter the human body, can accumulate in the tissues and affect the nervous system and circulation. These metals also impair the normal functioning of the internal organs or may be auxiliary to other diseases. Elements such as mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc, selenium and the like are elements that are highly resident in the soil and have low mobility, so they may remain in the soil for many years. Such contaminants in the soil are caused by the addition of sludge, phosphate fertilizers, atmospheric sinks, color wastes and smoke from natural fuels, coal and other sources. Numerous studies have been carried out on the distribution of heavy metals in various soils such as urban, industrial, etc. Considering the importance of heavy metal contamination in soil and its effect on the health of living organisms, especially humans, this study was conducted to evaluate the concentration and contamination of heavy metals in soils north of Fereydoon Shahr (Isfahan province) using environmental indices; Geoaccumulation index, pollution load index, enrichment factor and pollution index were performed. The spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the study area is also investigated.

This study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal contamination and their origin in eastern Azna city in Lorestan province. For this purpose, heavy metals of surface soil samples 113 (5-15 m) were analyzed in the eastern Azna city by AAS flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Origin indices and degree of contamination including enrichment factor (Ef) and its percentage, Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf) were calculated to evaluate soil contamination. Based on the results, the mean concentrations of heavy metals including Zn, Y, V, Sn, Sr, Sc, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, B, Br were 86.9, 51, 161, 14.5, 160, 26, 32.6, 65.4, 34, 22.9, 0.7, 102, 393 mg/kg, respectively, which Br has the highest and Cd the least. Maximum and minimum enrichment factors are also Cd and Br, respectively. The results showed that the studied area is not heavily contaminated with heavy metals but the concentration of some metals is very high in some places and in the case of a natural source of contamination (rock and soil), these sites can be used as potential mining and resource sources.

Groundwater salinization in semiarid regions is a limiting factor of use with strategic importance. In this study, the sources of salinity, chemistry, and quality of groundwater in Robat (Khorramabad plain, Iran) were identified through the geochemical methods. Using data analysis, the concentration of cations and anions were recognized with the order of Ca2+>Na+ >Mg2+>K+ and HCO3-> Cl-> SO42+> NO3-> F-, respectively. The high concentration of Na+, Cl-, and EC in some places is attributed to the gypsum and salty formations. In the study area, the salinization processes are identified by natural and artificial activities. The salinization mechanisms are identified by the natural dissolution of gypsum and salt from Gachsaran formation and man-made sources including boreholes drilled through Gachsaran Formation, salt mining, and agricultural activity. Also, the high concentration of nitrate is related to agricultural fertilizers and karstification effects. It is seen that the atmospheric NO3-. HCO3-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentration exceeded the standard limit in a few samples probably due to the calcareous formation. Besides, hydrochemical facies of the groundwater are Ca- HCO3 and Na-K-HCO3. Due to the presence of calcareous and salt bearing formations, 46%, 26%, and 20% of all samples show a higher concentration of Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+, respectively, which exceed the permissible limits. Sulfate and fluoride concentrations are less than the permissible limits. However, due to the presence of calcareous formation, salt bearing formation, and use of agricultural fertilizers, 100%, 26%, and 20% of all samples show a higher concentration of HCO3-, Cl-, and NO3- than the permissible limits.

Considering the diverse climatic conditions of Iran with a varying from hot and dry and also coastal areas it can be seen that salt weathering is one of the most important agents affecting on the durability of stones used as wall cladding of the building. As a result it is necessary that durability of stones be assessed and the most resistance and appropriate those be selected for use as wall cladding of the buildings. In this research, durability of six samples of travertines from Azarshahr and Mahallat areas against salt weathering were investigated. For this purpose, salt weathering test at sulfate sodium (Na2SO4) up to 60 cycles was carried out and, after every 5 cycles, changes in the samples appearance (color, efflorescence, chemical and physical decay), mechanical properties (point load strength, Brazilian tensile strength and P-wave velocity) and Dry Weight Loss of samples were monitoring and measured. The results indicated that changes in samples appearance including the color, efflorescence, chemical and physical decay due to criteria of measure those is qualitative, can not to be appropriate for assessment of samples durability against salt weathering. Moreover, results show in among parameters that criteria of measure those is quantitative, Brazilian tensile strength and P-wave velocity are more reliable in compare with point load strength and Dry Weight Loss for assessment of samples durability. Also, macroscopic monitoring of samples appearance against salt weathering show that petrological properties have major role in chemical and physical decay and therefore their durability.

Application of Spot 5 Satellite image to Oil-contaminated soils Identification and statistical analyzes in Marun Oilfield – Khuzestan
In recent years, using remote sensing technology and variety of satellite images as one of the main sources of information have evaluated to monitor the optimal utilization of resources, soil pollution, water pollution and land. Remote sensing application technology (satellite image data) in different domains has led to its application in areas such as oil and gas. The soil pollution is a form of pollution due to human activity in which huge amount of crude oil is leak aged or released into the field and soil. The recovery and cleaning process is very difficult and take more times. Some oil spills may take even years to clean up. This process depends upon various factors such as the type of oil spilled, soil and environmental factors. Several oil spills occurred at oil platforms in Marun oil field, Ahvaz. The oil spills were subsequently imaged by different types of satellite sensors, The object of paper is identify oil pollution in soil using satellite imagery for identify oil pollution in soils and find source of pollution in the Marun oil filed Khuzastan, south of Iran.

The study area is an oil field, located in the Khuzestan province of Iran and is the second-largest oil field in Iran. Marun oil field is situated in the southwest of Iran in the south of North Dezful Embayment between Kupal, Aghajari, Ramin, Shadegan and Ramshir oil fields. This field consists of Asmari and Bangestan reservoirs producing oil and Khami reservoir comprising mainly gas. This field is an asymmetric anticline with NW-SE trend. The dimensions of Marun oil field at the Asmari oil reservoir horizon are 67 and 7 kilometers in length and width, respectively. The GPS data were collected in the WGS-84 (World Geodatic Systems-84) datum in the latitude/longitude system and were subsequently transformed into the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 39-North system. The GCP coordinates within the UTM projection were then integrated with the satellite images using the software for georeferencing. The satellite images were enhanced using an image processing software package (Envi 5.0) to facilitate the pre-processing and processing of the study area. High precision, were used to capture data at several identifiable points on the images to be used as ground control points (GCPs).
This paper aims to identify oil pollution in soil using SPOT5 satellite imagery. In this study, SPOT5 satellite images are used with supervised classification methods that created two color threshold, Low to High of petroleum products in the study area. In the study area the high threshold have the most pollution. Grounds point control are used for accuracy and validation of results, five point with certain color threshold, for identification polluted soils. In the study area, results of statistical analysis show that metal concentrations Ni and Co elements compared with World Shale Standard are contaminated with high amount and average concentrations of all three metals Ni, Co and V compared with non-contaminated soil standard are also polluted with high range. Soil salinity factor in the study area is plotted at saline range according of saline soils classification. According to statistical results, high correlation between pH, Oil / Grease, V and EC are showed that Vanadium is characteristic of oil pollution ,also the salinity and pollution oil / grease in soil due to crude oil been created. The correlation between Ni and Co elements, indicates that the source of them are same and due to the geological factors. Principal component analysis show that first factor is most effective factor in the contamination of soil which has a high correlation with pH, Oil / Grease, V and the EC which can dominated the same source of these parameters with crude oil. The second factor is shown high correlation between Co and Ni have same source that due to material of soil in the study area.

Surface water quality is largely influenced by physical processes, chemical and biological processes such as weathering of minerals, rocks, climate and precipitation amount. Human activities (domestic and industrial wastewater, atmospheric sediment, irrigation return flow, etc.) also can reduce the quality of surface water and disrupt using it for drinking, industrial and agricultural consumption. The investigation of saturation index changes is useful to determine the different stages of the evolution of hydro chemical and chemical reactions to control the water chemistry. The control processes of water chemistry including physical, chemical and biological processes, structural, geological and mineralogical composition of the host rocks, and human activities such as household and industrial wastes, excessive use of chemicals and pollution emissions of wastewater tanks can effectively affect the surface water chemistry. Hierarchical clustering methods are appropriate methods for data analysis of water samples which are applied to assess the water quality data and the possibility of sample hydrochemical grouping having the highest importance of the statistical viewpoint in hydrology, hydrogeology and geology. In this study, Azna river water quality has been investigated based on the major elements and heavy metals. Results showed that the reactions due to area formations are the factor that affects the major elements and heavy metal in the surface waters of area.

The statistical methods are used for investigation of water quality in different area that such as univariate and multivariate statistics methods. In the study area, according to cluster diagrams of groundwater quality parameters are plotted in two cluster that due to formations and geological factors. Principle component analysis methods are shown that effective factors such as electrical conductivity, material solution, HCO3-, Mg2+, Cl-, Na+ and total hardness in groundwater quality. According to major parameters and its source, groundwater quality related to geological formation, limestone and evaporated rocks in the study area. The coefficient factor of groundwater parameters in the study area are shown that high relationship between electrical conductivity with SO42-, Na- and Cl- due to halite solution from Ghachsaran formation and high correlation between electric conductivity and SO42- ,Na+,Cl- due to sulfate salt and sulfate calcium especially. Also correlation between HCO3- and Mg2+ can be considered for role of dolomite rocks solution in increasing Ca2+ concentration in water. The GQI of groundwater quality in the study area is evaluated that indicated groundwater quality of region are between 73% to 81%, which indicate the groundwater quality placed in suitable to acceptable class of quality that may be affected by geological factors such as lithology, current direction in the area. The correlation between groundwater quality index and quality parameters are shown that total hardness, bicarbonate and dissolved solids had the highest impact on groundwater quality in the study area.

In this study, marls ofsouth of Hassan Abad and Varamin in Tehran Province, including the marls of Upper Red Formation unit M3 and Pliocene marls of unit Plm in slopes of five5, 20 and 40 percents were evaluated in terms of shape and intensity of erosion, physical, chemical, engineering and dispersion features. Accordingly, 20 samples were taken from mentioned marl formations. To achieve predetermined goals, granulometry, Atterberg limits, chemical analysis such as cations and anions, SAR, TDS, EC and double hydrometery and pinhole were tested. Results of double hydrometery tests on 18 samples indicated that only three have low dispersion degree Which are related to marls of unit M3 in undisturbed samples of station 1 with the form of gully erosion, station 2 with 40% slope and surface erosion and station 5 with 5% slope and channel erosion. According to the pinhole test, from 17 samples, 12 samples were classified as non dispersive and five samples as low to moderate dispersive classes. In this test, the majority of the samples with channel erosion and some samples with gully erosion showed low to moderate dispersion rate. Other erosion forms such as surface and rill erosion showed non-dispersive behavior. Based on chemical properties of the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Sodium Percentage (PS), in Casagrande chemical graph, the majority of samples are clssified as dispersive soil, one sample with surface erosion in the boundary of dispersion and one sample with rill erosion as dispersive with the probability of 50%. In modified Sherard chemical method, all samples are classified as non dispersive soils. These results have no conformity with other physical and chemical methods so this classification is not acceptable. African chemical method showed better results compared to other chemical methods. In this method, half of the samples were classified as dispersive and the other half as non-dispersive. According to chemical and physicalstandards, dispersion phenomenon has been seen in all forms of surface, rill, gully and channel erosion. It has been concluded that marl soils are potentially dispersive under the influence of chemical and physical factors, even if they show surface and rill erosion forms, at the time of sampling. In other words, if the necessary conditions such as slope sleepness and runoff concentration occure in these soils, surface and rill erosion forms can be developed to dispersive forms such as channel and gully erosion types.

The Kermanshah ophiolite complex is located in outer Zagros ophiolitic belt and consists of both mantle and crustal suites as remnants of southern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in Iran. Chemical composition determinative diagram of minerals indicates that olivine in dunite, harzburgite and lherzolites has forsteritic composition and in wherlitic rocks is chrysolite in composition likewise orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in these rocks are enstatitic and diopside to augitic composition respectively. Textural evidence such as exsolution lamellae of clinopyroxene in orthopyroxene and chain-like grains of spinel in minerals of ultramafic rocks of Sahneh, Harsin-Nourabad and Myanrahan region displaying clear evidence of cooling with decompression, partial melting and melt-rock reactions. Very low modal of clinopyroxene, Mg rich olivines and high Cr# content and Cr/Al ratio of chromian spinel from ultramafic cumulates indicate that dunites and harzburgitic rocks have formed by high degrees of partial melting. Calculated TiO2, Al2O3 and FeO/MgO ratio in the parental melt that was in equilibrium with chromian spinels and also all of used discrimination diagrams are compatible with a forearc boninitic magma (such as picrites or island arc tholeiites) in supra-subduction zone setting.

In recent decades, soil pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons in oil-rich countries (such as Iran) has been one of the most challenging issues. In these countries with petroleum industries, mines of oil exploration, refineries, etc., leakage from tanks or pipelines of oil transmission due to corrosion and damage bring about oil pollution for the soil. This study aimed at evaluating and measuring the amount of heavy metals in the soil of Kermanshah Refinery and statistical analysis in order to locate high-risk areas in terms of pollution caused by oil leaks, extraction, refining, and transportation. Therefore; 15 samples of surrounded soil of Kermanshah Refinery were analyzed to determine soil pollution with petroleum compounds. According to results of ICP-MS analysis of soil samples, the process of heavy metal changes in the soil of Kermanshah Refinery was Cr>Zn>Ni>V>Cu>Pb>Co>Sc>As>Cd. Geo accumulation index indicated that the intensity of the refinery soil is classified in the range of no pollution to average with reference to chromium and nickel. Besides, the finding from enrichment factor indicated the average enrichment of the region soil by chromium and lead. Moreover, it confirmed that enrichment in lead and copper has anthropogenic origin. Pollution load index of chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, and lead showed soil pollution to these metals. Zoning map of heavy metal density in the region soil demonstrates that high density of the elements in some stations is related to the petroleum leakage from installations and storage tank.

The studied area of Yuzbashi-Chay located in the North West of Qazvin and stratigraphically includes Cenozoic units. Field evidence, petrological studies and geochemical data of magmatic rocks and alteration zone suggest that, this area consist of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, trachyandesite, trachyte, rhyodacite, dacite, tuff and dike. Plot of the major and trace elements analysis results in different discrimination diagrams indicate that these rocks formed by subduction-related magmatism in continental margins environment. Based on classification of different alteration unites; the vast parts of studied area affected by intermediate to advanced argillic-type alteration. Besides; due to the effects of alteration zones, the amount of calcium and sulfate have very high anomaly in water. Furthermore; results of water samples analysis indicate that the water hardness is greater than standard limit.The presence of hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate minerals (alunite or alum) is main potential source to produce of acidic waters. Based on drink water standard of Iran, total dissolved solids (TDS) value in alteration areas, especially in Ghazan Daghi mines, is greater than standard limit and waters of Aghche Kand alteration area are classified in toxicant water type.

Water pollution in recent decades is as serious threat to the human and natural ecosystem so that assessing changes water quality are one of the most important topics for desirable use . In this investigation has been studied the Azna river quality in Chamzaman Hydrometric station that used for dry period (April to September) and wet period (October to March).To evaluate the water quality were used the Piper, Schoeller, Wilcox and time-series diagrams. Results water river Azna in Piper diagram indicative water type is calcic bicarbonates. In studied river, according to the graph Schuler is evaluated good and desirable for drinking. According to statistical studies, the methods of data analysis led to be determined 11 principal components for the data set, the first three components with more than 70% variability, statistical population interpret. Also according to the graph plotted cluster the samples is plotted in four clusters contains: the first cluster SO4-2 and pH, second cluster K,third cluster Ca2 and in the fourth cluster TDS, EC, Cl-, Mg2, HCO3-, Na and TH. The highest correlation between the total dissolved solid and chloride is observed. According to meaningful level of 0/05 in Kolmogorov – Smirnov, all ions of Azna River have normal distribution. Linear regression analysis of cations, anions and electrical conductivity as the dependent variableversus of total dissolved solids as the independent variable show high correlation between TDS with EC and Cl.

Soil is regarded as one of the natural slow biodegradable source which plays an important role in the cycle of mineral and organic elements. As a dynamic ecosystem, it provides the life for big and small creatures, so removing its pollution is of considerable attention. The pollution of heavy metals not only affects directly the physical and chemical features of soil and reduces biological activities and access to nutrition materials in soil, but also is considered as a serious danger for human health. In fact, they can enter food chain or penetrate underground water sources.Iran is one of the oil-rich countries in the world in which high amount of oil is extracted in southern regions and refined in other places yearly. Once oil is extracted, transmitted and refined, its release in the soil causes pollution. A group of soil pollutant sources is related to oil discoveries, production, saving, transmission, distribution and final burial of wastes. If these industries are pollutants, they will cause dangers. The increase of soil pollution by heavy metals has led to a lot of research.
Kermanshah province is located to the west of Iran sharing borders with Lorestan, Kurdistan, Ilam and Hamedan and an international border with Iraq. Its geographical coordinate is between (33˚37̕to 35˚17̕) northern longitude and (45˚20̕ to 48˚01̕) eastern longitude. Since Kermanshah Refinery is built on alluvial terraces, fans of new low foothills and Inceptisols and Vertisols,15 samples of surrounded soil were collected by an iron shovel from the depth of 15 to 25 cm. ICP-MS method, were used to analyze and determine the density of heavy elements in of the samples. Grinded to the sizes less than 4 mm by crusher, the samples were become powder to the size of 75 microns (200 mesh) by disc mill. Weighing the samples by Teflon pipes in digest 4 acid, hydrochloric, perchloric, nitric and choloridric acid were added to the samples equally. All samples were kept in Hot Box case. After complete digest operations, the samples were cold in the environment temperature and achieved volume by distilled water.
The findings from geo-accumulation index shows that the intensity of Refinery soil is classified in the range of no pollution to average regarding chromium and nickel. Besides, enrichment index indicates average enrichment for cadmium (station 14), copper (stations 13, 11, 2 and 14), lead (stations 6 and 13), zinc (stations 11, 6, 2, and 13) and chromium (the stations from 6 to 15). In addition, pollution bar index of chromium, copper, nickel, zinc and lead is more than 1 proving the inappropriate soil quality and soil pollution of the region. However, chromium has the most considerable value, 2/75. Average value of EF is less than 2 for arsenic, cobalt and vanadium proving that the region does not show enrichment for the aforesaid elements. Enrichment index values for cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc are between 2 to 5 indicating average enrichment of these samples than other metals. Since enrichment element for these sample are higher than 2, they have anthropogenic source.
According to Pearson correlation coefficient, there is a high correlation between nickel and chromium, scandium and cobalt, vanadium and chromium, and zinc and copper and lead indicating the equal source or similar geochemical behavior of the elements toward each other. Since vanadium is considered as one the oil pollution indices, it can be concluded that high pollution of this element and chromium around the region comes from petroleum.
The findings from the present study shows that soil surrounded Kermanshah Refinery are polluted to some elements. According to the values of geoaccumulation in the studying area, elements nickel and chromium have pollution. The finding from enrichment factor indicates the average enrichment of the region soil by chromium and lead. Besides, enrichment factor higher than 2 for lead and copper proves anthropogenic interference factors in the region pollution to them. The results from pollution bar for chromium, nickel, zinc, copper and lead is more than 1 indicating soil pollution to these metals. Pearson correlation coefficient reveals that there is a high correlation among vanadium, cobalt, chromium, and nickel proving same origin. Making zoning map of heavy metal density in the region soil demonstrates that high density of the elements in some stations is related to petroleum producing installations and storage tank. Cluster analysis shows the division of the elements into 7 clusters. Besides, the elements with structural relationship are related in next subcategories. Clusters 6 and 7 together indicate the same origin for these elements. Since vanadium is derived from oil compound, it can be concluded that chromium and nickel pollution have the same pollution origin with oil compounds. Factor analysis introduces 3 main factors in which the first factor with total 40/1% of total variance is the most effective factor in density of the soil elements. This factor has a high positive correlation with Sc, V, Ni, Cr, and Co proving the same density origin with petroleum compound.

This research aims to examine underground water of delfan city in terms of geochemical characteristicsTo this end,the main elements of underground water were analyzed.Based on which all parameters were lower than allowed limit.As the saturation index can be an important factor to understand solvation –setllement of mineral available in underground water ,the saturation index was calculated using computerized code phreeqc.The saturation index of the studied minerals in all water specimens was negative and all considered minerals can be solving.Also ,based on ionic exchange diagrams,sodium and cholor have two different origins and Calcite,Dolomit and Gypsum solvations have occurred from which Calcite and Dolomit solvations were higher.According to the HCA,samples are in two main clusters which Anions-Kations concentration in one cluster samples were higher .According to the clusters stiff diagram the region water type is Bicarbonate –Casic .To find main factor of underground water chemistry ,rotational Varimax method has been used which is the most common PCA,because it gives more interpretable elements.By this method,the limestones and Dolomit,s solvation and rock-water interaction are the most important factors of the region,s underground water chemistry.

Marls produce the highest deposits in the catchment areas among lithological units. This property of marls can cause the reduced useful life of dams, river, and sedimentation of water channels, the destruction of road, utilities, and ultimately desertification phenomenon. Hence, understanding the characteristics influencing the erodibility and marls divergence can be a priority. In this thesis, marls located in the south of Tehran (south of Hassan Abad- Varamin) were evaluated in terms of shape and intensity of erosion, physical, chemical, engineering and divergence features. Marl unit studied includes the onshore marl of Upper Red Formation unit M3 and Pliocene marl of unit Plm. Sampling in the unit of red upper geology and Pliocene was conducted in slopes 5%, 20% and 40%. Tests such as gradation, Atterberg limits, chemical analysis such as cations and anions, SAR, TDS, EC and dual Hydrometry and pinhole were carried out to achieve the predetermined goals. Granulation distribution showed no significant difference in different slopes. Comparing the plasticity index among the different forms of erosion, it can be seen that the surface erosion plasticity index is greater than other forms of erosion .it is a factor in the postponement of erosion. But overall, it's not much different from many other forms of erosion. The cation exchange capacity in the samples is between 14/2 to 25/88 meq per liter. The mean of this variable is further in the stream erosion .the range of this variable in samples is between 0.9 to 2.17 meq per liter. The mean of this variable in the erosion of stream and ditch is more than the rest of upper red formation units. The results of the double hydrometer tests on 20 samples indicate the high non-divergence. The sample collected from Station 1 (in the form of gully erosion) and station 5 with a gradient of 5% (with stream erosion) shows the average divergence. According to the pinhole experiment conducted at different stations, station 5 (with single stream erosion M3) and station 7 (with a form of gully erosion M3) showed a moderate divergence.

This research aims to examine underground water of delfan city in terms of geochemical characteristicsTo this end,the main elements of underground water were analyzed.Based on which all parameters were lower than allowed limit.As the saturation index can be an important factor to understand solvation –setllement of mineral available in underground water ,the saturation index was calculated using computerized code phreeqc.The saturation index of the studied minerals in all water specimens was negative and all considered minerals can be solving.Also ,based on ionic exchange diagrams,sodium and cholor have two different origins and Calcite,Dolomit and Gypsum solvations have occurred from which Calcite and Dolomit solvations were higher.According to the HCA,samples are in two main clusters which Anions-Kations concentration in one cluster samples were higher .According to the clusters stiff diagram the region water type is Bicarbonate –Casic .To find main factor of underground water chemistry ,rotational Varimax method has been used which is the most common PCA,because it gives more interpretable elements.By this method,the limestones and Dolomit,s solvation and rock-water interaction are the most important factors of the region,s underground water chemistry

One of the applications of remote sensing in geology is mapping of lineaments, which is considered as one of the most important issues in geological studies in different areas. The purpose of this research is extraction of the lineaments of Khorramabad watershed from LANDSAT 8 and ASTER sensors images using manual and automatically digital methods. The detection techniques including filtering and spatial principle component analysis were applied on the images. For the extraction of lineaments from the images as manually and automatically digital methods were applied. The lineaments extracted by automatically digital method were compared with the faults on the regional geological map. They were then validated using Google earth and finally lineament map and Rose diagram was prepared. The Rose diagram shows Northwest-Southeast and Northeast-Southwest trends and Northwest-Southeast is the one prevailing in the area. Lineament density map shows the highest density of lineaments in West, Southwest, and Northeast areas. The lowest amount of density was observed in central parts of the study area. After checking the extracted lineaments, the results showed that lineaments extracted by automated methods were less accurate than ones extracted by manual methods regarding compatibility with the faults on the geological maps. The automatically digital method, because of its low accuracy is not recommended for geological studies, since this kind of study deals with methods which have high accuracy. As a result, the best method for geological and structural studies in large areas and areas with difficult access is the extraction of lineaments using visual and manual digital methods.