a. asgharzadeh

For voluntary blood donation, having appropriate knowledge and a positive attitude is effective. This study aimed to compare knowledge and attitude and determine the challenges of blood donation among medical and non-medical students.

In this analytical cross-sectional study, 356 students (176 from the University of Medical Sciences and 180 from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) in Ardabil city participated. The sampling was random using a stratified method and the data were collected in June 2024 using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been established. The data were analyzed using statistical indicators (mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance, and linear regression) in SPSS20.

The average knowledge score of medical students was 16.61±7.03 and non-medical students was 13.49±7.03, and the average attitude score of medical students was 41.56±9.11 and non-medical students was 40.07±7.36, and the statistical test (t) showed that the difference in these average scores was significant (p< 0.05). Only in medical students, there was a significant relationship between gender and year of entry to university with knowledge and attitude towards blood donation (p< 0.05). Students considered factors such as fear, lack of awareness, worry, and physical health problems as challenges to blood donation. 

   Students had moderate knowledge and good attitude towards blood donation. Students at the University of Medical Sciences had better knowledge and attitude than those at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Students' knowledge towards blood donation is not desirable and there are challenges. Therefore, in order to improve the level of students' knowledge and attitude towards blood donation, it is necessary to removing identified challenges and design and implement educational programs by Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, universities, and the mass media.

To investigate the effects of drought stress, salicylic acid, and polyamines on plant growth yield and oil and seeds essential oil content in Nigella sativa L., a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Shirvan Azad University in 2020-21 cropping year. The experimental treatments included drought stress at four levels (25, 50, 75, and 100% of field capacity) as the first factor and foliar application of salicylic acid, putrescine, and spermidine each at two levels (0.5 and 1 mM) as the second factor. The results showed that the highest number of fertile capsules per plant (12.66), number of seeds per capsule (96.24), and harvest index (58.69%) were obtained in the 100% of field capacity treatment. Also, the highest seed yield per pot was obtained in the 100% of field capacity treatment (16.05 g) and 1 mM salicylic acid (11.46 g). On the other hand, the highest plant height (62.5 cm), dry weight of single plant (6.44 g), biomass in pot (32.2 g), oil content (31.21%), and oil yield (5.71 g.pot-1) were obtained in the treatment of 100% of field capacity + 1 mM salicylic acid and also, the highest essential oil content (0.09%) was obtained in the treatment of 25% of field capacity + 1 mM salicylic acid. Overall, the results showed that full irrigation (100% of field capacity) + 1 mM salicylic acid foliar application was the best treatment for N. sativa under greenhouse conditions. In general, the plant growth characteristics decreased with increasing stress severity, but the negative effects of drought stress were moderated with increasing the salicylic acid foliar application.

Today, territorial borders are one of the most important national and international issues. Therefore, it will not be wrong if we consider the defense of national and territorial borders as the most important duty of the military forces of any country.  On the other hand, the Supreme Leader of the Revolution , in the gathering of the army commanders on 28/01/2018, pointed out that the armed forces in the Islamic Republic are safe fences for the nation, which are a shield against the enemy's attack and force it to fight. They retreat. The basis of this research was created after the American Global Hawk spy drone over the territorial waters of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its destruction. Therefore, in this research, we first explained the components and collected research information by creating sources, and then the methodology of the research was explained based on the discussed paradigm, that the dimensions and characteristics of the open coding documents were classified and interpreted, and then The qualitative data analysis process in the form of the Strauss and Corbin (1994) school, based on the central and selective coding of the analysis and the results of the qualitative part of the research were reflected in the presentation of the model. Finally, SmartPLS statistical software was used to model structural equations and the research findings showed that military reflection with a path coefficient of 0.814, political reflection with a path coefficient of 0.931, and social reflection with a path coefficient of 0.880 were able to reflect. Explain the global destruction of the American Global Hawk spy drone.

Plants polyphenolics play an important role in reducing the effects of the diseases on the body. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is one of the natural sources of polyphenols. Chicory leaves contain minerals and glucosides called chicory (sicorin) and its roots contain sugars, inulin, pectin and essential oil. The liver is an essential organ of the body that performs over 500 vital functions. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of consumption on liver enzymes concentration, fertility, and masculinity in rats. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups. Chicory extract was prepared using Soxhlet method and methanol solvent. The treatment groups received the chicory extract in different amounts and concentrations for 28 days. One group was also considered as the control group. On the 29th day, blood samples were taken from the ventricular area of the heart. To determine the effects of chicory consumption on fertility and masculinity, fertilization was performed naturally in each group and the number of offspring and their gender were determined and compared. The results showed that chicory methanol extract consumption made significant differences between the different treatments compared to the control on LH (in 100 (P<0.01) and 200 (P<0.001) mg.kg-1) and FSH (in 100 (P<0.001) and 200 (P<0.001) mg.kg-1) hormones, number of births (in 100 (P<0.01) and 200 (P<0.01) mg.kg-1) and male offspring (in 100 (P<0.05) and 200 (P<0.01) mg.kg-1), but there was no significant difference in the liver enzymes concentration in different treatments compared to the control.

Family is established by the marriage contract. The emotional and rational health as well as the authority of the family depend on the members benefiting from insight and knowledge necessary to prevent deviations.

This study aimed to determine the effect of increasing the tolerance threshold in solving marital conflicts with the moderating role of religious teachings.

The present study included a combination of qualitative and quantitative studies and performed using the phenomenological method in 2019. The statistical population of the study consisted of personnel in one of the military units. For this purpose, 32 participants were studied through targeted sampling and in-depth interviews. Data were collected, recorded,coded and categorized  bythe format of axial codes.  Then, the results of the qualitative part of the study were presented in the form of reflected  assumptions, further,the evaluation of validity, reliability, internal and external model in quantitative society were tested by Smart pls software,

During the interview with the experts, the core code dedicated to the 5-item tolerance, 5-item marital conflicts and 2-item religious teachings. The results of path testing showed that the tolerance threshold with a path coefficient of 0.631affects the marital conflicts between the couples and the use of religious teachings with a path coefficient of 0.836, moderates the relationship between the threshold of tolerance and marital conflicts.

  In the focal session, experts concurred that failing to conclude problems promptly, the ability to express love and paying attention to spousechr('39')s interests, needs and wants are the main points in settling the conflicts, so that religious teachings have a significant effect on increasing the tolerance threshold for settling marital conflicts.

 Nowadays, increasing soil contamination by heavy metals is one of the most important issues around the world, and is the focus of attention. Lead as the most dangerous heavy metal and persistent chemical pollutant affects the environment, especially the metabolic and physiological activities of organisms and ultimately cause serious damage to the environment and human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) on some biochemical traits of 10 wheat genotypes in three different concentrations of lead heavy metal (0, 218 and 437 ppm) in soil.

 The present study was conducted as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included lead in three concentrations (0, 218 and 437 mg / kg), mycorrhizal inoculum (addition and no addition), and 10 wheat genotypes (Shiraz, Sepahan, Sirvan, Back Cross Roshan, Marvdasht, Sivand, Bahar, Pars, Roshan, and Pishtaz). Soil samples were prepared from a depth of 0-25 cm of the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Samples were taken randomly. After soil drying and passing through a 2 mm sieve, they were transferred to the soil science laboratory to determine some of the physical and chemical properties. According to the soil test results, the soil was sandy loam, a semi-light soil with 25% clay, 25% silt and 50% sand, with pH = 7.49 and salinity of 1.63 dS. m-1, and also free of heavy metals. The soil was sterilized for four hours by an autoclave at the temperature of 121 °C and a pressure of 1.5 atm. After soil preparation, the lead was added to the soil at three concentrations of 0, 218 and 437 ppm, and stored in a pre-embedded bag with 60% moisture content to achieve a two-week equilibrium. In order to inoculate the mycorrhizal fungus, after removal of 3-4 cm from the soil surface, Rhizophagus irregularis (35 g) was added to the soil surface, then 30 to 40 seeds were placed on the soil surface and covered with soil. In the control samples without mycorrhizal fungus, a certain amount of mycorrhizal fungus placed at 105 ºC to kill the fungus and then added to the pots.

 Malondialdehyde concentration increased by increasing the concentration of lead. The highest concentrations of proline were belonged to the level 218 ppm of lead, in Pars cultivar in both treatments of with and without mycorrhiza fungus as well as Sirvan cultivar in the treatment of without fungi, respectively. The activity of Catalase was highest in the treatment of 218 ppm of lead without fungus. Roshan cultivar also showed high levels of ascorbate peroxidase activity in 218 ppm of lead. Similar to cultivar, BC Roshan and Pishtaz cultivars also showed high ascorbate peroxidase activity in this concentration of lead. The amount of hydrogen peroxide was reduced by changing the concentration of lead from 0 to 218 ppm, while its amount increased at 437 ppm concentration. With increasing lead concentration, the amount of chlorophyll a decreased while chlorophyll b increased. Using mycorrhizal fungus, the amount of malondialdehyde, proline and hydrogen peroxide and catalase content decreased compared with control. It seems that lead, due to its concentration in the environment, leads to the induction of oxidative stress and the formation of free radicals and thus change in the amount of biochemical traits of wheat such as malondialdehyde, proline, hydrogen peroxide and chlorophyll a and b and activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. The genotype of the plant is very important factor in tolerating the toxicity of lead, and it deals with various protective mechanisms. Not only the plant genotype but also environmental factors such as the use of mycorrhizal fungus are effective in reducing the harmful effects of lead, and helps plants tolerate the stress caused by lead toxicity.

 Lead in the soil causes changes in the biochemical content of wheat cultivars. The amount of change depends on the plant's genotype, lead concentration, and other factors in the soil, such as symbiotic fungi. As shown in the present study, mycorrhizal fungus was effective in eliminating the negative effects of lead during symbiotic with wheat. It is suggested further studies to determine the concentration of lead and even other heavy metals in wheat genotypes and to compare with Iranian national standards in order to overcome the concerns about the entry of these metals into the diet.

Regarding importance of homogenous germination and to accelerate this stage of Aquilegia chrysantha a study was conducted with purpose of identification of different morph of seeds of A. chrysantha. Therefore, first the black and brown seeds were separated visually and then divided in two groups in term of size using machine vision method. The seeds were stored for four weeks at 4ₒC inrder to stimulate germination and after that the treatments of 4, 8, 12, 24 hours of hydropriming and control were applied on the seeds. The study was factorial and conducted in a completely randomized design. The factors include color and size of seeds and also hydropriming treatments. The results showed that large seeds in comparison with small seeds were better in traits including seed germination percentage, germination rate, and mean germination time. In addition black seeds have a better performance in mentioned traits than brown seeds. Also the best characteristics of germination were recorded in the 12 and 24 hours of hydropriming. Overall, using large black seeds in the 12 hours of hydropriming would have a good germination and is recommended for better production of A. chrysantha.

In order to study the effect of soil residues of Nicosulfuron herbicide on growth, nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), two greenhouse experiment was conducted. Experimental design was completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. The experiment was conducted in two stages. In the first experiment, treatments were, residues of Nicosulfuron in soil (Zero, 0. 307, 0.769, 1.53, 3.07, 4.6, 6.14 and 9.21 μg kg-1 soil) and chickpea genotypes (Hashem, ILC482, Kaka, Kermanshahi). In the first experiment, chickpea genotypes did not germinate, therefore levels of residues of herbicide modified, and the effect of five levels (0, 0.0153, 0.0307,0.076 and 0. μg kg-1 soil) of residual of Nicosulfuron herbicide were studied in other experiment on four mentioned genotypes of chickpea. Shoot biomass, root biomass, nodule biomass, number of nodules and total nitrogen of plant were measured, at the beginning of the reproductive stage of plants. The results showed that Nicosulfuron residues reduced all traits of chickpea genotypes, significantly. Based on ED50, among chickpea genotypes, Hashem was the most tolerant genotypes in terms of shoot and roots biomass production to Nicosulfuron residue and ILC482 and Kermanshahi genotypes showed the most sensitivity to residues of Nicosulfuron in terms of shoot and root biomass, respectively.

In this paper، we discuss different predictors of times to failure of units censored in a hybrid censored sample from exponential distribution. Bayesian and non-Bayesian point predictors for the times to failure of units are obtained. Non-Bayesian prediction intervals are obtained based on pivotal and highest conditional density methods. Bayesian prediction intervals are also proposed. One real data set has been analyzed to illustrate all the prediction methods. Finally، different prediction methods have been compared using Monte Carlo simulations.

Rose flower (Rosa hybrida) is appreciated for its beauty, fragrance and long period of flowering. To study the response of cut rose flower to bio-fertilizers, a factorial experiment was performed, with completely randomized design and four replications, in hydroponic greenhouse of Alandasht, Astane Ghods Garden, Mashhad, Iran, during 2009-2010. The first factor was six cultivars of rose flower including: Red ferover, Classic cezaanna, Rock feller, Rimini, Maroussia and Orange juice. The second factor was three biological fertilizers including biofarm, nitrajin and nitroxin and a no-inoculated treatment (control). In this experiment, traits such as leaf area, number of nodes, number of branches, first flowering occurrence, vase life and percentage of nitrogen, potassium and calcium were measured in each treatment and the means were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results showed that the effect of cultivar and compound effect of cultivar and fertilizer for number of nodes, number of branches, first flowering date, vase life, leaf area and nitrogen, potassium and calcium concentration were significant (P<0.05). The effect of bio-fertilizer treatments on leaf area and concentration of nutrients was significant (P<0.05). The highest concentration of nutrients was observed in Red ferover cultivar. Interaction effect of cultivar and bio-fertilizer treatments showed that in the Red ferover, Classic cezaanna and Maroussia cultivars, the fertilizer treatments increased nitrogen concentration in the leaves. The biofarm and nitroxin fertilizers increased leaf calcium concentration in Red ferover and Rimini cultivars significantly (P<0.05). The nitrajin and nitroxin treatments reduced calcium concentration, as compared to control, in the Rock feller cultivar.

To compare the canola yield and chemical characteristics of soil under integrated and conventional fertilization systems, an experiment was conducted in Savadkooh region for 2 years. The fertilizer treatments concluded 0, 50,100, 150, 200 kg.N.ha-1 urea (F0 to F4), 150 kg.N.ha-1 urea + 50 kg.N.ha-1 manure (MF1), 100 kg.N.ha-1 urea + 50 kg.N.ha-1 manure (MF2), 50 kg.N.ha-1 urea + 100 kg.N.ha-1 manure (MF3), 150 kg.N.ha-1 manure (M). The results showed that for both years the highest yield was obtained from integrated system of 150 kg.N.ha-1 urea + 50 kg.N.ha-1 manure (MF1). For the first year no difference between seed yield of integrated and chemical treatments was observed, however, the integrated treatments seed yield was significantly higher than the chemical treatments for the 2nd year. In addition, in organic system (M) yield was lower than inorganic system (F3) for the first year, while this was reversed for the second year. The application of manure increased available phosphorus significantly. For example, in organic system the available phosphorus increased 115% as compared with chemical system. In both systems the organic carbon content increased, but this increase was 12% and 35% for the chemical and integrated systems, respectively. Total nitrogen had a similar trend and the correlation coefficient was very significant (R2=0.93). According to the results it can be concluded that the integrated fertilization can be suggested as a suitable strategy to increase the available phosphorus in soil and to obtain a sustainable yield of canola.

Genetic evidences have shown that the rhizobium bacteria nodulate the legume plants because of nod, sym and fix genes. Almost all members of rhizobaceae family harbor large plasmids, which are highly variable in number and size. Representative of nif, fix and nod genes have been located on the symbiotic plasmids of different rhizobium species. Therefore, the size and numbers of plasmids of bacterial isolates (by the plasmid profile technique) could be used as a diversity index in ecological studies. In this investigation, the diversity of 196 isolates of sinorhizobium sp isolated from Hamada soils was evaluated by using Plasmid profile technique. The results showed that the number of plasmids among all isolates varied from 1 to 4 and totally 13 different plasmids were identified. The size of plasmids varied from 50 to 200 kb. Isolates with 1, 2, 3 and 4 plasmids formed 63, 21, 13 and 2 percentage of the population. Isolates of sinorhizobium with 2 and 3 plasmids were clustered into 8 and 15 groups, respectively, based on plasmid patterns. Four isolates which contained 4 plasmids were grouped in four different clusters and finally all isolates of Sinorhizobium (196) were grouped in 28 different groups.

It is important to investigate the genetic diversity and evaluate symbiotic effectiveness of the indigenous rhizobial population. It helps understand the responses of indigenous isolates to different rhizobial inoculants. In spite of the importance of bacterial diversity, there are a few scientific reports about it in Iranian soils. Genetic diversity of 150 isolates of Sinorhizobium isolated from Hamadan soils was studied by using PCR / RFLP 16S-23S rDNA technique. The results showed that all isolates clustered in three different groups. Group (I) formed 122 isolates and they were quite similar to Sinorhizobium meliloti from viewpoint of genetic characteristics. Twenty five isolates were clustered in Group (II) and they belonged to Sinorhizobium medicae. Group (III) had two isolates and they were new species and quite different from the other groups. Shannon diversity index was different within eleven different land units (Medium gradient mountains, Level lands, Plateau, Foot slopes, Depressions and Composite land) and there was a correlation between Shannon index and some soil properties. Difference in Similarity index showed that Sinorhizobium groups in each land unit were different.