abdolali gilani

Improper use of chemical fertilizers to increase the yield of various crops has caused numerous damages in various fields .The international community is moving towards the use of fertilizers and bio stimulants in the form of organic agriculture in order to reduce the risks and harms caused by the use of chemical fertilizers and at the same time maintain crop yields. In order to investigate the effect of urea chemical fertilizer and foliar application of Ulva fasciata Delile seaweed extract on growth factors of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), A Split plot study was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Shavour Agricultural Research Station and Plant Physiology Laboratory of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 1399-1400. The treatments for this experiment included different concentrations of 4 levels urea fertilizer (0, 40, 70 and 100% of the usual amount of urea fertilizer) and different concentrations of 4 levels ulva seaweed extract (0, 5, 10 and 15%). Different concentrations of urea chemical fertilizer were used as soil application and different concentrations of ulva seaweed extract were used as foliar application. The treated plants were examined in the beginning of reproductive phase. The results were statistically analyzed by MSTAT-C software. Comparison of the mean interaction of urea fertilizer and seaweed extract showed that the application of 15% ulva seaweed extract along with 70% of the usual amount of urea chemical fertilizer leads to an increase in the desired factors compared to other treatments. In addition, malondialdehyde a level in plants treated with ulva seaweed extract were decreased. Based on this, it can be said that foliar application of 15% seaweed extract has an effect almost similar to half of the usual application of urea chemical fertilizer.

Rice is one of the most important agricultural products in the world, and it has the second place in terms of annual production after wheat. Cultivation of rice in most regions of the world is done in the form of transplanting, but the long period of preparing transplant and sometimes high mortality of transplants in the main field, high water consumption, the impossibility of direct use of transplanting machines in heavy soil textures and high labor costs have caused it is an undeniable necessity to find suitable methods of planting rice with the aim of reducing the inhibiting effects of these factors especially reducing water consumption and achieving optimal performance. On the other hand, choosing the suitable planting date is another important agricultural management to achieve optimal crop performance. In this experiment, the effect of different land preparation (planting bed) methods and different transplanting dates were investigated on the physiological characteristics and yield of three rice varieties in Shavor region, Khuzestan province, Iran. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the role of planting date and planting bed on the growth and development aspects of rice transplants and their interations on reducing the inhibiting effects of production factors.

This experiment was carried out in the form of split split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Shavor Research Station, Khuzestan province, Iran, in 2021 and 2022. The experimental factors were land preparation (planting bed) methods in four levels including puddling, flat with field capacity, flat with dry soil and raised bed in the ridge with dry soil as the main factor, transplanting date in three levels including 2, 12 and 23 June as the sub-factor, and rice variety in three levels including Champa, Anbori Germez Paboland and Daniyal as the sub-sub-factor. To prepare the planting beds (puddling, flat with field capacity and flat with dry soil), the soil was leveled by leveler after plowing and disking, and to prepare the raised bed in the ridge, the ridges (with a width of 50 cm and a height of 20 cm) were created by a ditcher after plowing, disking and leveling. The measured traits in this study were paddy yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll index, canopy temperature and stomatal conductance.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of planting bed, planting date and variety as well as their interactions on rice yield were statistically significant. The results of the comparison of two years means showed that the highest grain yield was belonged to flat bed with dry soil on the planting date of 2 June in Anbori Germez Paboland variety (5.68 ton.ha-1), and the highest biological yield was obtained from the flat bed with field capacity on the planting date of 23 June in Anbori Germez Paboland variety (13.63 ton.ha-1). Also, the highest harvest index (51.71 %) and the best canopy temperature at the stage of panicle emergence (32.22 °C) was observed in the treatment of flat bed with dry soil on the planting date of 23 June in Champa variety.

According to the results of grain yield as the most important goal of rice planting, it seems that by cultivation of the local variety “Anbori Germez Paboland” on the flat bed at 2 June through the provision of environmental conditions (non-implementation of puddling and preventing negative effects on plant growth), and a suitable temperature (preventing the occurrence of stress in the flowering and seeding stage), can obtain a high grain yield.

One of the important goals of rice breeding programs is to develop new high yielding cultivars with high quality properties as well as desirable agronomic traits. Introducing of such cultivars and adoption them by farmers will lead to increased production. This experiment evaluated new hybrid rice cultivars under different transplanting bed methods in the Khuzestan climate conditions in Iran.

The experiment was carried out as split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons at the Shaawor agricultural research station, Ahvaz, Iran. The main plots were wet and dry transplanting bed methods, and the sub-plots consisted of seven hybrid rice cultivars (L66S, F168S, Quan2, XinerPS, Hs–3, Shen51S and Hui34S). SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI), number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, grain yield and yield components and biological yield were measured.

The results indicated that the SPAD value, leaf area index, number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, grain yield and yield components and biological yield were significantly affected by the interaction effect of year × transplanting bed × cultivar. SPAD value, LAI, number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, yield components and grain yield and biological yield were higher in wet bed transplanting method. Also, Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid cultivars were superior than the remaining five hybrids. in 2021, the tallest plant height (84.3 and 81 cm) and LAI (4.3 and 4.2), the greatest number of grains per panicle (189 and 160), and the weight of 1000 grain weight (24.4 and 25.8 g) were observed in Quan2S and Hui34S cultivars, respectively, in wet bed transplanting method. However, in 2022, most of the studied hybrid rice cultivars did not show significant differences. The highest grain yield (5200 and 4675 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (12380 and 10143 kg.ha-1) were obtained from Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid rice cultivars, respectively, in the 2021 and wet bed transplanting. The results of cluster analysis showed that seven hybrid rice cultivars were separated into three different groups. The first group comprised XinerPS, L66S, and F168S, the second group included Hs-3 and Shen 51S and third group comprised Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid rice cultivars.

The results of this experiment showed that while the hybrid rice cultivars did not perform successful and are of low adaptability in Khuzestan environmental conditions. The results also indicated that wet bed transplanting method is suitable for Khuzestan environmental conditions and led to higher grain yield of rice hybrid cultivars.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa wild) is a dicotyledonous plant with about 95% purity. Quinoa is one-year, broad-leaved and has a height of one to two meters. This plant is native to South America, which is generally cultivated for its seeds, but its biomass is also popular as leafy vegetables. The seed of this plant is small in size and is a rich source of many vitamins and proteins. For this reason, its cultivation is expanding in Iran. For this reason, it is very important to know the effects of various factors such as planting method, planting time and cultivar used on its yield and biomass. Due to the high cost of field experiments, the AquaCrop model was used to simulate this crop plant in this research.

The current research was conducted in Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Center located at 31° 20’ N latitude and 48° 40’ E longitude with a height of 18 meters above sea level during the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The ten-year average rainfall leading to the time of the experiment is 240 mm and the average annual temperature is 25.3 degrees Celsius. The experimental treatments include planting dates at four times (T1: October 30, T2: November 10, T3: November 20, and T4: November 30), cultivation methods in two ways (R1: transplanting and R2: seed planting) and three cultivars (C1: Giza, C2: Q26 and C3: Titicaca). Tillage operation was done at the end of May for all treatments.

The sensitivity of the AquaCrop model to changes in base temperature, high temperature and initial canopy cover parameters was in the low category. Due to the low sensitivity of these parameters, the base and high temperature values remained as default. The initial canopy cover was also dependent on plant density, that's why its value was changed compared to the default state. The sensitivity of the AquaCrop model to changes in two parameters of normalized water productivity and the maximum crop coefficient for transpiration was in the high category. The sensitivity of other parameters was in the medium category and therefore these parameters were recalibrated. The average observed and simulated yield differences for T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments were 198, 153, 97 and 97 kg.ha-1, respectively. The minimum difference between observed and simulated yield values was 93, 78, 62 and 66 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the maximum difference was 303, 210, 172 and 151 kg.ha-1 respectively. Therefore, the accuracy of the AquaCrop model was higher compared to the planting dates in the middle and end of November. The average difference between simulated and observed biomass for planting dates T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 870, 542, 533 and 635 kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest difference for these treatments was 529, 401, 417 and 324 kg.ha-1 respectively and the highest difference was 1072, 871, 609 and 793 kg.ha-1 respectively. The average observed and simulated yield differences in the two cultivation methods R1 and R2 were 171 and 102 kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest and the highest difference between the observed and simulated yield was 62 and 303 kg.ha-1 in the germination method and 66 and 194 kg.ha-1 in the direct method. Based on these results, the accuracy of the AquaCrop model in the direct method was about 40% higher than the seed planting. The average difference between the observed and simulated biomass in two germination and direct methods was 723 and 566 kg.ha-1, respectively. The minimum and maximum yield differences in the germination method were 567 and 979 kg.ha-1, respectively, and in the direct method, 324 and 1072 kg.ha-1. The average observed and simulated yield difference for this cultivar was 128, 158 and 123 kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest observed and simulated yield differences for these three cultivars were 62, 96, and 67 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the highest yield differences were 303, 298, and 291 kg.ha-1, respectively. The average difference between observed and simulated biomass for three varieties of Giza, Q26 and Titicaca was 581, 662 and 691 kg.ha-1, respectively.

Based on all the results, the use of this plant model is suggested for simulating quinoa, although its error is less for direct cultivation in the middle and end of November than other conditions.

Rice is one of the most important summer crops in Khuzestan Province. Due to the severe water limitation, the effect of using strip drip system in the method of direct seeded rice in dry bed was monitored on the yield of common rice cultivars of the province and changes in soil salinity. This research was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21, at the Ahvaz Agricultural Research Station on three adjacent plots of land, using split-plot design and randomized complete blocks in three replications. The main factor was irrigation including three levels: daily irrigation, every two days, and three days; and the secondary factor included three cultivars (Red Anbori, Champa, and Daniyal) and one salt tolerant rice line (S2). In the first year, due to the allocation of water outside the cultivation date, the yield of the crop was very low, so, the analysis was done based on the second year. The average volume of irrigation water in the field was measured as 14,800, 15,200, 15,700 and 16,100 m3/ha for, respectively, line S2, Red Anburi, Daniyal, and Champa. The results showed that, in the daily irrigation, the "Red Anburi" local cultivar had the highest yield with 3767 kg/ha and S2 line had the lowest 2541 kg/ha, so that when the irrigation changed from every day to three days, the yield decreased by 56% on average. The highest water productivity was obtained by the "Red Anburi" cultivar (0.25 kg/m3) in the daily irrigation. The reason for this problem can be shown in the monitoring of soil salinity, so that with daily irrigation, the salinity of the saturated extract in all soil layers showed a decreasing trend from 3.77 to 1.8 dS/m. According to the results, use of drip irrigation system would significantly reduce the volume of irrigation water compared to "conventional puddled transplanted rice". This has been an effective strategy in reducing the stress on the water resources of the province and saving the available water to preserve the ecosystem, although significant reduction of rice cultivation area in this province is recommended.

Heat and its effects are considered one of the serious threats and damages to the production of agricultural and horticultural crops in many regions of the world. Therefore, it has led to pervasive changes in terms of morphological, physiological, anatomical, and molecular, which causes a sharp decrease in the economic performance of agricultural products. Nowadays, in order to reduce these inhibitory effects, in addition to classical and conventional breeding methods, modern and molecular methods can be used to identify heat-tolerant genes and use them in breeding programs to improve plant tolerance to environmental stresses.

The selection for heat tolerance among four local cultivars Hovyzeh, Hamar, Red-Anbori, Champa and three promising heat tolerant lines V1, V2 and V3 obtained from the international breeding programs of Khuzestan Agricultural Research and Training Center and Natural Resources were evaluated by osHATS and HSP70 genes qPCR on two experimental cultivation dates: May 20 (unfavorable) and June 20 (favorable) 2022 in Ahvaz.

The results obtained from the analysis of gene expression by qPCR on the date of the first cultivation confirmed the presence of the osHTAS gene in rice varieties and lines so that the local variety Champa, Hovyzeh, and line V2 has a high relative gene expression compared to other varieties and lines studied and they were significantly different from each other. The analysis of the osHTAS gene expression on the second planting date (June) in Ahvaz also shows the presence of the high-temperature tolerance gene in Hovyzeh, Hamar and V2 lines; therefore, the mentioned varieties could be used as parental lines for transfer heat tolerance gene to be used in multi-breeding programs and terms of the relative expression level of the gene, they showed a statistically significant difference with each other. The results of the relative gene expression of the HSP70 gene in the cultivation date of May showed that the local cultivars Champa, Red-Anbori and Hovyzeh had a remarkable superiority over the others. Examining the HSP70 gene expression pattern of rice cultivars and lines on the second planting date also revealed that the local cultivars Red-Anbori, Champa, Hovyzeh, and Hamar showed superiority. The tolerance of local cultivars to heat stress is due to their rapid growth and the creation of a large green cover in the early stages of growth, and their great adaptation to the region's environmental conditions.

Local cultivars can withstand heat stress well with rapid growth and creating much vegetation due to their high adaptability to environmental conditions and the presence of heat stress tolerance genes. They could be used as parental lines in breeding programs.

In order to simulate rice yield, biomass and water use efficiency using two crop models, AquaCrop and ORYZA, this research was conducted at Khuzistan Agricultrual Research Station. In this study, three types of cultivation (D1: transplanting, D2: current directs seeding consorted seeding, and D3: dry bed seeding) and rice cultivars (V1: Red-Anbori, V2: Champa, V3: Danial) were considered. Results showed that AquaCrop model had acceptable accuracy for simulation of rice yield based on MBE (0.36 ton.ha-1), RMSE (1.07 ton.ha-1) and NRMSE (0.14) values. Above mentioned values for ORYZA were 1.07 ton.ha-1, -0.06 ton.ha-1 and 0.14, respectively. RMSE, MBE and NRMSE values for biomass simulated by AquaCrop were 1.20 ton.ha-1, 0.07 ton.ha-1 and 0.32, respectively. The mentioned values for biomass simulated by ORYZA were 0.69 ton.ha-1, 0.04 ton.ha-1 and -0.22, respectively. NRMSE for biomass simulated by AquaCrop and ORYZA were 0.22 and -0.22, respectively. MBE, RMSE and NRMSE values for water use efficiency simulated by AquaCrop for -0.11 kg.m-3, 0.4 kg.m-3 and 0.15, respectively. Those values for water use efficiencies simulated by ORYZA were -0.03 kg.m-3, 0.4 kg.m-3 and -0.13, respectively. MBE, RMSE and NRMSE values for water use efficiency simulated by AquaCrop were -0.11 kg.m-3, 0.4 kg.m-3 and 0.15, respectively. Those values for water use efficiency simulated by ORYZA were -0.03 kg.m-3, 0.4 kg.m-3 and -0.13, respectively. Regarding the results, it is recommended to use ORYZA model for simulation of rice yield, biomass and water use efficiency.

The present study was conducted to study genetic diversity in 26 rice genotypes (lRRl heat tolerant collection) in 2016 in Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications including 24 lines and 2 hybrids as the first factor and drought stress with PEG 6000 in 5 levels of zero (control), -0.3, -1.8, -3.3 and -4.8 Bar were performed as the second factor. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between drought levels, genotypes and their interaction in all traits at a probability level of one percent. The lowest indices of germination and seedling growth were observed at the level of -4.8 Bar. The highest positive and significant correlation (r = 0.90**) was obtained between shoot length and seedling length. In principal component analysis, the four first components accounted for 85% of the total diversity. Cluster analysis with Ward method included genotypes in three clusters. In the first cluster of lines 48, 15, 35, 44, 42, 20, 19, 5, 28, 10, 16, 4, 2, 55, 53, 31, 34, 36 and HB2 hybrid, in the second cluster of lines 25 and 23 and hybrid HB1 and in the third cluster were lines 40, 13, 41 and 21. According to the results of mean of comparison, biplot and cluster analysis of the second cluster genotypes in terms of germination rate, shoot length, root length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, seedling Dry/wet weight ratio, seed vigor index are higher than the total average and therefore tolerate to drought. The selected genotypes can be considered in advancing breeding programs in the development of new rice cultivars with greater tolerance to drought stress.

Proper distribution of plant root facilitates the uptake of nutrients and improves crop yields. This study aims to evaluate the root and shoot structure of quinoa cultivars in response to the application of phosphorus and zinc in the Research, Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Center of Khuzestan province in a factorial design with three factors including the use of triple superphosphate fertilizer at four levels (0, 6, 12, 18 mg.kg-1 soil weight), foliar application of zinc sulfate in three amounts (water without zinc sulfate (control), foliar application at 4 and 8 per thousand concentrations) and three quinoa cultivars (Giza 1, Q26, Titicaca) were performed in pot and in three replications. The results showed that root parameters such as root dry weight, root width, root diameter, distance from the first branch to the tip root, and the weight ratio of root to shoot were affected by phosphorus fertilizer levels and quinoa cultivars (P≤0.01) and foliar application of zinc sulfate had a significant effect only on root dry weight, root width, distance from the first branch to the root tip, root density, root weight to shoot weight, and aerial part parameters. Q26 cultivar was identified as the best cultivar in terms of root structure development, which at 18 mg.kg-1 phosphorus levels and 4 per thousand zinc sulfate concentration had a maximum root dry weight (3.23 g.plant-1), root width (18.06 cm) and distance from the first branch to the root tip (53.23). At these levels of element consumption, the highest number of grains per plant (4542) were obtained in cultivar Q26. Based on the experiment results, the optimal level of elements by reducing antagonistic effects and increasing synergistic effects of P and ZnSO4 led to the root structure development, improved element uptake and increased production components of quinoa cultivars.

The most important component compatible with climatic diversity in agriculture is the planting date, which has the greatest impact on the phenological characteristics of the plant. Planting date is determined based on cultivar and climate of each region. In order this study was conducted to investigate the effect of seed and transplanting method on yield and yield components of quinoa cultivars in different planting dates in Ahvaz climatic conditions. The experiment as a split split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications in crop years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Planting date was taken as the main factor in four levels (22 October, 1 November, 11 November and 21 November) and sub factor including planting method (transplanting and seed planting) and sub-sub factor also Quinoa cultivars (Giza1, Q26 and Titicaca). The results showed that delay in planting date reduced growth index (22, 39 and 26% LAI, DM and CGR recpectively), days to flowering (21%) and grain yield components (number of panicles per plant (42%), number grain per panicle (26%) and 1000-grain weight (21%)), grain yield (63%) and harvest index (54%) in quinoa. The highest value of these traits was related to the date of first sowing (October 22) and it was also found that transplanting in early sowing date is weaker than seed sowing but in late sowing date is better than seed sowing and reduces the negative effects of late sowing. Among the studied cultivars, Q26 cultivar was more acceptable in terms of growth rate (LAI (4.87), DMT (637.3 g. m-2), CGR (18.58 g. m-2.day) and yield components (number of panicles per plant (9.72) and 1000-grain weight (4.81 g)) and grain yield (1813 kg. h-1) than the other two cultivars. The highest grain yield (3058 kg.ha-1) belonged to Q26 cultivar on 30 October planting and 22 October planting and seed sowing (3148 kg.ha-1) and the lowest grain yield (769 kg.ha-1) belonged to Titicaca cultivar on 11 and 21 November planting. In general, it was observed that the sowing date in early autumn was suitable for planting different cultivars of quinoa in Khuzestan province due to the longer growing season and Transplantation at this date of sowing did not have much advantage in terms of yield compared to seed sowing, but in the date of delayed sowing reduces the negative effects.

To investigate the weed response to ecosystems of local and high-yield rice cultivars at different planting dates in direct cultivation by dry-bed seeding, an experiment was conducted in the form of a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shavor Research Station. The main plot of planting date in three levels (June 15, June 25, and July 5) and four rice cultivars including two local cultivars Champa and Red-anbori and cultivars High-yielding and improved Danial and Shafagh was grown as a subplot at each planting date. According to the results, the highest and lowest number of weeds in the sampling on the first and second planting dates were obtained with an average of 123 and 61 plants, respectively. Among rice cultivars, the lowest weed density was observed in sample in Danial cultivar. In this experiment, the predominant species in the samples were two weeds barnyard grass and chinese lantern. The rate of weed emergence was around 0.56 to 0.63 number per day. in all three planting dates in the range of 20-40 days after planting. Therefore, weed control and field care during this period is essential to achieve optimal grain production.

It is so vital to note the cultivation of rice because of its high irrigation water consumption. This crop is the most important food source in the Iran, hence, it is necessary to know how much irrigation water must be used to grow different rice cultivars under various cultivation types. On the other hand, applying farm tests to achieve the goal need high costs and waste much time. Regarding that, it is necessary to use crop modeling. In this study, AquaCrop was used to simulate yield, biomass and water use efficiency of rice. The research was conducted at Khuzistan Agricultrual Research Station. In this study, three types of cultivation (D1: transplanting, D2: current directs seeding consorted seeding, and D3: dry bed seeding) and rice cultivars (V1: Red-Anbori, V2: Champa, V3: Danial) were considered to simulate abovementioned parameters. MBE, RMSE and NRMSE values for seed yield were 0.25 ton.ha-1, 1.0 ton.ha-1 and 0.1, respectively. Those values for biomass were 0.3 ton.ha-1, 1.15 ton.ha-1 and 0.05, respectively, and for water use efficiency were 0.07 kg.m-3, 0.24 kg.m-3 and 0.03, respectively. EF values for seed yield, biomass and water use efficiency were 0.87, 0.56 and 0.65, respectively, and d values for all parameters were equal to 0.99. Regarding the results, AquaCrop had good accuracy for simulation of rice yield, biomass and water use efficiency.

Various strategies have been developed to reduce water consumption in rice cultivation, including rice cultivation in water-saturated soil, drying and wetting of the soil (periodic irrigation), and aerobic rice cultivation. In this study, in order to identify and grouping rice cultivars suitable for aerobic cultivation, 34 cultivars of native and improved rice cultivars were selected and evaluated. Factor analysis based on principal components analysis based on all traits showed that 6 factors were extracted with special values of more than one. These 6 factors, after the Varimax rotation, justify the 6 main and independent factors, justifying 78.08% of the total variation. In the first harvest, cluster analysis using WARD method, cultivars were grouped into 4 groups, which cluster 3 being the largest cluster. Discriminant analysis of first harvest, showed that all cultivars were grouped correctly. In canonical discriminant the first two canonical functions with eigenvalues greater than one explained a total of 88.9% of the variance. In cluster analysis based on the average of the data obtained from Raton product, genotypes were divided into two different groups. The genotypes of the first group were higher than the genotypes of the second group in terms of yield and yield components and were introduced as superior genotypes. Heritability with genetic improvement for leaf area duration, number of seedling (grown plants), number of spikes per unit area, number of full seeds and degree of maturity showed that these traits can be transferred to hybrid offspring and selections based on these traits are effective.

Sufficient nutrients supplying is one of the most important factors in realizing the crops potential performance and achieving high yield, which in conventional agriculture is provided by using chemical fertilizers.
This study aims to evaluate the root and shoot structure of quinoa cultivars in response to the phosphorus and zinc sulfate fertilizers application in the Research, Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Center of Khuzestan province.
The statistical model was factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three factors including the use of triple superphosphate fertilizer at four amounts (0, 6, 12, 18 mg. kg-1 soil weight), foliar application of zinc sulfate in three concentrations (water without zinc sulfate (control), foliar application at 4 and 8 g. L-1 concentrations) and three quinoa cultivars (Giza 1, Q26, Titicaca) in P.V.C pots and in three replications.
The simultaneous effect of experimental factors on chlorophyll index and shoot morphological traits was significant. Root length to shoot length ratio was affected by the main effect of P2O5 fertilizer and the cultivars differences, and the effect of zinc sulfate was not significant on this trait. In most of the analysed traits, the 4 g. L-1 concentration of zinc sulfate was more effective than the 8 g. L-1 concentration. The total grain weight of the three cultivars was affected by the amount of fertilizer, and the best values of this attribute belonged to the 18 mg. kg-1 triple superphosphate and 4 g. L-1 concentration of zinc sulfate in Q26 cultivar. This trait (TGW) showed the most positive correlation with the plant height, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, and chlorophyll index.
Based on the results of this experiment, the optimal application of P-Zn ratios by reducing the antagonism effects led to the root and shoot structure development, and increased quinoa cultivars production.

Rice is one of the most important agricultural products and main food for more than %25 people in the world. Due to increasing consumption of this product, evaluation of quality and characteristics of cultivated rice in different regions of country is of great importance. Additionally, over the past decades, heavy metals contamination in rice cause to be public concern, thus assessment of heavy metal pollution of rice is necessary. Evaluation the characteristics of rice varieties will allow consumers and producers to prepare rice according to their taste and need. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the amount of lead and cadmium, physicochemical properties and cooking quality of champa rice in different regions of Baghmalek, Khuzestan.

In this study, rice cultivated in different regions of Baghmalek was sampled in three replications and transferred to the laboratory for testing. Physicochemical tests including protein, moisture content, ash, total solid, amylose content and thousand grain weight were evaluated based on national standard of Iran. Cadmium and lead content of rice cultivated in different region of Baghmalek were evaluated. Cooking properties of studied rice including cooking time, water absorption, leakage, gelatinization grade and Elongation of rice were evaluated. The tests were performed in a completely randomized design with SAS software and analyzed by Duncan test at a probability level of 5%.

The results of proximate test including (carbohydrate, protein, total solid, ash and moisture) showed that significant difference was between samples cultivated in different region of Baghmalek. In all samples, except for one samples, amylose content were 20-21%. The results of heavy metal evaluation indicated Cd in all samples were in permissible limit but lead content in imported rice and cultivated rice in Sidon and Meydavoud was more than permissible limit. Studied samples with regard to lenght were in medium category and Elongation of rice was in the range of 1.39-1.74. The gelatinization grade of studied samples was in the range of 3.25-4.17. Evaluation of cooking properties including cooking time, water absorption and leakage indicated it was significant difference between studied samples. Thousand grain weight of studied samples had been significant difference and was in the range of 13.07-18.86.

In general, selected rice samples from different regions of Baghmalek exhibited a significant difference in physicochemical properties. With regard to cooking properties and quality, rice samples had desirable status and were comparable to imported rice. Evaluation of the safety status of studied rice samples suggests that control of cultivated regions is necessary.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen rate and its split application on seed yield and nitrogrn use efficiency (NUE) of quinoa cultivars, experiments were performed during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons as factor split plot based on randomized complete block design with three repetitions at Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center Station. Experiment treatments were nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1) as the main factor and four levels of split nitrogen fertilizer applications (50% basic + 50% six-leaf, 50% basic + 25% Six-leaf percentage + 25% mid-flowering, 25% basic + 50% six-leaf + 25% mid-flowering and 25% basic + 25% six-leaf + 50% mid-flowering) and three cultivars of quinoa (Gizat, Q26, Titicaca) as sub-plot. The results showed, SPAD, height plant, number of plant branches, number of panicules per area unit and seeds per panicule as influenced by nitrogen content × split × cultivare, interaction. The years× nitrogen rate×split application× cultivar intractions were significant on plant height, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yields, harvest index and NUE. The highest seed yield under all different levels of nitrogen was related to cultivar Q26, in both years by the use of 200 kg of nitrogen, the highest seed yield in the first year belonged to at 25% base application + 50% at six-leaf stage+ 25% at mid-flowering stage and in the second year, to at 50% as base application+ 25% at six-leaf stage+ 25% mid-flowering stage. Highest NUE belonged to Gizal (52.8 g.kg-1) and Q26 (51.8 g.kg-1) cultvars from 200 kg.ha-1 nitrogen by split applications of 25% base + 25% at six-leaf stage+ 50% at mid-flowering stage, while in second year from 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. In general, climatic conditions and split application of fertilizer were effective roles in increasing the efficiency of nitrogen consumption. Thus by the use of proper management seed yield can be increased and the risk of its production decreased.

The area in which conservation tillage is used, and also the area in which cultivation of dry seeding method of rice is used, both, due to their advantages, are increasing. This study was done in two years (2014-2016) in Khuzestan province to compare different conservation tillage methods. The experiments were based on split plot with randomized complete blocks design with two factors and three replications under dry seeding of rice. The main factor included different methods of tillage and sub-factor included different seed rates. The main factor treatments were: strip-till-drill, twice disk + grain drill, and no tillage (direct planting) and the sub-factor treatments were: 50, 75 and 100 kg.ha-1 of seed rates. The analysis of variance of technical parameters showed significant difference in all indices. Comparison of data showed that  twice disk with 31.6 L.ha-1, no tillage with 1.62 ha.h-1 and twice disk with 1.5 million Rials per hectare had the highest value in fuel consumption, field capacity and costs per hectar, respectively, and strip-till-drill with 8.6 L.ha-1, twice disk with 0.48 ha.h-1 and strip-till-drill with 1.1 million Rials per hectare had the lowest value in those indices. Analysis of variance in two years of agronomic traits showed that tillage methods had significant effects only on 1000 grain weight and harvest index, and no effects on other indices. Among tillage methods, strip-till-drill with 3490 kg.ha-1 and twice disk with 3344 kg.ha-1 had the highest and lowest yield, respectively.

To investigate the effect of planting date on yield and some agronomic traits in local and high-yielding rice cultivars in direct cultivation by dry-bed seeding system was conducted in the form of a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot of planting date in three levels (June 15, June 25, and July 5) and four rice cultivars including two local cultivarsChampa and Red anbori and cultivars High-yielding and improved Danial and Shafagh was grown as a subplot at each planting date. Then, each plot was divided into two parts. The upper part of plot was not weeding and was considered as a control and the lower part of the plot was removed by hand weeding. Based on the results, the effect of planting date and cultivar on biological yield, grain yield, and the number of spikes per square meter under weed control conditions was significant at the level of one percent. In this experiment, the highest yield was observed on the date of the first planting in the high-yielding cultivar Shafagh and at the rate of 5253 kg/ha. The results showed that grain yield loss due to weed presence was different depending on planting date, so that the highest and lowest production loss with the average of 1815 and 1090 kg/ha was related to the first and third planting date, respectively. Among rice cultivars, a decrease in grain yield of 40.85 and 32.95 percent was observed in high-yielding cultivars and local cultivars, respectively.

Simulation of rice yield and its water productivity studied using AquaCrop, WOFOST and CropSyst models, in an experiment at Khuzestan Agricultural Research Station. In this study, three types of planting methods (D1: transplanting, D2: direct seeding, and D3: dry bed seeding) and three rice cultivars (V1: Red-Anbori, V2: Champa, V3: Danial) were considered. Results of MBE (0.36 t.ha-1), RMSE (0.1.07 t.ha-1) and NRMSE (0.14 t.ha-1). MBE, RMSE and NRMSE values for water productivity calculated by using AquaCrop model were -0.11 kg.m-3, 0.40 kg.m-3 and 0.15, respectively. The values for yield simulation using WOFSOT model were 0.06 ton.ha-1, 1.14 t.ha-1 and -0.01, respectively, and aforementioned values for water productivity simulated by WOFOST were 0.15 kg.m-3, 0.40 kg.m-3 and -0.13, respectively. The mentioned values for CropSyst simulated as 0.11 t.ha-1, 0.80 t.ha-1 and -0.24 for yield and 0.15 kg.m-3, 0.40 kg.m-3 and -0.14 for water productivity, respectively. According to the results, accuracy for all models were accepted to simulate rice yield and water productivity. However, WOFOST accuracy was better than the other models in most treatments. Thus, it is recommended to use WOFOST for simulation of rice yield and water productivity at different rice cultivars.

In order to Assessment of the role of growth reduction factors on some morpho-physiological and yield indicators of rice cultivars an experiment in the year 2018 was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimentation factors included various rice varieties: Champa, Chermez-anbori and Hoveizeh in the main plot and reducing growth factors include: control (without cutting), consumption of half a liter of medax top in 45 days after planting, cut 65 days after planting to a height of 35 cm and cut 85 days after planting at a height of 35 cm in the subplot was. the results showed difference between levels of reducing growth factors in terms of stem height, panicle number, number of hollow seed per panicle and seed yield were at 1% probability and 1000-seed weight at 5% level. the difference between cultivars in terms of number of hollow seed per panicle at 1% level and 1000 grain weight at 5% probability level. highest number of hollow seed per panicle was in the control and the lowest in the cut 65 days after planting. the highest grain yield was obtained in the application of medax top with average of 4.7 tons/h and the lowest grain yield with average of 3.19 tons/h was obtained by cutting in 85 days after planting. so it can be cut by 65 days after the planting and use of the medax top or using the hoveizeh cultivar to reach the desired results in the region.

 In Khuzestan province, waste water release from various sources, especially from agricultural farms, is a serious problem. The volume of drainage water resulting from irrigation and drainage networks of the Karun river basin is about two billion cubic meters per year, considering sugarcane agro-industries and fish farming as the main sources of drainage water. Time-Averaged salinity of this drainage water, with source of sugarcane agro-industries, is about 6 dS/m which is valuable to irrigate salt-tolerant crops or aquaculture with saline water as part of the solutions for drainage water management and providing sustainable environment. This can also affect the amount of water allocated to irrigation networks and sugar cane industries. In this regard, reusing of agricultural drainage water to produce rice salinity resistant varieties and lines as a high-yielding strategy in Khuzestan, especially in the central and southern areas with high water demand, can be very useful. 

This study was conducted at farm code L08-20, in Mirza Koochak-Khan Agro-Industry Company, using split plot in a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. Irrigation interval with saline water daily, one-day and two-day alternations were main factors and three salinity-tolerant rice lines were sub factors. Subsequent selections from the International Treasury of rice cultivars, four salinity-tolerant breeding lines, one international control line and local cultivar were subplots. The amount of water applied to the plots was measured throughout the growing season and samples for determination of physical and chemical properties of soil and drainage water before planting until harvesting time for soil monitoring and soil salt balance analysis were collected. In this study, grain yield, biomass and harvest index were determined. Finally, water productivity was estimated as yield per cubic meter of water.  

Due to the average salinity of irrigation water, 6 dS/m, the volume of water consumed during the growing season was estimated to be 30,000 m3/ha, based on water requirement calculations. Based on irrigation management, applied volume of water was estimated about 37500 m3/ha for treatment I0, 19500 m3/ha for treatment I1 and 13200 m3/ha for treatment I3. The average salinity of soil saturated extract was measured about 4 dS/m before cultivation. Except for the first 15 days, when irrigation was carried out with full irrigation for transplanting stage, the trend of soil salinity changes was decreasing, during the rest of the growing season until harvesting. Salinity of soil increased in all three irrigation managements. The rate of salinity changes varied from 50% in the daily irrigation round to 100% in the two-day irrigation round, compared to pre-cultivation soil salinity. During the crop growth from the transplanting, daily, one-day and two-day rounds irrigation managements caused enterance of 190, 99 and 66 tonnes of salt in the top 100 cm of soil profile. Increased salinity over growing time for daily, one-day and two-day round irrigation treatments, were 6, 6.5 and 7.2 dS/m respectively, according to soil salinity, 4 dS/m, before planting. Assuming the  porosity of soil equal to 51%, it could be concluded that 7.6, 9 and 11 tonnes of salts stored in the upper 60 cm of soil profile for daily, one-day and two- day round irrigation management and the rest of the solutes extracted from soil profiles through underground drainage system. This behavior illustrated the importance of drainage, especially underground drainage system, in agricultural drainage reclamation and saline operations for soil conservation. The results showed significant decrease of farm applied water in daily irrigation water management relative to two-day and three-day intervals. Farm yield increased 6% from I0 with an average of 2139.3 to 2248 kg, I1 and then decreased by 30% in the three-day irrigation period. 

The results showed that the highest and lowest water productivity were found in I2 and I0 irrigation treatments, respectively, with values of 0.128 and 0.057kg/m3. ESP monitoring showed that at the end of growing season, soil profile was not sodic and remained in saline condition for two irrigation regimes I0 and I1. However, in I2 irrigation regime, the soil profile status approached to the sodic state, with 17% increasing in ESP and 100% increasing in salinity relative to planting time. The reason for this behavoir was driness of land between two irrigation events which caused salinity moving upward to soil surface layers, so it could be addressed by considering the percentage of leaching at the end of the growing season.   Acknowledgement  The authors gratitude Mirza Koochak-Khan Agro-Industry Company, Khuzestan Water and Power Authority (KWPA), Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Rice Research Institute of Iran )RRII), Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center  for their  overall supports to accomplish the study.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on grain yield and physiological indices of aerobic rice genotypes inKhuzestan province for two years (2014 and 2015). Four irrigation regimes (1, 3, 5 and 7 days) in main plots and 12 rice genotypes in sub-plots with three replications were considered. The combined analysis results showed that there were significant differences between genotypes, irrigation regimes and their interaction at all growth stages at 1%. SWR also increased with growth, but 100 days after planting due to the effective role of stem particularly in terms of reducing the amount of water, a decline was seen in this trait. By decreasing the irrigation regime due to less canopy shading, the NAR slowed down. The highest LWR were observed under 5- and 7-day in irrigation regimes, but SLW decreased in these irrigation regimes. The mechanism of escape from stressful conditions reduced the growth period by decreasing the irrigation regime. Finally, it is recommended that this experiment be carried out in irrigation regimes and other genotypes.

Water scarcity is a major constraint in the development of rice farming in some parts of the world. In many areas, the volume of water consumed in the field and during the growing season of rice is usually more than the actual requirement due to traditional flood irrigation. In the province of Khuzestan, irrigation water requirement is potentially high due to the coincidence of rice cultivation with the beginning of hot months of the year. In traditional irrigation management, regular water entry and exit from the basins is commonly used to reduce water temperature and create a cool environment for plant development. This system causes a lot of water losses. It seems that a change in the irrigation method of rice fields is necessary. The application of new technologies, such as pressurized irrigation systems, can be an appropriate approach to reduce future problems related to increasing water shortages. In this regard, the study of pressurized irrigation systems has been considered as one of the strategies for reducing water consumption and increasing water productivity in rice cultivation in the research program. Result of a research in Pakistan about water use efficiency and economic feasibility of growing rice with sprinkler irrigation showed that the application of this system increased the yield of rice by 18%, while the water consumed was 35% less than the traditional irrigation system (McCauley, 1990).

One of limitation factor in agricultural plants production in dry areas, supply requires water. Also nutrition crop management is a necessary strategy for achieve sustainable agriculture. Current study was conducted to assessment the effects of different irrigation regimes and several amount of nitrogen fertilizer on seed nutrition content and qualitative trait of wheat. This research was done via factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The factors consisted different irrigation regime (I1=half of water demand, I2= equal of water demand and I3=1.5 water demand) and nitrogen fertilizer (N1=nonuse of nitrogen or control, N2=50%, N3=75% and N4=100% according soil test). According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of nitrogen fertilizer, irrigation regime and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead phosphorus concentration) was significant at 1% probability level. Mean comparison result of different level of irrigation regime indicated that maximum nitrogen concentration was noted for half of water demand and minimum of that  belonged to 1.5 water demand treatment, so increasing the volume of consumed water led to decrease the seed nitrogen concentration from 1.73 mg.kg-1 to 1.49 mg.kg-1. Nitrogen fertilizer increased nitrogen content from 1.2 in control to 2 mg.kg-1 in 100% according soil test treatment but does not have significant effect on phosphorus content also led to increase potassium content. Comparison of different irrigation treatments showed that increasing the volume of water decreased seed nitrogen content, increase potassium content and don’t have significant effect on phosphorus content. Also increasing consumed water led to decreased ease seed protein content. The maximum protein concentration (15%) was noted for half of water demand and 100% according soil test.

This study aimed at establishing the effect of different irrigation intervals on current assimilation and yield of rice genotypes. This research was conducted in Khuzestan Province for two years (2014 and 2015) using four irrigation intervals (1, 3, 5, and 7 days) in the main plots and 12 rice genotypes in the sub-plots, with three replications. The combined analysis results showed that the main levels of irrigation interval, genotypes, and their interaction effect had a significant (P< .01) effect on all attributes. The amount and contribution of current assimilation of the three-day interval with an average yield of 4586.9 kg per hectare and 89.3 percent share had the highest relative value. Moreover, considering the highly positive correlation of grain yield with amount and contribution of current assimilation that were, respectively, (R=0.9**) and (R= 0.5**), we could conclude that the main reason for the increase in rice grain yield in this irrigation treatment was due to the increase in current assimilation – related attributes and allocation of more photosynthesis products to the main plant source. Consequently, IR 81025-B-327-3 genotype in the 3-day interval, which had the highest current assimilation, had relatively high share and efficiency of current assimilation and the highest grain yield with the average of 6555.1 kg per hectare. In general, the increased yield of rice genotypes with greater resistance to drought, especially regarding the three-day interval, can be attributed to the ability of leaf source to increase the considered attributes and the high volume of the tank in fully receiving the assimilated matter produced by processes connected to attributes associated with these properties.