alireza farnam

Considering that cognitive and physical exercises can significantly improve cognitive abilities and performing activities, therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of participation in exercises with high cognitive load and without cognitive load on the working memory of women with phobias. Considering that the purpose and subject of the current research is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research includes all women suffering from panic disorder, whose panic disorder was diagnosed using the Albany Barlow and Zinberg Panic and Panic Questionnaire (APPQ) and an interview with a psychiatrist. From this community, 45 people in the age range of 25 to 45 years were selected using the purposeful sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people, two experimental groups and one control group, then the experimental groups participated in the exercises. For 18 one-hour sessions before and after the exercise intervention, participants' working memory was evaluated using the N-BACK working memory test. The data was analyzed using the repeated analysis of variance method. The results showed that working memory increased significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive and physical exercises strengthen executive functions and improve working memory in women with panic disorder, and it is suggested that inactive women participate in sports such as aerobics, which have a high cognitive load, in order to improve executive function

The selection of an elite teacher with the necessary competencies is considered as a motivational force to improve the quality of teaching. This study aimed to determine standard criteria for selecting elite lecturers in medical science universities.

Using a content analysis approach, this qualitative study was carried out in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TUOMS), as one of the top ranking medical universities in Iran. Data was collected by purposive sampling method from individuals with experience in the field of teacher evaluation working in the Deputy of Education and Education Development Center (EDC) of TUOMS. Focus group discussion (FGD) sessions continued until data saturation was achieved.

Based on the analysis of the interviews, four criteria for selecting elite teachers were identified as follows: "the dynamics of education", "research and educational innovation", "evaluation of fair treatment, discipline, and professional ethics", and "accountability in transformational innovation packages in education". In addition, the score of clinical teachers and basic sciences teachers was considered as 94 and 100, respectively.

In this study, a standard tool was designed to select elite lecturers in an attempt to observe educational justice and encourage teachers to perform their various roles and tasks. Our results can be used as a standard tool in other Iranian medical universities.

 The level of activity of behavioral brain systems is one of the effective factors in the occurrence or persistence psychopathic behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to structurally model primary and secondary psychopathic disorder based on behavioral brain systems.

 This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of correlational research method. The statistical population of this study includes all medical students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. A total of 284 subjects were selected as a sample by convenience sampling method and they performed Lonson, Kiel and Fetispatrick Psychopathy Scale and the Carver and White Brain-Behavioral Systems Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modelling with SPSS software version 24 and LISREL version 8.80.

 The results showed that the behavioral activation system has a positive and significant relationship with primary and secondary psychopathy and the behavioral inhibition system has a negative and significant relationship with primary and secondary psychopathy (P <0.01). The results of structural equation model showed that behavioral activator system and behavioral inhibition system have an effective role on primary and secondary psychopathy (P <0.01). Also, the results of structural equation model showed acceptable model (2/df= 2.50, RMSEA= 0.075, CFI= 0.96, NFI= 0.94, GFI= 0.94).

 According to the function of activating systems and behavioral inhibition, pathological personality traits can be oriented or corrected before the formation and stabilization of these traits.

The experience of failure in romantic relationships among female students can lead to many psychological problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on experiential avoidance and depression in female students with love trauma syndrome. The statistical population of the study is female students in Tabriz. This research has been done in the framework of a single case experimental design of multiple baseline type. For this purpose, three participants were selected by purposive sampling and entered the treatment based on research criteria. Participants in four baseline stages and fourth, eighth, eleventh and one follow-up sessions with Love Trauma Syndrome (LTI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Acceptance and Commitment (AAQ-II) questionnaires. Data were analyzed by graphic displays, recovery percentage and effect size for statistical significance. Findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy reduces depression and experiential avoidance. The overall recovery percentage between all three subjects was 77.69 in the Experiential avoidance variable and 59.45 in the depression variable. Results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has an effect on experiential avoidance and depression.Keywords: Acceptance and Commitment Psychotherapy (ACT), Love Trauma Syndrome, Experiential Avoidance, Depression

The idea and attempt of suicide are highly predictive of deaths due to suicide and can lead to several negative consequences for both the individual and his family and for society. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of the role of pain, hopelessness, belonging and suicidal capacity in predicting suicide attempt in people with psychiatric disorders.

The research method of this study was correlational and the statistical population included all individuals referred to psychiatric outpatient clinics of Razi Hospital in Tabriz in 2020-2021. Sample sizes According to Klein criterion and according to the 62-item questionnaire, 298 subjects were selected. Research tools also include the Suicide Attempt Scale, the Suicide Capacity Scale and to examine the three variables of pain, hopelessness and belonging to the Suicide Motivation Questionnaire were used. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data using Smart pls software version 2.

In this study, 63.3% of the respondents were men and 36.7% of the respondents were women. The mean and standard deviation of the age of the respondents was 37.26±10.88 years. According to the results of the path coefficients between hopelessness with suicide capacity (β= 0.63), sense of belonging with suicide capacity (β= 0.28) and suicide attempt (β= 0.21), suicide capacity with suicide attempt (β= 0.59) were at a significant level (P<0.05). On the other hand, suicidal capacity had a significant mediating role in the relationship between hopelessness and sense of belonging with suicide attempt.

The results showed that the three-step model of suicide has the ability to predict suicide attempt in the community of patients with psychiatric disorders. Practical Implications. The results of this study are very important for professionals who work with people with psychiatric disorders to distinguish the idea of suicide from suicide attempt.

To date, of essential goals in psychiatry and establishment of future medical centers is creating therapeutic environments with the aim of improving clinical outcomes, preventing the progression of personality difficulties to serious psychiatric disorders, increasing self-satisfaction in society, facilitating personal growth and actualization, as well as reducing high medical costs. In this regard, the Personality Modulation Clinic in 2016 in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences was established, with the aim of providing appropriate mental health services for clients who do not fulfill criteria for a specific mental disorder, in the traditional classifications; nevertheless, desiring to eliminate inner obstacles towards mental growth, self-actualization, spirituality and the proper well-being they lack. The services in this clinic provide clients with support in order to seek innovative growth opportunities within themselves, by removing inner obstacles towards personality development. These obstacles are roughly equivalent to the diagnosis of “personality difficulty” in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Moreover, the therapeutic foundation of this clinic is an emerging medical paradigm known as Cosmetic Psychiatry. At the beginning of any new scientific establishment, as usually happens, and was true for this clinic as well, the bond of philosophical concepts are unveiled, and this is the irreversible and undeniable link between science and philosophy. Thereby, important questions appeared, which were approached philosophically.

Suicide is one of the major public health concerns worldwide which has numerous negative consequences for individual and society.

This study aimed to model the structural equations of suicide risk factors based on the three-step theory of suicide in individuals with the emotional disorders.

This was a descriptive study using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all people with emotional disorders referring to psychiatric outpatient clinics of Razi Educational and Medical Center of Tabriz in 2020. 205 patients with emotional disorders were selected by purposive sampling method and, they answered the questionnaires of Suicide Ideation (STS), Suicide Attempt (SAS), Suicide Capacity (SCS), and Suicide Motivation Questionnaire (IMSA). Data were analyzed using Pearson SPSS correlation test version 23 and structural equation modeling.

The correlation coefficient results showed a significant relationship between pain, hopelessness, sense of connectedness, and suicide capacity with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt (P<0.05). The results of structural equation modeling showed that the indirect effect of hopelessness (0.234) and low connectedness (0.048) on suicide ideation via suicide capacity was significant. The results showed that the indirect effect of frustration (0.586) and low belonging (0.121) on suicide attempts via suicidal capacity was significant.

Using a three-step model can be useful in rapid diagnosis and action to distinguish people with only suicide ideation or who are prone to suicide.

Mental health and treatment approaches have indeed garnered attention in health care. Treatment approaches have shifted from severe and chronic disorders prevalent in the past to milder disorders. Further, these approaches aid in improving performance, health, happiness, and superiority.1 To this end, new diagnostic systems have been introduced to move away from traditional approaches (i.e., stratified diagnosis and treatment) to a dimensional approach. This shift in attitude may affect major current mental health practices requiring innovative approaches, guidelines, and care to revolutionize mental health. Thus, setting up the clinic of personality modulation was inevitable as it provides educational-therapeutic services in accordance with the most up-to-date diagnostic classification system. It can also promote the growth of mental health. Even healthy people or those who pay attention to their mental growth and development can also benefit from the clinic's services. In a dimensional approach, services are provided for those who fall in the category of difficult code of personality in the new psychiatric divisions of the ICD-11. These services will lead to their personal and professional development.
To compensate for the shortcomings of previous classification systems, the ICD-11 has adopted a dimensional approach, a new approach to the classification of personality disorders, in which the focus is primarily on diagnosing and determining the severity of the disease. Moreover, the range of symptoms includes five ranges of traits related to personality disorders. These five domains encompass Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Dissociality, Disinhibition, and Anankastia .2,3 Thierry, Crawford, Mulder, Bleschfeld, Farnam, et al.,4 establishing this dimensional classification, proposed a new diagnosis called personality difficulty. Diagnosis of the personality difficulty is not a psychological disorder in itself. However, it can still be used for the clinical benefit of virtually normal individuals and has been included in the Z-scores of the ICD-11 for Non-Patients. This diagnosis consists of people who are neither typically ill nor have a personality disorder. Rather, these people have problems with life management that causes medical problems and incurs costs for the community and treatment systems.5 The researchers concluded that the proposed changes could aid clinical efficacy in diagnosing the personality disorder and selecting appropriate treatment. In this way, the misconceptions concerning the false label attached to the disorder term can be dispelled.4
Therefore, current psychiatry is moving in a direction with a program not only for patients but also for almost normal people who have problems in their lives or feel that there are some difficulties in developing their personality. One style of psychiatric treatment called cosmetic psychiatry6 or positive psychiatry7 has attracted attention among the whole range of psychiatric disciplines. Cosmetic Psychiatry refers to the empowerment and strengthening of people's cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processes who do not suffer from a specific disorder. In other words, the treatment is to improve a person's mental state in the absence of any clinical disorder.8 The development of the ICD-11 has led to innovative approaches which were not available before. The reason for the clinic's foundation lies in the philosophical theories presented by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Sadr al-Muta'allehin Shirazi. They saw soul and psyche as a constantly evolving category. According to their theories, the soul is inherently growing and ascending unless a factor disrupts this process.

No nation is protected against the damages of COVID-19 and this disease seems to be changing the global collective consciousness, taking humans to the deepest conflict of "to be or not to be" - a "life or death" situation! The characteristic feature of the upcoming years in the expanded global collective consciousness seems to be “existential anxiety”, and human beings from various societies will deal with the existential issues more explicitly. Coping with existential anxiety could not be acquired merely by mental knowledge alone, and this ability must be acquired by going through mental growth and transcendence and find the ability to help people flourish themselves.

Subclinical personality difficulties are the source of many interpersonal problems, and it is necessary for psychiatry residents to gain a comprehensive knowledge of the concepts of personality and personality disorders, including subclinical disorders. Clinical education is one of the most important aspects of medical students’ training. Improving the quality of this course is of particular importance. The services provided at the Personality Modulation Clinic of Razi Educational and Medical Center in Tabriz have been designed based on available scientific evidence and experiences for individuals with personality difficulties. The current research evaluates the effects of a new treatment known as the “Personality Biopsychological Approach” for individuals with personality difficulty for the first time given the absence of such an integrated and coherent program in clinical education. There are five main phases of study design: assessing patients’ needs, assessing psychiatric residents’ needs, formulating educational goals, the design of treatment model, and implementation. The current study found that society’s mental health is a top priority for national growth and development. Therefore, training psychiatrists in this field plays a crucial role in ensuring both individuals’ and society’s health and well-being. This study indicates that psychiatry residents’ acquaintance with this issue can increase their ability in the correct diagnosis and intervention in preventing the exacerbation of psychiatric disorders.

According to Emile Durkheim’s theory, we can consider societies as having a collective consciousness. To predict the behavior of societies, it is wise to consider the most involved conflicts in their collective consciousness.

We can use online behavior such as Google searches to find an approach to what goes on inside the souls of societies, because when many people search for a term, it means that there is a conflict about that term in the collective consciousness of that society. In this article, during the unprecedented situation that all countries around the globe are confronting due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we sought to track the online behavior of nine countries that were seriously involved.

As human conflicts are well categorized in Cloninger’s proposed planes of being, we selected search terms according to this category through conflict tables. Patterns of denial, recalling the Black Death, anxiousness, greed, competition, and tendencies of violence were also seen around the world. In most countries, the major findings/issues at the Spiritual, Intellectual, Emotional, Material and Sexual planes were those concerning “Compassion (Conciliation)”, “Lack of Prudence”, “Lack of Calmness and the Lack of Benevolence”, and “Lack of Charity and Lack of Discretion or Forethought”, respectively.

Awakening each conflict can result in behaviors that concern both societies and government. Predicting these behaviors can help societies take necessary measures and interventions. This especially lends new insights for educational systems in setting policies.

Abstract The purpose of this paper, which is a library and documentary research, is to investigate the role of incidental memory in promoting self-awareness using visual and emotional richness in Forough Farrokhzad's works based on psychological criticism and representation of the two in poetry. In this regard, the difference between soul and body is first discussed from Bergson's point of view; According to him, "soul" and "body" are the only time difference, and the soul and consequently self-awareness are always present in the past and do not look to the past to current events. Therefore, strengthening "random memory", which is a smooth and three-dimensional memory, will play an effective role in increasing self-awareness. In this descriptive and analytical study of content, we intend to increase the level of self-awareness by guiding the reader to use more random memory to have a significant impact on the process of psychotherapy and relief from mental problems.

 Psychopath evaluation and conceptualization in non–clinical individuals has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Psychopathy is a set of emotional, interpersonal, and behavioral traits that represent cruelty, recklessness, deception, bigotry, excitement, and aggression. Underlying individual differences in Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) are biological issues. One of the personality theories that addressed individual differences, especially biological differences, is Eysenck's theory of personality. Eysenck's personality traits model describes APD based on the following traits: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between personality traits of primary and secondary psychopathy based on Eysenck’s model.

 The present correlational research applied structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all medical students in Tabriz City, Iran, in the academic year of 2019–2020. In total, 284 subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method. The inclusion criterion of the study included medical students. Besides, the exclusion criteria of the study were the presence of active mental health disorders and absence from >2 sessions. The required data was gathered by the Levenson Self–Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP) (Levenson et al., 1995) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised Short (EPQ–RS) (Eysenck et al., 1985). The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling in SPSS and LISREL. The significance level of all tests was 0.01.

 The collected results indicated that neuroticism had a direct and significant relationship with primary APD (Beta=0.301, p<0.001) as well as secondary APD (Beta=0.823, p<0.001). Psychosis had a direct and significant relationship with primary APD (Beta=0.502, p<0.001) as well as secondary APD (Beta=0.310, p<0.001); however, extraversion had no significant relationship with primary APD (Beta=–0.123, p=0.061) as well as secondary APD (Beta=0.122, p=0.080). Furthermore, the collected data fitted with the proposed research model (x2/df=2.46, CFI=0.96, GFI=0.91, NFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.072).

 According to the current research results, Eysenck's theory has a tremendous influence on the development of theoretical and research etiology of psychopathy and supports the major role of Eysenck's theory in APD.

Depression associated with aggression can lead to violent behaviors. The present study was aimed to determine how sertraline, a standard medication for depression treatment, can efficiently decrease aggression and affect psychophysiological parameters in patients with depression.

Patients with depression and aggression were included in a six-week trial with sertraline (50 100 mg/day). Depression diagnosis was confirmed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Depression severity before and after treatment was assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Aggression was evaluated by Spielberger’s State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXIII). The BDI and STAXI-II were finally applied to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. For each patient, peripheral and central psychophysiological parameters were recorded using peripheral biofeedback apparatus and electroencephalogram in the initial and final stages of treatment. These recordings were attempted to assess variations of the autonomic nervous system and electrocortical activity in response to treatment.

Depressive and aggressive symptoms decreased significantly over the six-week treatment period, as measured by BDI and STAXI-II. Significant changes in some of the peripheral and central psychophysiological variables were observed. Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)/theta ratio (p=0.01) have decreased during a task, delta (p=0.02) and theta (p=0.008) wave activity and theta/alpha ratio (p=0.01) have increased during task, and theta/beta ratio has increased during both rest and task (p=0.02 for both). Among peripheral psychophysiological variables, skin conductance during task decreased significantly (p=0.03).

Several numbers of psychophysiological parameters were influenced significantly after successful pharmacotherapy of aggressiveness in patients with depression.

COVID-19 pandemic crisis has put everyone in the most vulnerable position, facing the onslaught death. The contemporary human beings used to see themselves as very safe and far from death. However, the COVID-19 crisis has greatly increased the likelihood of death, guiding a large number of people to their deepest psychological conflicts: being versus non-being, life versus death. Reactivation of the basic conflicts of the human psyche by events in the external world are among the most effective factors of psychic states and behaviors. Considerable events, particularly those with disastrous consequences, can reactivate the most fundamental conflicts of the human soul, the conflicts about being versus nonbeing, with the resultant emergence of existential anxiety and astonishment! Attracting the attention of the contemporary humans to their being and the profound comprehension of the inevitable nonbeing would guide towards new approaches which are in accordance with Paul Tillich’s formulations, regarding types and expressions of existential anxiety. Ought to be in mind that these approaches would not be necessarily positive or negative, thereby the possibility of the emergence of nonproductive and even destructive approaches lies ahead, though the vice versa is also true

The breakup of a romantic relationship imposes considerable grief to individuals and is actually a psychological and psychiatric challenge. The current study is a clinical trial of a pharmacologic agent reducing post-relationship grief. 90 female patients with the mean age of 29.55 ± 4.65 years were divided into two groups as an intervention group (n = 45) and the control group (n = 45). All patients were experiencing a diagnosed depression due to a romantic breakup during the last six months. The control group received a standard pharmacotherapy for depression, which was 50 mg sertraline daily. The intervention group received an additional 0.05 mg Clonidine daily. The treatment was continued for 8 weeks, and the visual analog scale evaluated the subjective report of the patients for grief and intensity of love. Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment grief and intensity of love were analyzed using ANOVA. Clonidine induced a significant decrease in the post-breakup grief with no significant change in the intensity of love. This pharmacotherapy is suggested for better management of romantic breakup.

Existential anxiety is an outstanding issue both in psychology and philosophy. It implies the mental rummage following the notion of existence, inexistence and related concepts. Martin Heidegger is a philosopher incorporating the meaning of existential anxiety and time perception in a unique comprehensive view, suggesting that there is a relation between being, time and anxiety. To the best of our knowledge, no empirical study has assessed any association between time perception and existential anxiety. The current study aims at investigating the mentioned association. Eighty four students in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences voluntarily participated in this study and gave their written informed consent. Time perception was assessed by verbal and production tests. The score of existential anxiety was obtained by the Good & Good Existential Anxiety Questionnaire. Association of time perception and existential anxiety was analyzed statistically. Mean score of existential anxiety of subjects was 7.57±4.75 out of 32. Accuracy of time perception was significantly related to existential anxiety score (P</em> = 0.034); in the manner that inaccurate time perceivers had higher existential anxiety scores. The results of this study are preliminary in line with the existential concepts presented by Heidegger; indicating that existential anxiety and time perception may have common roots. This understanding about existential anxiety suggests further explorations and deeper existential reasonings, as well as more efficient psychological and psychiatric clinical practice.

One of the major challenges that humankind have not properly dealt with is Mindbody problems. Through which ways, an immaterial entity (Soul) emerges out of a material body, and the relationship that exists between these two entities have constantly stimulated proposed explanations to find novel models in this regard. Mulla Sadra‟s “substantial motion theory” suggests providing an extensive explanation concerning the relationship between mind and soul. Sadra considered "change" as an all-pervasive reality running through the entire universe including the category of substance. According to Sadra, in certain circumstances that have the potential to occur only in humans, for the aforementioned reason, matter changes essentially and converts to the soul. Mutational changes occur in the substance of matter like the emergence of life out of unliving matter, and self-aware soul‟s appearance out of unaware matter. Based on Mulla Sadra‟s perspective, contemplating, along with investigating the situations based on this fundamental transformation, endorses sufficient perception of the relation between spirit and body.

Depression, causes problems in social and individual aspects of life, so is the major disease burden in modern societies. There is complex relationship between personality and depression, so some special forms of personality may predispose the person to the depression, and depression and its symptoms may manifest different as a result of the various personalities.

This research case control study consisted of 128 patients with major depressive disorder and 131 normal people. Data have been collected through TCI questionnaire and Hamilton scale for depression.

In patients with major depression the Harm-avoidance, Reward-dependence and persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness have significant differences with normal people. Patients with major depressive disorder experience high levels of Harm-avoidance and Reward-dependence and Persistence, with low levels of Self-directedness and Cooperativeness than normal people.

The depressed patients and normal people are different with temperament and character, and these differences can influence severity of depression.

Psychiatric disorders could be evaluated in terms of behavioral activation and inhibition systems. Dysregulation of these systems may lead to development of manic or depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. This study aimed to identify Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) hypersensitivity as the functional brain system behaviors in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar mood disorder I, compared to healthy individuals. This case-control study was conducted in Razi Psychiatric Hospital, a mental health referral center in Northwest of Iran. The study consisted of two groups of patients, one with major depressive and the other with bipolar mood disorders and one healthy group. Each group had 40 patients (20 men and 20 women). The study data were collected through BIS and BAS questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 18. The findings showed a significant negative correlation between BIS, BAS and BAS subscales with the severity of depression and positive correlation with mania symptoms (P<0.05). BAS and BIS dysregulations may predispose people to mood disorder symptoms. BAS is hyperactive during manic phase and may predict the symptom severity of bipolar mood disorder

Love, this eminent humane experience, has been explored not only by writers and poets, but also by philosophers, psychologists and even experimental scientists. This paper aims to discuss a novel aspect in phenomenology of love, as the concept of destructive and constructive nature of love, which is to the best of our knowledge, presented for the first time. The fundamental idea of this paper was obtained from verses of Hafiz, then polished by theories of Robert Cloninger and several other thinkers in the field of human emotions. Many verses of Hafiz display love experience as a necessary step towards growth, in a way that could be evinced further by the development of the "self-aware psych" introduced by Cloninger. He introduces the "self-aware psych" as one of the three constituting domains of human mind and personality, the intuitive essence bringing integrity for personality. If self-aware psych flourishes by favorable growth and development, it would prepare the ground for creativity, wisdom and well-being, otherwise, personality disorders would be contingent. The destructive and constructive nature of love, towards development of self-awareness and mental growth, is further determined by re-explaining the proposed theory of "ego as a complex" by Carl Jung, the theory of "network of intentionality" by John Searle, and the theory of "emotional processing" by Edna Foa and Michael Kozak in this context.

Addressing the psychological and social problems of employees, including stress is one of the most acute problems in today's organizations, which endangers the physical and mental health of the workforce and incurs a heavy burden on organizations. Considering the fact that the intensive care units are more special, professional and challenging, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the nature of the professional practice environment and the perceived stress of nurses in neonatal care units.
This is a descriptive-correlational study. Sample size includes all nurses working in neonatal intensive care units of East Azerbaijan province (110 people). Data were collected through a professional practice environment questionnaire from Eriksson et al. And Cohen's perceived stress questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics.
The results of the study showed that nurses evaluated the compliance of the intensive care units of the neonates with the items of the professional practice environment at the moderate level. The internal motivation for work (r=-0.20, p=0.03), performance control (r=-0.28, P=0.22), communication with doctors (r=-0.19, p=0.03) and teamwork (r=0.18, p=0.04) showed a significant negative correlation with the overall perceived stress of nurses in neonatal intensive care units.
Identifying the status of the professional environment and attempting to improve it is of vital importance in reducing the stress of nurses and the health of the working staff and affecting the quality of services. The overall stress of nurses has important effect on the health of the employed workforce and influences the quality of services.

Depression causes dysfunction in various spheres of individual and social life, which is now considered as the fourth-leading cause of the global disease burden. Given that violence and aggression associated with depression in the community cause serious damage to the family, the prediction, early detection and effective treatment of aggressive and violent behavior are essential. The present study compared the severity of aggression before and after treatment with sertraline in patients with major depression.
This is an intervention type study and the study population consisted of patients with depression and aggression. The sampling included 23 eligible patients. Data were obtained by SCID-I, SCID-II, STAXI-II, BDI-II and was also analyzed using SPSS 23 software.
The results showed that depression, anger mood, desire to verbally express anger, controlling anger and anger control before treatment was reduced but the desire for physical expression of anger increased.
Obtained results in this research support the effect of Sertraline on reduction of severity of depression, reduction of severity of symptoms of aggression and anger (state of anger, anger feeling, and the tendency to express anger verbally), increased controlling external anger and significantly controlling internal anger. Hence, Sertraline can be found effective in the treatment of patients with depression and aggressive behaviors. Also Sertraline increases tend to cause physical representation of anger, then this issue supports the increase in the euthanasia behavior in primary days of treatment with SSRI that requires more assessments.

There are conflicting findings about relationship between depression and anger with immunological indicators. To investigate the relationship between anger patterns and immune system in depressed patients.
Thirty five patients with major depressive disorder were selected according to DSM-IV criteria. The Hamilton Depression Scale and Spielberger Anger questionnaires were used to determine severity of depression and "anger expression pattern", respectively. The control group without previous history of mental illness was also selected. In patients with moderate depression, serum IgA levels and NK cell percentage were measured.
Mean difference of all types of "anger expression pattern", including; "statetrait anger", "anger expression out", "anger expression in", "anger control out" and "anger control in", in both study and control groups, was statistically significant (p Moderate depressed patients versus control group had higher Spielberger scores in all types of anger expression pattern except anger control-out and anger control-in. We found no evidence supporting the relationship between" anger expression pattern" with IgA levels and NK cell percentage and it seems that depression itself causes reduced NK cells and increased IgA levels.

The assessment of the verbal repetition is important in the study of acquired language disorders and neuropsychology. It is helpful in differential diagnosis of aphasia subtypes, auditory breakdowns, and working memory (WM) performance. Though different linguistic disorders have been identified in patients with schizophrenia, very little is known about their verbal repetition ability.
The present study was conducted in the inpatient ward of Razi Psychiatric Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, during the year 2013. Participants were: 30 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia during the maintenance phase of treatment and 30 healthy people as control group. They were asked to repeat 15 words and 15 nonwords immediately. The stimuli were 1, 2, and 3 syllabic in Turkish language. Any incorrect repetition scored 1 and correct repetitions scored 0. Lexicalization errors were compared between groups too.
Both groups repeated words better than nonwords. Patients showed lower ability to repeat nonwords than controls, especially in 3 syllabics. There was no significant difference in the repetition of words between groups though it was better in controls. Patients with schizophrenia made more errors in both words and nonwords and lexicalization errors were twice more.
Lower ability to repeat nonwords (than words) in patients with schizophrenia may show the involvement of phonological loop of WM. More lexicalization errors may take place because of dis-inhibition.