فهرست مطالب hossein fahimi

The current research was conducted with the aim of designing the optimal model of public relations management in the Ministry of Oil for the implementation of resistance economy policies. In the quantitative part of the research, 40 managers, specialists and experts in the field of public relations and economics of the Ministry of Oil, who had scientific and specialized records related to the subject of the research, and were selected purposefully and non-probably, the research data using a structured questionnaire with a pattern Comparison and analysis of 108 questions (items) in Stephenson's 7-choice continuum were collected and Q factor analysis method and standard Z score were used for data analysis. The findings of the research showed that there were three intellectual types (types) consisting of the first type (managers) including 19 people, the second type (experts of the first group) including 11 people and the third type (experts of the second group) including 10 people, on 85 items from the total They had consensus on 108 items, of which in 57 cases they agreed with the items and in 28 cases they disagreed with them, so that finally the optimal model of public relations management in the Ministry of Oil for the implementation of resistance economy policies has 4 economic elements (categories). It is managerial, structural and legal. This means that the thinking that governs the view of the respondents is a managerial and economic thinking with a structural and legal framework.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer deaths in the world. Mucins are large glycoproteins that are expresses by epithelial cells in tubular organs. They recreate important functions in the regeneration and differentiation of epithelium, cell adhesion, immune response, and cellular signaling. In this study, mucin-19 and 21 gene expression were investigated in cancerous tumor samples, and tumor margins in patients with colorectal cancer. The purpose of working on these genes is their potential biomarker for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. After extraction of RNA from 30 pairs of tumor and peripheral tumors of the colorectal tumor, cDNA was synthesized using a thermosetting kit, and RT-PCR was used to find the optimum temperature and specificity of primers. Then, real-time qPCR was performed to examine the difference between the gene expression of mucin on the tumor and tumor margins. This study showed an increase in the expression of mucin 19 in colorectal cancer tissue samples with tumor margins. Conclusion The upregulation levels of mucin 19 gene can correlate with colorectal cancer progression. Therefore, Mucin 19 may be used as a biomarker for detecting colorectal cancer development.

The majority of neurogenesis is terminated soon after birth and in adults new neurons generated only in the sub ventricular zone and the hippocampus accordingly neurodegenerative disorders and nerve damage are vital problem. Although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in several cellular process, their function in the regulation of neurogenesis should be further clarified. In this regards, this study aim to analyze expression levels of LncRNA RMST during neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma NT2 cells. In this study, human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma NT2 cells were neurally differentiated though retinoic acids and a cocktail of neural. The expression levels of neural markers were analyzed by RT-PCR. During neural differentiation of NT2 cells, the expression levels of neural specific markers NSE and MAP2 were observed (***P

 Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent human malignancy-related death worldwide, which is usually diagnosed at the advanced stages resulting in metastasis. Recent studies have revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are known as non-coding RNAs, play a significant role in creating variety of molecular pathways (e.g., growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis) and negatively contribute to many unusual processes, including human cancers. The HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is one of the novel non-coding RNAs which has recently emerged as a promoter of metastasis in different types of human cancers through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process where an epithelial cell could change its phenotype to mesenchymal condition, which plays a crucial role in promoting cell invasion, angiogenesis, and metastases.

 This study aimed to explore the effect of HOTAIR gene silencing on the expression levels of two main markers of EMT signaling pathway, fibronectin (FN1) and claudin4 (CLDN4) in MKN45 cellular model of gastric cancer. The MKN45 cells were subjected to HOTAIR specific siRNA for 48 hours, and the extracted RNAs were subjected to cDNA synthesis and real-time PCR. The expression change was calculated using 2-ΔΔct.

 Our findings showed that FN1 and CLDN4 were upregulated in MKN45 cells. Following the transfection of cell by HOTAIR siRNA, both FN1 and CLDN4 genes were significantly downregulated.

 HOTAIR long non-coding RNA may have regulated the expression levels of FN1 and CLDN4 genes in EMT signaling pathway. However, it was recommended that further experimental analyses should be carried out to confirm this observation. In other word, our study result may not have been applied as a therapeutic access until additional experiments were conducted.

This study aimed to investigate phylogenetic relationships of cyanobacteria based on the 16S rRNA, ITS genes and palindromic sequences of HIP, ERIC, and STRR. The use of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region secondary structures has been proposed for phylogenetic reconstructions. Sampling was done from five Ghanats of shallow aqueducts located at Gonbad Kavous villages (Golestan province, NE of Iran), and purified in Z8 culture medium. After DNA extraction, 16S rRNA and ITS genes were amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic tree was created using the Likelihood Maximum method and the appropriate model with the help of Iqtree online web server. The secondary structure of ITS was drawn in different parts of helix D1-D1′, D2, D3, tRNAIle, tRNAAla, BOX B, BOX A, and V3 using Mfold program. Then, phylogenetic analysis of fingerprints was converted to binary information with the presence and absence of separate, and reproducible bands in each DNA fingerprint pattern generated by PCR profiles of HIP, ERIC and STRR, and binary information was used to construct a composite dendrograms. The results showed that, the studied strains belonged to four families viz. Aphanizomenonaceae, Nostocaceae, Hapalosiphonaceae, and Calotrichaceae of subsections of order Nostocales. The results of the dendrograms clusters drawn from the proliferation of palindrome sequences confirmed the clustering of phylogenetic trees. However, the results of the variable sections found in sections D1-D1′ and Box-B of the ITS gene revealed unique secondary structures that did not have a similar pattern to their close counterparts. The overall results showed that, the data obtained from genomic fingerprints, in silico and phylogenetic analysis are very useful for distinguishing closely related strains of cyanobacteria.

The use of molecular methods in cancer diagnosis has led to a better prognosis. One of the important gene families in the carcinogenic pathways of various cancers is the forkhead box (FOX) family genes. Moreover, developmental transcription factors and proapoptotic proteins play critical roles in cell function and carcinogenesis.

The current study aimed to evaluate the expression of A1 FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and growth arrest specific 2 (GAS2) genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumors due to biomarker discovery and early diagnosis of cancer.

To evaluate the expression of FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and GAS2 genes, 30 OSCC samples and 30 normal specimens were obtained from Imam Khomeini Hospital Cancer Institute. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were done by relevant kits. After a specific primer design for FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and GAS2 genes, real-time PCR was done to evaluate the genes’ expression for molecular biomarker discovery and validation. ANOVA and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.

Significant differences were observed in the expression of the studied genes in tumor and control tissues (P < 0.001). The results showed that FOXA1, GAS2, and SOX10 expressions in tumor and normal cells have significant differences (P < 0.001). Regardless of FOXA1, FOXA2 and SOX10, there was a significant difference in the expression of GAS2 genes in term patients’ age (P < 0.05) and overexpressed in patients over 55 years. SOX10 gene is upregulated in grade II OSCC tumors but there is no significant difference in expression of FOXA1, FOXA2, and GAS2 in different stages and grades. The ROC curve analysis, FOXA1, and FOXA2 showed AUC = 0.66 and AUC = 0.57 respectively. Meanwhile, SOX10 and GAS2 showed AUC = 0.9 and AUC = 1 respectively.

In general, the expression of FOXA1, GAS2, and SOX10 genes in cancer and control tissues were different, and therefore the role of these genes in OSCC is confirmed. Also, in the present study, the biomarker potential of SOX10 and GAS2 genes for OSCC diagnosis was demonstrated. In the current study, the important role of the studied genes in OSCC diagnosis was shown. However, further studies are needed to confirm this.

Lavasan Lake situated in the north-east of Tehran (Iran) is a complex ecosystem of cyanobacterial strains with an ability to produce a wide range of toxic natural compounds that may lead to many problems or even death of humans and animals. Based on the report of toxic cyanobacterial strains present in the Lavasan Lake, the morphological and phylogenetic study of the toxic strain purified from Lavasan Lake water, was performed using 16S rRNA and ITS gene markers. According to the results, the phylogenetic tree was drawn based on 16S rRNA gene, non-toxic strains with the toxic strain Anabaena sp. strain B3 (CCC B3) were not clustered within a cloud. In addition, the ability to produce toxins appears to be lost over time. The results of ITS gene analysis using Mfold showed that, the most important difference between the toxic strain Anabaena sp. B3 with other non-toxic strains of Anabaena sp. has the number of nucleotides at terminal bilateral bulge and the number of loops at bilateral bulge in the D1-D1 helix. However, Box B helix structure was not different in any of the strains. This is the first report of molecular phylogeny of a toxin-producing cyanobacterium isolated from the Lavasan Lake.

FAD is the cofactor of FAD-FR protein family. Sulfite reductase flavoprotein alpha-component is one of the main enzymes of this family. Based on applications of this enzyme in biotechnology and industry, it was chosen as the subject of evolutionary studies in 19 specific species.

Gene and protein sequences of sulfite reductase flavoprotein alpha-component, 5S rRNA sequences, and taxonomic tree were extracted from 19 selected bacterial species. Then, phylogenetic trees of 5S rRNA and gene and protein sequences were compared with each other and with taxonomic tree. Phylogenetic trees were drawn by Mega7 software using neighbor-joining algorithm and taxonomic tree was extracted using NCBI taxonomy browser.

By comparing the corresponding tree pairs, the percentage of equivalent species and the mean equivalence score of species were calculated for each tree pair. The gene-protein tree was allocated the highest scores in both quantities. In comparing the taxonomic tree with three other trees, gene-taxonomy tree achieved the highest percentage in the mean equivalence score and protein-taxonomy tree obtained the highest percentage of equivalent species.

Based on the results of the present research, the best replacement for each of the trees investigated in this study regarding evolutionary relations was identified. In other words, this study helps detect which evolutionary tree can be replaced for another evolutionary tree.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Recently, extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) has been proposed as a new interfering agent with future therapeutic potentials. Many studies have revealed that cellular processes such as apoptosis in breast cancer are affected by ELF-EMFs. However, more researches are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism of action for these fields. In this study, the apoptotic effect of ELF-EMF on the MC4L2 cell line was examined and the mRNA expression level of the P21 and P38 genes were further investigated.

A triple-positive mouse breast cancer cell line (MC4L2) was purchased from the Genetic Resource Center (Iran). This study was performed on two groups of ELF-EMF exposure (100mT/1 Hz for 5 days, 120 min each day) and sham exposure. Cell viability and apoptosis rate of both the exposure and sham exposure groups weredetermined by flow cytometry. Alterations in the P21 and P38 mRNAs expression levelswere investigated; using real-time PCR.

ELF-EMF exposure induced 30% apoptosis in MC4L2 cells compared with the control group. The mRNA expression level of P38 and P21 was significantly increased after ELF-EMF exposure compared to the control group.

ELF-EMF induces apoptosis in the MC4L2 triple-positive cell line. Furthermore, this exposure affects important gene expression involved in the cell cycle. Our data propose that ELF-EMF in a specific time, intensity and frequency could be beneficial for breast cancer treatment. However, more studies are required to confirm our findings.

Prevalence of high-fat food consumption, such as fast foods is one of the major causes of hypercholesterolemia, which can lead to cardiovascular diseases. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) are two key genes in cholesterol metabolism. Use of probiotics in the diet is a promising approach for modulation of serum lipid. To confirm the modulation of serum lipids by probiotics, in this study, we have examined the efficacy of Lactobacillus paracasei TD3 in improving blood cholesterol levels. 21 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups randomly (n=7). G1: negative control with normal diet, G2: positive control with high-fat diet, G3T: test group with high-fat diet plus supplementation with L. paracasei TD3 (1010 CFU). In the 21st day, the rats were anesthetized using chloroform and then sacrificed. Blood samples were collected to analyze lipid panel parameters and hepatic enzymes by the auto-analyzer system. Adipose tissue samples were analyzed using real-time PCR for HMGCR and CYP7A1 genes expression. Consumption of L. paracasei TD3 could reduce serum cholesterol levels significantly (P<0.05); whereas, there was no significant difference between experimental groups for triglycerides, LDL, and HDL levels. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes were significantly decreased in the probiotic group. Furthermore, expression of HMGCR and CYP7A1 genes was dramatically declined in the probiotic group. There was no significant change in either uric acid or urea between the control and treated groups. Introduction of L. paracasei TD3 in rat’s diet can modulate serum cholesterol levels.

The rate of variation in various genes of a bacterial species is different during evolution. Therefore, in systematic bacterial studies many researchers compare the phylogenetic tree of a particular gene to the standard tree of an rRNA gene. Regarding the importance of 16SrRNA gene and the evolutional process of RecA protein family, we investigated the changes in the selected phylum of bacterial RecA family in comparing with the 16SrRNA gene. For this purpose, sequences of the RecA protein family were extracted from Uniprot database and categorized by using CD-hit algorithm. One species was selected from each category. Then we found 16SrRNA complete sequences for same species. After determining the index, based on the Average Alignment Score (AAS), the 16s-taxonomic tree was obtained. Furthermore, Similar calculations were considered for corresponding RecA proteins phylums. By comparing amount of AAS in 16srRNA phylums and RecA phylums, we observed that the Actinobacteria phylum is the closest to the header phylum in the 16s-taxonomic tree, but the same phylum in the RecA is the most distant to the header phylum; and the position of the cyanobacteria phylum remains the same in both trees, which indicates the least amount of changes in the genus and species of this phylum. The 16s-taxonomic tree which is presented in this study for the first time is different from the available bioinformatics algorithms for tree drawing. Finding the species with the highest and lowest rates of changes, can be a type of prediction method for indicating the reasons why bacteria become resistant to drugs over a long period of time.

The taxonomy of cyanobacteria has been substantially modified in the last few decades, particularly after application of modern ultra structural and molecular methods. The present research, therefore, aimed to investigate, through a polyphasic approach, the differences in morphological and genotypic features of two cyanobacteria strains isolated from different agricultural and freshwaters areas in Kermanshah province (W Iran). In fact, identification and taxonomy of both Calothrix sp. N42 and Scytonema sp. N11 was problematic and confusing. Challenges arose when the two strains seemed to be Calothrix, because of early unbranched filaments, narrow cells and ending by heterocysts. Along with the progression of growth, branching arise. Therefore, molecular analysis was made and morphometric and genetic (16S rRNA) data were used to characterize the strains in liquid suspension cultures and solid media under photoautotrophic conditions. The results of sequencing the 16S rRNA fragment and phylogenetic comparison strongly indicated that, two strains fall into different phylogenetic clusters. They were named as Calothrix sp. N42 and Scytonema sp. N11 and have been registered under DDBJ, accession number KY548062 and KY548065, respectively.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare fibroblastic mesenchymal tumor. It can originate from abdominal soft tissue which is extremely scarce, and liver indeed is super scant site. SFT liver (SFTL) is mostly benign, but it can be malignant and aggressive with metastases and a potential of recurrence. Hypoglycemia is the least reported feature which is resistant to medical management and will be resolved following resection of a SFT of liver.
Case Report: A 67-year-old man presented with episodes of sudden onset loss of consciousness since 3 months before first visit. He was a previously healthy farmer, without any other complaint or past medical history except for episodes of sever hypoglycemia. Laboratory testing revealed hypoglycemia which was temporarily response to glucose infusion, hypoglycemia was refractive, and whole physical examination and laboratory tests were done and there were no abnormal findings. With probability of finding something such as insulinoma or any other tumor that secreted insulin or insulin-like growth factors, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and revealed an enhancing giant round and well-defined lesion in left lobe of live.

We here present the first case of malignant SFTL presenting with hypoglycemia and metastasis to soft tissue as inguinal bulging 2 months after resection of liver mass, but this particular type of tumor needs more evaluation and investigation.

Aims: Many and different tensions that the veteran and disabled athletes always experience during their lives take part in their mental activities. Therefore, one of the most effective methods in the prevention of their mental disorders is to find out the psychological factors that resolve the veteran athletes’ behavioral disorders and problems. The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between mental toughness, the stress coping styles, and optimism in the veteran and disabled athletes of the Iranian Sitting Volleyball Super-League.
Instrument & In the correlational descriptive study, 70 male veteran and disable volleyball athletes of the Iranian Sitting Volleyball Super-League were studied in 2014. The subjects were purposefully selected. Data was collected by athlete mental toughness, stress coping styles, and the life-orientation revised test questionnaires. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using correlational Spearman correlation and simple linear regression tests.
Findings: The mental toughness significantly correlated with the stress coping styles and the problem-focused, intuitional, and avoidance styles. More than 8% of the changes in the stress coping styles was explained by the mental toughness. The optimism significantly correlated by the mental toughness and the confidence and control components. In addition, more than 18% of the mental roughness changes was explained by the optimism. However, the optimism significantly correlated with the intuitional stress coping style only.
The tougher veteran and disabled volleyball athletes cope with stress through better styles. In addition, it is possible to improve mental toughness through the optimism skills trainings.

Production of a recombinant and immunogenic antigen using dengue virus type-3 envelope protein is a key point in dengue vaccine development and diagnostic researches. The goals of this study were providing a recombinant protein from dengue virus type-3 envelope protein and evaluation of its immunogenicity in mice. Multiple amino acid sequences of different isolates of dengue virus type-3, corresponding to the envelope protein domain III, were achieved from GenBank. Clustal V alignment tool was used to provide a consensus amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequence of the coding gene was optimized using “Optimizer”. The origami (DE3) strain of Escherichia coli was used as the host in order to express the protein. A commercial affinity chromatography method was used to purify the recombinant protein. Immunogenicity of the recombinant protein was evaluated in mice using ELISA, MTT and cytokine assays. A consensus amino acid sequence corresponding to the most important region of dengue virus type-3 envelope protein (domain III) was provided. A high concentration (≥ 20 mg/L culture medium) of soluble recombinant antigen (EDIII3) was achieved. Immunized mice developed specific antibody responses against EDIII3 protein. The splenocytes from EDIII3-immunized mice showed a high proliferation rate in comparison with the negative control. In addition, the concentrations of two measured cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) were increased markedly in immunized mice. The results showed that the expressed recombinant EDIII3 protein is an immunogenic antigen and can be applied to induce specific immune responses against dengue virus type-3.

Post laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain management can reduce recovery and discharge time. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are used for this purpose.. This randomized clinical trial evaluates the efficacy of diclofenac rectal suppository for the management of postoperative pain..Patients and Forty four patients were randomized to receive either 100 mg diclofenac rectal suppository or placebo at the time of recovery and three hours later after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Postoperative visual analogue pain scale (VAS, ranges 0 to 10 cm) and adverse reactions were recorded over a 24-hour period. If VAS score was ≥ 7, 25mg, pethedin was given intravenously as a rescue analgesic.. In both groups, VAS score was reduced in 24 hours. It was statistically lower in diclofenac group rather than placebo group in all intervals except at the time of recovery. Moreover, the mean pethedin consumption dose and the incidence of administration of postoperative rescue analgesic were statistically lower in diclofenac group. Postoperative bleeding was not statistically different between two groups.. Diclofenac rectal suppository provided simple and safe pain relief in laparoscopic cholecystectomy..

The aim of this study was production of a recombinant antigen from envelope protein of dengue virus، in order to achieve high level expression in soluble form. Therefore، the possibility of envelope protein domain III expression in bacterial host was studied. Multiple sequence alignment for domain III sequences was carried out using Megalign software. The Modeller and Optimizer software were used for protein structure prediction and sequence optimization. After gene synthesis and subcloning in the pET21a expression vector، the optimization of recombinant protein expression was carried out in Escherichia coli. Ni-NTA chromatography columns were used for protein purification. The efficiency of protein expression was analyzed using electrophoresis and western blotting methods. A consensus sequence for domain III of dengue virus type 2 envelope protein was provided. The structural properties of target protein were predicted using bioinformatics methods. For high expression level، the sequence of EDIII2 gene was optimized for appropriate codon usage and GC content. The coding gene sequence was approved by sequencing and enzymatic digestion. For disulfide bound formation in protein structure، the Origami (DE3) expression host was used. At the final step، expression of target protein was optimized، and a high concentration of recombinant protein was achieved in soluble form. The results of this study showed that the optimization of domain III sequence led to obtain high concentration (20 mg/l) of produced protein. This expression system can be used for production of dengue virus envelope protein domain III.

Post laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain management can reduce recovery and discharge time. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are used for this purpose.. This randomized clinical trial evaluates the efficacy of diclofenac rectal suppository for the management of postoperative pain..Patients and Forty four patients were randomized to receive either 100 mg diclofenac rectal suppository or placebo at the time of recovery and three hours later after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Postoperative visual analogue pain scale (VAS, ranges 0 to 10 cm) and adverse reactions were recorded over a 24-hour period. If VAS score was ≥ 7, 25mg, pethedin was given intravenously as a rescue analgesic.. In both groups, VAS score was reduced in 24 hours. It was statistically lower in diclofenac group rather than placebo group in all intervals except at the time of recovery. Moreover, the mean pethedin consumption dose and the incidence of administration of postoperative rescue analgesic were statistically lower in diclofenac group. Postoperative bleeding was not statistically different between two groups.. Diclofenac rectal suppository provided simple and safe pain relief in laparoscopic cholecystectomy..

A useful method to increase the signal/noise ratio of refracted waves is Common-Midpoint Refraction (CMPR) seismics. Consider a plane wave traveling from the source location A to a receiver point B (or vice versa). The distance between the two locations A and B is denoted as x. If the reference point rx is the CMP between A and B the relation 2ABxxx is valid and one can write its travel time equation based on the ray parameters and vertical slowness (Diebold and Stoffa, 1981). For such a model, Slotnick (1936) obtained an equation which is the basic equation for depth conversion in CMPR method.With this technique, the shallow underground can be described in detail using all information (amplitude, frequency, phase characteristics) of the wavetrain following the first break (first-break phase). Thus, the layering can be determined and faults, weak zones, and clefts can be identified. This will be done by stacking a trace in a pdomain. Since the stacking data along the straight line of the Radon transformation is used to suppress reflected wave groups and surface waves in CMPR method, the Radon transformation must be restricted to refracted waves only. After Radon transformation, an intercept-time section is made.The following difficulties occur when dealing with CMPR seismics.1. The data will be sorted as CMP-offset gathers. Therefore, the distance between two traces is twice the distance between two shot points. Thus, optimum stacking velocities for the partial Radon transformation in CMPR seismics cannot be determined.2. Local variations in refractor velocities are difficult to record.3. In routine CMPR seismics, the traveltime branch of the total refracted signal is stacked. Therefore, local irregularities of interest cannot be detected.These disadvantages are rectified using a combination of CMPR seismics with the Generalized Reciprocal Method (GRM; Palmer, 1986). This joint application is possible because of the close relationship between both methods in their kinematical descriptions.Gebrande (1986) described a technique to construct CMP traveltime curves using the data from only one forward and one reverse shot. Using this technique, the CMP intercept time would be in the form of an equation which have some similarities in comparison to in GRM. These similarities and their relationships are helpful in rectifying certain disadvantages in the CMPR method. GtVelocities and optimum offsets determined by the GRM can be used directly in the partial Radon transformation in CMPR. The result of this process is an intercept-time section which can be converted directly to a depth section.In the partial Radon transformation of joint CMPR seismics with the GRM, the stacked events are only those that belong to the critical offset in the CMP-offset gather. These events are principally the critical reflected waves. Therefore, the migration of the intercept-time section must employ a post-stack method such as Kirchhoff migration. After migrating time section it can be converted to depth section using its individual equation.Using two models for numerical investigation, the efficiency of the method is tested, and the results are shown.

The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of a primary end-to-end pharyngoesophageal anastomosis after standard tumor resection of the cervical esophagus by acute flexion of the neck. A total of 34 consecutive patients with primary cervical esophageal cancer, none having received prior radio- or chemotherapy, were treated by two methods based on intraoperative findings. In 18 patients, reconstruction after esophageal resection was carried out by the standard gastric pull-through technique (control group). In 16 patients, acute flexion of the neck after tumor resection allowed for reconstruction by primary end-to-end pharyngoesophagostomy (experimental group). There was no operative mortality in either group. The mean operative time for the experimental group was about 50 minutes less compared to the control group. Self-limited postoperative anastomotic leakage in the neck was twice as common in the experimental group. Postoperative dysphagia was about three times as common in the experimental group [5 patients (31%)] compared to the control group [2 patients (11%)]. In selected cases, segmental resection of primary cervical esophageal cancers reconstructed by end-to-end pharyngoesophagostomy is technically feasible by bending the neck acutely forward during anastomosis and maintaining it in the flexed position during a postoperative period of about 7 days. The advantages are reduced scope and duration of the operation. The downside is doubling of the frequency of postoperative cervical leakage.