hosseinzadeh

Determining the behavior of structures under high-speed loading at different applications is very important. One of the most important equipment in this field is a shock tube that can simulate the mentioned objects above in a laboratory environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the geometrical parameters of the shock tube on the impulse of the shock wave generated. In this study, the effect of change in outlet diameter with the nozzle and the variation in the length of the driver and driven sections on the wave created in the decrease and increase shock intensity has been investigated. In this regard, the functional components of the 3-inch gas-driven shock tube were investigated on the dynamic deformation of aluminum sheets. Based on the results, the length of the driver is not effective on the peak of the generated wave pressure. However, the driven length effects on the deformation of the sheet, in this way that the shorter the driven length is, the higher the dome height will be. The effect of concentrating the shock wave on the sheet is visible in the samples in which the nozzle is embedded. This demonstrates that a more centralized dynamic load has led to deform the sheet. Also, at high pressures compared with lower pressures, the nozzle effect is better in concentrating the shock wave from the explosion in the shock tube.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis is one of the most productive and best adapted species in the afforestation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the growth and survival rate of five Eucalyptus camaldulensis provenances (two from Mazandaran, one from Guilan, one from Ahwaz, and one from Ilam) at the Research Center of Tropical Plants in Mehran, Iran, during 2009-2013.

The experiment was carried out in Mehran Research Station in Ilam Province with a randomized complete block design and three replications, at 25 plants in each block at a distance of 4×4m. At the end of the growing season, survival, height, circumference at breast height (C.B.H), canopy diameter growth (C.D.G) 147 trees were evaluated.

The result of ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the provenance origins for all traits (p<0.01). The survival rate of the studied provenances ranged from 41.7% to 98.3%, whereas Shafarood and Mehran provenances had the highest rate of survival. The mean of annual height growth of five studied provenances varied from 64.57 to 205.29cm. In addition, the characteristics of C.B.H and C.D.G in the selected provenances ranged between 3.60 to 9.44 and 25.51 to 75.26cm, respectively. Among the above mentioned characteristics, Shafarood followed by Ahwaz had the greatest values.

The seedlings from the Shafarood origin indicated the highest average in all the studied characteristics. The results provide useful information for choice of E. camaldulensis provenances to apply future afforestation in the Mehran region.

Limited available water resources have rendered wastewater reuse an important issue to specialists in most developed countries, today. The current study works on membrane filtration for treatment of industrial wastewater. By comparing the two methods of membrane bioreactor (MBR) and hybrid membrane electro bioreactor (MEBR) processes, it finds that earlier fouling in the membrane occurs in the first method than the second one. In the membrane electro-bioreactor, in addition to membrane filtration and activated sludge process, the chemical process of electrical coagulation is performed concurrently, wherein the final product quality is improved and the fouling, reduced. In comparison to membrane bioreactor, this method is capable of removing higher percentage of chemical oxygen demand (COD) as an index of organic matters. Accordingly, it is recommended to use the membrane electro-bioreactor method as an alternative to membrane bioreactor for advanced wastewater treatment.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate employees and managers’ satisfaction of transportation system in the steal and rolling Units of Saba in Mobarakeh Steel Company using the intuitionistic fuzzy data. The statistical population included the personnel of Saba Steel and Rolling Units from Mobarakeh Steel Company including 1800 people.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and tragacanth (Astragalus gossypinus) are medicinal plants in the Middle East which have been used for medical purposes. The presence of endophytic bacteria in the medicinal plants has been recently focused by many researchers. Endophytes are bacteria and fungi in the inner parts of the plant tissues which in addition to their benefits for the plants, contain effective bioactive compounds. In this research, endophytic bacteria were isolated from yarrow and tragacanth. Their antifungal and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (ATTC 35218), Salmonella Typhimurium(ATCC 14028), Listeria monocytogenes (PTCC 1163) and Aspergillus niger (PTCC 5154) were assessed using disk diffusion method. Bacteria having antimicrobial activity were further identified by 16S rDNA, biochemical characteristics and enzyme activities. The bacteria isolated from yarrow and tragacanth were found as Bacillus safensis and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. These isolates showed inhibitory effects against the tested fungi. B. safensis could ferment D- glucose, sucrose, mannitol, and lactose. The activities of oxidase, catalase, gelatinase, protease, and amylase enzymes were also investigated. B. pumilus could only ferment D-glucose and represented the activities of oxidase, catalase, and amylase.

Natural gas is odorized by trace amount of mercaptans and organic sulfides to be recognized by individuals, in case of gas leakage. These materials may pollute the environment particularly in injection station at local gas plants. Therefore, removal of sulfur compounds from the remaining odorant in barrels is essential. To remove the residual portion of mercaptans and alkylsulfide mixtures different methods were utilized which among them extraction-distillation procedure was implemented in our project owing to environmentally safe and low cost process. Different solvents such as Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK), Ethyl acetate, Dichloromethane (DCM), Toluene and Kerosene were attempted for the efficient extraction which among them kerosene was the most desired and the best in terms of use and environmental friendly solvent. The results showed highly efficient method for the removal of odorants in which the regenerated mercaptan from the mercaptan contaminated barrels could be reused in injection step as well as the original odorant. The GC and 1H NMR analyses confirmed that the recovered organo-sulfur compounds, mainly composed of tertiary butyl mercaptan, which was desired for re-injection into natural gas stream as suitable odorants.

Static voltage stability is considered as one of the main issues for primary identification before voltage collapsing in distribution systems. Although, the optimum siting of distributed generation resources in distribution electricity network can play a significant role in voltage stability improving and losses reduction, the high penetration level of them can lead to reduction in the improvement of load-ability. Moreover, the rapid variation and types of loads in distribution networks will have a significant impact on the maximum load-ability across the whole system. In this paper, a modified voltage stability index is presented with regard to distributed generation units (DG) along with two-tier load model. By applying the Imperialist Competition Algorithm (ICA), the best size of DG with corresponding of DG placement is used to improve the voltage stability and reducing the losses. It is shown in the paper that the DG penetration level can have influence on load-ability of the system and also the voltage regulators performance. The simulation results on the standard IEEE-13 Bus test feeder illustrate the precision of studies method and the load-ability limits in the system, taking into account the high penetration level of distributed generation units.

Data envelopment analysis is one of the performance evaluation techniques of decision making units. In addition to evaluation, this technique has many management and economics capabilities. Resource allocation is one of the interesting capabilities that can be implemented by data envelopment analysis models. Since the budget is considered as a resource, budgeting can also be done using resource allocation methods. This paper presents a data envelopment analysis model for budgeting based on a multi-objective programming problem. This problem is then transformed into a single-objective linear programming problem in data envelopment analysis by the common set of weights method. The new model is designed to allocate budget between decision making units to improve overall system performance. The proposed model is an applied model that has been used to allocate budget to some hospitals in the provincial centers of northwestern Iran.

Species distribution models (SDMs) are predictive models for species’ geographic distributions which are in association with environmental factors and presence of species. SDMs are important for a variety of applications in systematics, ecology, and conservation. The genus Ziziphus Mill. (Rhamnaceae) comprises six species in Iran including Z. spina-christi, Z. nummularia, Z. jujuba, Z. mauritiana, Z. lotus, and Z. oxyphylla. Out of which, Z. jujuba is a common species of the genus.

In this study, 43 occurrences of Ziziphus jujuba were recorded and used in the maximum entropy distribution modeling approach (MaxEnt) with five environmental variables. Three important variables: bio6 (Min Temperature of Coldest Month, 24.3%), bio8        (Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, 23%), bio9 (Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter, 20.5%) include 67.8% of all percentage contribution in the final model.

Slope, five temperate and two precipitation variables influenced our final model. The most suitable habitats are located in eastern Iran which completely corresponds to South Khorasan province and central Iran. Additionally, the species is distributed in northern Iran as well but our model doesn’t show northern Iran as the most suitable habitat for Z. jujuba which probably related to the species has been cultivated in that place.

Temperature is one of the most important factors in the distribution of Z. jujuba and it is compatible with that Jujube trees raise in arid and semiarid zones. However, the predictable habitats are distributed in central and eastern Iran which partly corresponds to South Khorasan province.

An efficient design is a key factor in final expenditure of a certain construction. Pressure vessels are structures that play an indispensable role in different industries such as petroleum, power plants etc. Pressure vessels are receptacles often used to keep gases or liquids at a pressure typically different from what atmospheric pressure is. End caps which close the end of vessels can be formed in  different shapes. Thus, end cap design also has a significant role in the integrity of vessels to prevent fatal accidents that are frequent in the pressure vessel’s history. In this study, an extensive investigation of huge-flat end caps under external pressure was carried out to extract the most efficient geometrical layout. This kind of flat end cap is an essential part of the designed main duct in the Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) systems as a configuration that renders steam to condensed water inside a definite arrangement of finned tubes in a hybrid thermal power plant. To determine an optimized state of stresses considering weight limitation, a number of finite element models were simulated. The simulations were performed in a relatively wide domain of two geometrical variables, namely thickness and height of stiffeners. By constituting a comprehensive data library, an objective function was formed using the results of finite element. The procedure was followed through a genetic algorithm to find an optimized stress state. An analytical study was also accomplished to reach an optimized end cap resulting in the lowest stress level. The findings showed very similar results for the two methods. Furthermore, a profound observation of the influence of two geometrical parameters was conducted in different weight limits. Although this study is based on a particular actual-industrial problem in an implemented power plant, the proposed method and results are applicable to a great number of similar cases.

Dissimilar joint with good quality and mechanical properties is one of the major problems the industries. One of the most commonly used methods to solve this problem is friction stir welding process. In this paper two different tool pin with simple cylindrical and screwed profile were used to finding optimization of friction stir welding parameters to reach best mixing flow, composite structure and maximum tensile strength in dissimilar joint between AA6065 aluminum alloy and pure copper. In this research 1130 rpm tool rotation, 24, 40 and 65 mm/min travelling speed, 0.3 mm plunge depth and 3o tool tilt angle were carried out. The results shows that internal material flow that produced with screw pin was better than simple cylindrical in constant process parameters. According to the results, at lower tool travelling speed the strength of joint increases. The tensile test results revealed the maximum strength of joint of screw pin was 345MPa with 2.6mm elongation and simple cylindrical pin was 272MPa with 2.2mm elongation which welded with 1130 rpm and 24 mm/min travelling speed.

In order to investigate the effect of putrescine and auxin (IBA) on rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of the GN15 hybrid rootstocks, an experiment was conducted at the Flower Biology Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University in 1994. Cuttings were obtained from Sahand Gardening Research Station. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications and five treatments including IBA at 4000 mg/L for 5 seconds, Putrescine at three levels of 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/L for 1 minute as well as control treatment. The results showed that all traits such as rooting percentage, root volume, mean length of rooted portion, root number and root length were affected by the treatments. The highest percentage of rooting (62.27%) was observed in Putrescine treatment with a concentration of 3000 mg/L, so that it was significantly greater than the other treatments. IBA at 4000 mg/L had the highest root portion and root volume so that it was significantly greater than the other treatments. Putrescine at 3000 mg/L and IBA at 4000 mg/L led to the greatest root length, root number and fresh and dry weight so that they were significantly greater than the other treatments. Also, the control treatment showed the highest percentage of callus. Overall, putrescine at 3000 mg/L and then IBA 4000 at mg/L had the greatest positive effects on these traits, and could be considered as good practices for rooting GN15 cuttings.

The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between personality features with somatization symptoms. The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the study consisted of all female students of Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Science and Research Branch in 2016-2017 in 1150 individuals in Amol city among which 285 students were selected by multi-stage sampling, in this way, two faculties of humanities and basic sciences, from humanities faculty two law and accounting, and from basic sciences faculty two pure chemistry and applied chemistry, of each 4 classes randomly, and 250 students based on 15 proposed for each observed variable were selected. The study tools included NEO-Five Factor Inventory by McCrae & Costa 1985; cognitive emotion regulation by Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven (2001); and symptom checklist 90 revised by Derogatis, Rickels, & Rock (1976). After removal of 3 distortion questionnaires and 1 outlier, data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling method. The results of this study showed that among the personality traits, only the indirect path coefficients between extraversion (β= -0.106, P= 0.02) and conscientiousness (β= -0.132, P= 0.02) with somatization symptoms were negative and significant. Among the cognitive emotion regulation strategies, only path coefficient of negative strategies with somatization symptoms (β= 0.470, P= 0.001) was positive and significant. Positive cognitive emotion regulation training is recommended for coping with environmental events and modifying personality manifestations in people with somatization symptoms

In this study, the performance of an evacuated tube solar cooker analytically investigated. For this purpose, the heat transfer mechanisms in different components of the solar cooker is evaluated. The main aim of this article is to investigate the important parameters of the evacuated tube solar cooker in different weather conditions using the validated analytical model. The studied parameters are: wind speed, ambient temperature, and input solar radiation. The experiments performed at the Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran (Latitude: 36° and Longitude: 59°). The results reveal that the presented analytical model is an accurate model that can be used in the paramedic analysis of the evacuated tube solar cooker. Moreover, in the reference weather conditions, the lost heat contains only 12.22 W of the absorbed solar radiation (137.51 W). Therefore, about 8.89% of the absorbed solar radiation is lost. Based on the results, the temperature of outer surface of the cooker is only 3.64 °C higher than the ambient temperature due to the vacuum between the tubes. In addition, the evacuated tube solar cooker has proper performance in various weather conditions. Increasing the ambient temperature from 5 °C to 35 °C enhances the solar cooker efficiency by 0.65%.

This paper presented a new two-stage green supply chain network, in which includes two innovations. Firstly, it presents a new multi-objective model for a two-stage green supply chain problem that considers the amount of shortage in the network, reworking, and carbon-trading cost produced in the green supply chain. Secondly, because of the complexity of this model, it uses a new multi-objective interior search algorithm (MOISA) to solve the presented model. The obtained results of the proposed algorithm were compared with the results of other multi-objective meta-heuristics, namely MOPSO, SPEA2, and NSGA-II. The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed MOISA gives better Pareto solutions and indicates the superiority of the proposed algorithm in most cases. This paper presented a new two-stage green supply chain network, in which includes two innovations. Firstly, it presents a new multi-objective model for a two-stage green supply chain problem that considers the amount of shortage in the network, reworking, and carbon-trading cost produced in the green supply chain. Secondly, because of the complexity of this model, it uses a new multi-objective interior search algorithm (MOISA) to solve the presented model. The obtained results of the proposed algorithm were compared with the results of other multi-objective meta-heuristics, namely MOPSO, SPEA2, and NSGA-II. The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed MOISA gives better Pareto solutions and indicates the superiority of the proposed algorithm in most cases.

Today, the development of industrial clusters is considered as one of the successful approaches to industrial development. The cluster development approach, if developed in conjunction with the development of appropriate strategic plans, will not only promote specific industrial development but also regional development. Due to the fact that the furniture industry in Iran is mainly composed of small and medium enterprises, cluster development can be used to develop it. This study aimed to prioritize the furniture industry products for eight known furniture clusters in Iran. In the first stage, criteria and sub-criteria of ANP model were identified, and then the decision model was prepared based on ANP in the Superdecitions software. After weighing the criteria and the sub-criteria, we used the results of the questionnaire to determine the weight of the alternatives for each cluster separately. The results showed that in the furniture clusters of Tehran and Islamabad city, the option of decorative projects is about 0/35 and 334/0, respectively. In furniture clusters of Shandiz, Babolsar, Tabriz and Rudsar, the furniture and office furniture options with the weights of 271/0, 287/0, 284/0 and 293/0 were the first priority, respectively, and in furniture clusters of Qom and Malayer classic furniture with a weight of 0/32 and 0/304 respectively. The prioritized results showed that each of the studied clusters has more competitive ability to produce which products. . The prioritized results showed that each of the studied clusters has more competitive ability to produce

This study is an investigation on geochemical exploration and economic geology of Qare-Naz 1:50,000 sheet, western Zanjan province. The scope of the study is to presentation of mineral pomissing area in a regional scale. For this reason, geochemical sampling was initially performed. The samples were analyzed by emission spectrometry, polarography and ICP methods. Then the results were processed using statistical methods. Anomaly samples were separated by  method. In the control phase, the geochemical anomalies were studied using heavy mineral and economic geology studies viewpoint (field observation, study of polish and thin sections prepared from the mineralized zone as well as the analytical results for samples obtained from these zones). Combination of these results with geochemical anomalies the mineral promissing areas were defined, As follows: A) North – Northeast area has elements anomalies Au, Pb, Zn, Cu. B) Northwest area has elements anomalies Cu, Au, Fe, Mo, Bi and W. C) South – Southwest area has elements anomalies Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo, Mn and S.

Today human capital is considered as the main competitive advantage of organizations and it is also recognized as the key indicator of the success of organizations. In Iranian organizations, especially government agencies, there is a huge gap between employees and management and their demands. As a result of this gap, decisions are usually encountered with executive problems, as employees resist against decisions, and managers in turn do not trust employees and are reluctant to share decision making, all of which create a climate of mistrust in the organization. On the other hand, lack of employee’s motivation can have irreparable consequences for organizations, both in the short term and in the long run, and affect the quality of their products, or even give rise to issues such as turnover intention or absenteeism. In this regard, the issue of organizational commitment is also highly important because sometimes under the shadow of distrust, members of the organization intend to leave the organization and find another job. Therefore, a study of attitudes can offer valuable insights to managers to better understand of employees in the organization. In this context, organizational virtue has an important effects in organizations. The feeling of working in a virtue-based organization may encourage employees to do their jobs for something greater than material rewards or career progress including personal satisfaction or simply pleasure derived from implementation of a good job.

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner is one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Due to the problems associated with the use of chemical pesticides against of this pest, the use of bio-pesticides in integrated management program is recommended. Therefore, in this research, effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, SeNPV virus, Spinosad and Emamectin on 3rd larval instar of beet armyworm in laboratory and field conditions were evaluated. In laboratory experiments, LC50 values of different concentrations of B. thuringiensis, SeNPV virus, Spinosad and Emamectin after 24, 48 and 72 hours were determined by probit analysis. Also, the effects of each compound using Henderson- Tilton method and GLM analysis after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days were evaluated in field conditions. The results of probit analysis of different concentrations of Bt., Spinosad and Emamectin after 24, 48 and 72 hours were (3588.5, 1.25, 1.89), (1954.87, 0.95, 1.33) and (1843.25, 0.78, 1.20) mg/L, and for SeNPV (5.34×105, 4.31×105, 4.14 ×105) OBs.ml, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest mortality due to Bt., SeNPV, Spinosad and Emamectin in field conditions after 21 days were related to Emamectin (61.33) and SeNPV virus (32.00) %. The highest and lowest percentages of damage were observed in the SeNPV virus, control and the Emamectin and Spinosad, respectively. Based on laboratory and field bioassay, Spinosad and Emamectin, as the most effective compounds for controlling this pest and virus and Bt for integrated pest management are recommended.

Three different sources of Iranian wild almond (Amygdalus scoparia from Beyza, Fars Province, A. scoparia from Borazjan, Bushehr Province, and A. hausknechtii from Firouzabad, Fars Province) were evaluated for their amino acid compositions and protein nutritive quality attributes. Hydrophobic and acidic amino acids were the most abundant amino acids found in the seed protein. When compared to the (FAO/WHO)-recommended essential amino acid pattern for an adult, lysine, sulphur amino acids (methionine+cysteine) and histidine are considered the first, the second, and the third limiting amino acids, respectively, in the protein obtained from the wild almond sources. Also, the protein and energy values of the studied wild almonds were lower than those of the domestic almond. Wild almonds were also found to be rich sources of minerals; particularly calcium, zinc, and phosphorous. Wild almonds also had higher levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities than those of the domestic almond. Furthermore, amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside mainly found in the fruit and seeds of Rosacea family, was obtained at significantly higher levels in the wild species (6.5-7.2%, wet basis) when compared to that in the studied domestic almond (0.9%, w/w). Overall, the results of this study show that there is a great potential for the application of wild almonds in the food industry.

Acetabular Retroversion (AR) is a hip disorder and one of the causes of pain in this area. Evaluationof positive Cross Over Sign (COS) on AP X-Rays of the hip is currently the best method of diagnosis of AR. Severalstudies have measured co-existence of Ischial Spine Sign (ISS) in patients with AR. In this study we evaluated thediagnostic value of ISS in confirmation of AR and compared it with the diagnostic value of COS. In this study, 4120 AP hip X-Rays from Akhtar Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, were studied. Based on radiologic criteria, 1180 X-Rays were considered as standards and evaluated for ISS,COS and PWS (Posterior Wall Sign). Data analysis was done for correlation between ISS and COS. A total of 1180 out of 4120 X-Rays were considered as standard; among which, 86 were diagnosed withAR based on positive COS in presence of PWS. Both ISS and COS were positive concurrently in 69 X-Rays. ISSwas positive in absence of COS in 11 X-rays. No significant difference in diagnostic value for diagnosis of acetabularretroversion was found between ISS and COS (P<0.05). According to our results, both ISS and COS signs can be employed for diagnosis of AR (acetabularretroversion). Considering the absence of a significant difference between these two signs in confirmation of AR, it canbe perceived that the diagnostic value of ISS in confirmation of AR is equal to COS. Validation of the mentioned resultsrequires further studies.Level of evidence: IV

The hly gene is one of the most important virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes encoding listeriolysin O (LLO). LLO is a potent immunogenic protein eliciting both cellular and humoral immunity and has manyother functions besides hemolytic activity. This protein mediates the bacterial escape to the cytoplasm by disruption of phagosomal membrane leading to intracellular survival and proliferation of L. monocytogenes. On the other hand, Lactococcus lactis is a lactic acid bacterium which has many applications in expression of recombinant proteins. Our aim in this study was expression of recombinant LLO in L. lactis strain. Initially, the pTG19-T plasmid which is a T/A cloning vectorwas employed and then pNZ8110 was used as a Lactococcal secretional expression plasmid to clone L. monocytogenese hly gene by restriction enzymes cutting and ligation method. After cloning and propagation in E. coli MC1061 intermediate host, it was electro-transformed into L. lactis. Expression of LLO was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blot.

Direct monitoring of soil moisture and the extraction of moisture data by point method is not only costly and time-consuming, but in a large scale, is impractical; while drought is a regional phenomenon and requires extensive and regional data to monitor it. Therefore, providing a simple method for monitoring soil moisture on a regional scale is of fundamental importance. Climatological or climatic indicators that are continuously measured and recorded at weather stations can be used as information that is readily available to determine soil surface properties such as temperature and soil moisture. The main objective of this study was to estimate soil moisture under forest cover, using climatic parameters that were recorded from a nearby station. Satellite imagery is currently used to estimate the temperature and moisture status of soil, but it must also be matched with accurate ground data and sufficient weather data stations, so it will not be applicable everywhere. Mele-Siah forest habitat in the northwest of Ilam city was selected as the study area in this research. In this regard, in both the southern and northern slopes of Mele-Siah forest site, 18 pairs of
humidity sensor at depths of 50, 70 and 110 cm were installed and soil moisture using TDR device was measured monthly. Monthly measurements of soil moisture were performed for three consecutive years and recorded as soil water content. In order to determine the relationship between soil moisture data and meteorological variables, the following 7 variables were extracted from the climatic data available at Ilam Weather Station: rainfall, relative humidity, average temperature, average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature, minimum absolute temperature and maximum absolute temperature. Multiple regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software were used to analyze the data and the relationship between soil moisture and climate indices. The results indicated that the moisture variations at the soil surface, in comparison to the other depths, are more severe in all the months of the year. Therefore, the humidity drops at a distance of
20 cm between the depths of 70 to 50 cm, much more than 40 cm between the depths of 110 to 70 centimeters. The average moisture content in the months of the year in the direction of the north was more than that one was in the direction of the south. Climatic parameters of each month had high correlations with soil moisture levels of the same month. In this regard, average temperature and relative air humidity showed the highest correlations. Soil moisture in the area is minimized in September. The determination coefficient (R2) for the regression equation was about 0.93, which represented a very good estimation of soil moisture by the model. The highest average humidity was observed in early December and March and its lowest was observed in September. Correlation coefficients between soil moisture content and climatic indices of each month with two months before of them were not significant. However, the correlation coefficients between soil moisture content and climatic indices of the same month and previous month, except for rainfall, was significant. The results showed that we can use meteorological parameters to estimate soil moisture balance in the forests, which continuous and extensive measurement of soil moisture in them is difficult. According to the study, the weather indicators such as average temperature and relative humidity of air whose data are available at weather stations or easy to measurable in remote areas, can be used to estimate soil moisture content under forests cover that do not have the possibility of continuous and extensive soil moisture measurement. Although rainfall was expected to be more strongly correlated with soil moisture content, but it should be noted that rainfall in some dry months is negligible or zero. Incidentally, we often want to estimate the moisture content of the soil, especially in dry months, through measurable parameters, thus the data of rainfall is not desirable. However, considering the topography of the study area, the distance from the meteorological station and the effect of elevation on soil moisture content may be effective on the accuracy of the results, but the use of data from meteorological stations near area provides the right comparison.

Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a polyphagous pest with high reproduction and adaptability rate. The application of chemical pesticides has made it resistant and some of these pesticides have actually become ineffective to this pest. Therefore, The main purpose of present study is the examination of these plant-based pesticides. In this study, the normal hexane and alcohol plant extracts of plants Proboscidea fragrans Decne, Nerium oleander Linnaeus,1753, Datura innoxia Miller, 1768 and Hyoscyamus niger Linnaeus,1265 have been examined. Extraction by drench and condensation with  rotary evaporator device and the Bioassay experiments were performed with the Leaf-Dip method. The results of this study showed that the LC50, extract of plant Proboscidea fragrans with Normal hexane (6500ppm) displays the highest effectivity and LC50, extract of plant Nerium oleander with Normal hexane (3500ppm) shows the lowest effectivity in 24 hour.
The plant extract Proboscidea fragrans  with normal hexane  and alcohol (80000 ppm) and the plant extract Proboscidea fragrans  with normal hexane (40000 ppm) with mean mertalaty of 100%  displayed the highest effectivity and the plant extract Datura innoxia with alcohol (20000 ppm) with mean mertalityal death of 14.03% showed the lowest effectivity. With regard to the present study and eco-friendlines and low risk of plant extracts, the extract Proboscidea fragrans  with normal hexane is a the best choice to be used to control Tetranychus urticae colonies in agricultural products. However, further studies are needed to apply this plant extract in IPM programs.

The present study aimed to provide the best locations for forest fire fighting stations in the Sardasht forests located in the northwest of Iran. For this purpose, site selection map for construction of firefighting station was prepared using five factors consist of proximities to river, to road, to former fires, to forest edge and to residential areas. In order to extract the weight of the selected criteria in locating suitable areas, each criterion was compared in a pairwise manner using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the weight of each criterion was obtained using the Expert Choice ver.11 software. Results showed that proximity to road with 24 percent of importance had the highest weight among the selected criteria for locating the forest fire fighting stations. After providing weighted maps of criteria and their integration and applying land use restriction layer map, final site selection map was created. Preliminary results of this study made this point that the proposed zones cover about 29 percent of the study area, with good conditions required for construction of fire station. After excluding the small zones with an area less than 5 ha, one of the most suitable zones was proposed as the best location for construction of fire station. Furthermore, the validation of proposed zone and station location was carried out using a previously developed fire risk map with consideration of 10 km action radius surrounding the station. The selected zone covers about 97.81 percent of susceptible regions from high to very high classes regarding the forest fire hazard