javad rasti

Determining the constitutive equations which describe the material flow stress, microstructural investigation, and preparing a processing map are essential for designing and optimizing metals forming. The aim of this paper is to obtain a relationship between stress, strain, temperature, and strain rate for Al-7.5Mg alloy in order to use it in the forming process.

In this study, stress-strain diagrams at four temperatures and three strain rates and friction elimination using experimental and computational methods were used. The activation energy value of hot deformation was calculated in the Arrhenius model. A processing map at strain 0.6 was drawn to establish the relationship between stress, temperature, and strain rate, and the instability region at a specific temperature and strain rate was determined. The metallography examination was performed to study the microstructure of the alloy.

In the Arrhenius model, the activation energy value of hot deformation increased with increasing strain. As the temperature decreased and the strain rate increased, the Zener-Hollomon parameter also increased. The instability region increased with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. The metallography test results showed that dynamic recrystallization occurred due to the high magnesium content in this alloy.

In this paper, the Arrhenius model (as a phenomenological model) was correctly extracted using a hot plane strain test on an extruded plate of Al-7.5Mg alloy, and a relationship between stress, temperature, strain, and strain rate was obtained using the constitutive equations and the Arrhenius model.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a virtual reality software package and to investigate its effect on the obsessive and depressive symptoms of women with washing compulsion.
The present study consisted of two phases. The research method of the first phase was validation. At this stage, five psychology and virtual reality experts were selected purposefully, and the Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was analyzed in the software review. In the second phase, a quasi-experimental study on 22 women suffering from washing compulsion in Isfahan in 2022 which were selected by available sampling were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, of whom seven remained in each group. The instruments namely the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were completed in the pre-test, post-test and one month follow-up and their results were analyzed using SPSS 27 software using the multivariate covariance method.
The content validity coefficient of the package was calculated as 0.9. The results of the second phase showed that the package was effective in reducing the obsessive symptoms of patients (P<0.05) and its effect continued over time (P<0.05); however, it was not useful in reducing the depression scores (P<0.05).
This method because of its ability to induce anxiety and its generalizability to real-world settings increases commitment to treatment and can be used to strengthen the impact of the exposure method for treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise, virtual reality and dual tasks exercise on motor function and depression in depressed MS patients. 48 women MS patient with a mean age of 42/13± 8/21 participated in this study and were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group. The aerobic exercise group practiced aerobics for eight weeks, two sessions per week. The virtual reality group in the virtual environment and the dual tasks group were intervened simultaneously using aerobic training and virtual reality. The control group also continued their daily activities. Beck Depression Inventory, Functional Achievement Balance Test and 10 m Walking in pre- and post-test were used. The results of paired t-test showed that gait, balance and depression improved significantly in pre-test to post-test exercise groups (P≥0.05). Covariance test was used to compare walking, balance and depression in the research groups and the results showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test scores and balance in the research groups (P≥0.05). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test also showed that there was a significant difference in the variables of gait, balance and depression between the combined exercise group with the aerobic and control groups (P≥0.05). Finally, the results confirm that dual tasks more than aerobic exercise and virtual reality lead to improved balance, gait and depression in depressed MS women, and this type of exercise can be a good intervention to improve motor function and depression in these people.

One of the most common problems in old age is chronic pain. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in reducing the pain intensity of older women.

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial with a pretest/posttest/one-month follow-up design. The study population consists of all women aged ≥60 in Isfahan, Iran, in 2023. From this population, 30 women were selected using a convenience sampling method and based on the entry criteria. They were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control. The research tool was the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. The intervention group received the MBCT in eight two-hour sessions, while the control group was put on the waiting list. The data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance in SPSS software, version 25.

The mean age of women was 64.07±3.37 years in the intervention group and 64.20±3.57 in the control group. The mean total score of pain intensity in the intervention and control groups was 22.67 and 35.13 respectively in the post-test phase and 23.60 and 35.07 in the follow-up phase, respectively. The results showed a significant difference between the mean of the three assessment phases  in all subscales and the total score (P<0.01). The results of the Bonferroni test indicated the effectiveness of the intervention in the post-test and follow-up phases for all subscales compared to the control group (P≤0.05).

The MBCT can reduce the pain intensity of older women.

The present study aimed to present a phenomenological and empirically-based constitutive model to predict flow behavior of a 304 stainless steel. Hot compression tests performed at temperatures of 9501100 °C and strain rates of 0.0050.5 s−1 up to the strain of 1. Classical hyperbolic sine equations with different parameters were used to derive functions for the yield stress and critical stress at the onset of dynamic recrystallization as well as the saturation stress of dynamic recovery as functions of the Zener-Hollomon parameter. Three regimes were considered to develop flow curves comprising the linear trend up to yield stress, recovery-dominant region based on the Estrin and Mecking model, and the recovery-recrystallization zone from the critical stress extends toward the steady state stress. Avrami-type equation was supposed for the kinetics of recrystallization and validated by the evolved microstructures at strain 1. Results comprised the Arrhenius expressions for the yield, saturation, and the steady state stresses, in addition of the equations for the critical and inflection strains as well as the exponent of Avrami-type kinetics for the recrystallization, the six parameters that the model is based on those relations via strain, strain rate, and temperature. Finally, the flow curves predicted by the model satisfactorily coincided with the experimental ones, confirmed that the proposed model can give an almost accurate estimation of the flow stress of 304 stainless steel.

The traditional and most common aluminum magnesium alloys are series 5000 and 6000 which have up to maximum value of 4.5% Mg. The presence of magnesium element in these alloys increases the strength and hardness, but, on the other hand, intensifies the intergranular corrosion. Recently, high-strength Al-Mg alloys have been developed by adding more Mg to amounts of greater than 6% and therefore higher strength and softness. The weakness of these alloys due to higher sensitivity to intergranular corrosion can be decreased by thermomechanical treatment or hot forming. The present research is conducted with the aim of investigating the behavior of AlMg6 alloy and providing a constitutive model based on the plane strain compression test. For this purpose, a special fixture is designed and built with proper dimensional and geometrical tolerance. The experiments are carried out at temperatures of 30-140°C and strain rates of 0.002-0.006 s-1. From the obtained flow curves, the maximum stresses are determined and used in Arrhenius expression to extract the constants of the constitutive equation. The results of this model are in a good agreement with the experimental ones and therefore it can be used in the modeling and simulation of deformation processes that require the constitutive equation of this alloy.

 Labor and delivery are physiological conditions that occur due to the contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus. Labor pain is one of the most severe pains that anyone can experience, and its control is one of the most important goals of health care.

 This study was performed on 130 healthy pregnant women who had gestational ages of 37 to 40 weeks and were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups using the closed envelope technique. Then a virtual reality (VR) headset containing a game was provided to the study subjects in the intervention group. The Harman Fear of childbirth questionnaire and visual analog scale (VAS) were completed at different times across labor according to the study protocol. The minimum time for using the headset was 20 minutes until the end of the first stage of labor. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated measures test via SPSS software version 20.

 The results showed a significant difference in pain score between the study groups. Despite expecting increasing pain intensity with labor progression, participants in the VR group reported less pain intensity and fear of labor pain compared to control subjects (F = 8.18, P < 0.05, between four and ten cervical dilatations).

 Virtual reality interventions can be regarded as a new non-pharmaceutical strategy to control labor pain and fear of normal vaginal delivery in pregnant women.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of compassion-focused face-to-face therapy and compassion-focused virtual reality therapy on marital burnout. It was applied using a quasi-experimental research design with pretest, posttest, follow-up, and control group. The statistical population included all married men of Mobarakeh Steel Company in Isfahan who showed symptoms of marital burnout in 2020. Then, 30 people were selected from them and randomly assigned to three groups: Face-to-Face Therapy, Virtual Reality Therapy, and Control Group (10 people in each group). The research instruments were the Couple Burnout Questionnaire (CBQ) and the face-to-face and virtual reality therapies, which were conducted individually in seven 45-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test in SPSS.26 software. The results showed that both therapies lead to a reduction in marital burnout and its components (p < 0.05) and that the effect of face-to-face therapy is greater than that of virtual reality therapy on marital burnout, mental exhaustion and physical exhaustion. For the emotional exhaustion component, both therapies were equally effective. In addition, virtual reality therapy had no significant effect on physical exhaustion (p > 0.05). The results also showed the persistence of both therapies in the follow-up phase. Considering the effectiveness of virtual reality in the therapy of burnout, this technology can be used to treat marital burnout.

Burning is one of the most painful medical injuries. Due to the painful treatment processes, the time of dressing changes and treatment processes perceive very long for patients. recently, emerging therapies such as virtual reality (VR) have been used to reduce duration of time. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of drug therapy and virtual reality on the time perception in burn patients of Imam Musa Kazem Center in Isfahan.

This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with a control group. For this purpose, from the statistical population of this study, which consisted of all eligible patients admitted to the burn ward of Imam Musa Kazem Center in Isfahan in 2019, 75 patients of the burn ward of Imam Musa Kazem Educational and Medical Center by sampling Available types were selected. Then, 45 patients were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental 1 (VR), experimental 2 (drug therapy) and a control group (15 people in each group). Subjects responded to the GRS scale before and after the interventions.

The results showed that both virtual reality and pharmacotherapy had a significant effect on time perception of pain (p <0.05). Also, both virtual reality and pharmacotherapy had a significant effect on the perception of pain over time in patients with burns and in comparing the two treatments, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy and pharmacotherapy in reducing pain intensity (0.05 > p). The effects of both treatments were also stable over time.

 In addition to drug therapy, the use of emerging technologies such as virtual reality seems useful to reduce the damage caused by the treatment process in burn patients.

Bone age assessment (BAA) is a radiological process with the aim of identifying growth disorders in children. The objective of this study is to assess the bone age of Iranian children in an automatic manner.

In this context, three computer vision techniques including histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), local binary pattern (LBP), and scale‑invariant feature transform (SIFT) are applied to extract appropriate features from the carpal and epiphyseal regions of interest. Two different datasets are applied here: the University of Southern California hand atlas for training this computer‑aided diagnosis (CAD) system and Iranian radiographs for evaluating the performance of this system for BAA of Iranian children. In this study, the concatenation of HOG, LBP, and dense SIFT feature vectors and background subtraction are applied to improve the performance of this approach. Support vector machine (SVM) and K‑nearest neighbor are used here for classification and the better results yielded by SVM.

The accuracy of female radiographs is 90% and of male is 71.42%. The mean absolute error is 0.16 and 0.42 years for female and male test radiographs, respectively. Cohen’s kappa coefficients are 0.86 and 0.6, P < 0.05, for female and male radiographs, respectively. The results indicate that this proposed approach is in substantial agreement with the bone age reported by the experienced radiologist.

This approach is easy to implement and reliable, thus qualified for CAD and automatic BAA of Iranian children.

The inability to concentrate on a specific topic in the presence of distracting factors is of evident symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Controlled simulation of such factors through immersion in real environments by Virtual Reality (VR) technology can be effective to improve attention. The study aims to design and validate a VR-based software package to decrease the effect of distraction factors and improve ADD symptoms.

The VR-based software package comprises 18 short panoramic footages with pre-determined scenarios, each of which includes the main topic and some irrelevant distracting factors. The intervention procedure includes watching two footages per session and answering the related questions. For content validation, five attention psychotherapists and five VR experts were selected on purpose, and after applying their revisory comments, the results of the validation questionnaires were analyzed to obtain the Cohenchr('39')s Kappa coefficient. For introductory intervention, the population comprised all female students with ADD in grade six of the elementary school in 2017-18 academic years in Isfahan, Iran. A limited sample of 14 people was selected based on inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to equal experimental and control groups. The intervention was carried out for the experimental group in nine sessions, while the control group was on the waiting list. All subjectschr('39') parents completed the SNAP-IV questionnaires before and after the intervention period, and the results were analyzed the using non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test in SPSS-23.

Cohenchr('39')s Kappa coefficient of 0.83 shows acceptable content validity. The Mann–Whitney U test indicated the effectiveness of VR-based software package on improving attention in students with ADD (F=-3.232, P=0.001).

Simulating real distracting factors in an immersive VR platform can lead to an improvement in attention and reduce ADD symptoms. Moreover, customizing the virtual environment based on the subject’s demands can provide an ideal therapy plan.

The aim of this project was to compare effectiveness of virtual reality with neurofeedback on impulsivity of ADHD students. The design study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control and follow up. The statistical population was all the students aged 7 to 12 who have ADHD symptoms in Isfahan city from which 48 subjects purposely selected and randomly assigned into 3 groups of virtual reality, neurofeedback and control (each 16 students). The mothers of the subjects were asked to answer SNAP-4 in order to assess the type and severity of ADHD symptoms. The virtual reality group received 10 sessions of 3 minutes each, and the neurofeedback group received 30 sessions of 45 minutes each. The control group didn't receive any intervention. The posttest, and then, follow up were done. The results showed that virtual reality and neurofeedback are effective on impulsivity, and continued their effects during follow up period, and the differences between two experiment and control groups are significant (p<0/001). Evidences show that virtual reality, as same as neurofeedback is effective on impulsivity of ADHD students.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of computer games interventions in improving attention and working memory of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

In this study, through semi-experimental as pre-test/ post-test with control group, the statistical population of this study was the second to sixth grade students in Najafabad city in the academic year of 2018-2019. Among them, 20 students were purposively selected based on diagnostic interview and screening score using Swanson et al.'s (2000) questionnaire and were randomly divided into two 10 experimental and control groups. Data were collected using SNAP-IV (Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham,2001) questionnaire, Digit Span Backwards Task (Wechsler, 2008) and Corsi Block-Tapping Test (Corsi,1972). Computer game interventions consisting of 20-minute in 18 sessions run just for the experimental group. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

Results showed that computer game interventions had a positive effect on improving spatial visual attention and working memory, but no significant effect on verbal memory (P <0.05). Also results indicated that 74% of the differences in the groups were due to the impact of intervention (P<0.05).

According to the results, it can be concluded that computer games as a cognitive intervention have been effective in increasing attention and spatial memory in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Based on the results, it is suggested that new methods such as computer games can be used to improve cognitive skills and reduce students' learning problems.

Burns are one of the most destructive injuries and one of the most common psychological problems in patients affected by burns is pain anxiety. The most common treatment for burn problems is medication and drug therapy, but recently emerging therapies such as 3D virtual reality have been used to reduce the severity and anxiety of pain. the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of drug therapy and virtual reality on pain anxiety and pain severity in burn patients of Imam Musa Center in Isfahan.

This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with control group. For this purpose, the study population consisted of all eligible patients in burn section of Imam Musa Kazem Medical Center in Isfahan in 1977. Available types selected. Then, according to inclusion criteria, 45 patients were included in the study and were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental 1 (virtual reality therapy), experimental 2 (drug therapy) and one control group (15 patients each). Before and after the intervention, subjects responded to the GRS and BSPAS.

The results showed that both virtual reality therapy and drug therapy had a significant effect on burn pain anxiety of burn patients and compared the two treatments, the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy was more than drug therapy and the difference between drug therapy and treatment groups. Virtual reality was significant (p <0.05). Also, both virtual reality therapy and drug therapy had a significant effect on perceived pain severity in burn patients and there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy and drug therapy in reducing pain severity (p <0.05).

although Both drug therapy and virtual reality software are effective in treating pain anxiety and pain severity in burn patients, virtual reality seems to be more effective than drug therapy because of distracting attention from external and painful stimuli and immersing the person into the virtual and pleasant world.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality with neurofeedback on attention deficit of students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control and follow up design. The statistical population consisted of 7-12 years-old elementary school students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in Isfahan city in the school year of 1397-98 from which 48 subjects purposely selected based on entrance criteria and randomly assigned into virtual reality, neurofeedback and control groups (each 16 students). The SNAP-4 Parent Form (1981) was completed to measure students' attention deficit by their mothers. The virtual reality experiment group received 10 three-minute sessions of virtual reality software intervention and the neurofeedback experiment group received 30 neurofeedback sessions of 45 minutes each. The control group received no intervention. Then, post-test and after two months, follow-up measure were done. The results showed that virtual reality and neurofeedback are effective in improving attention, their effects are persistent in the follow-up phase, and the difference between the mean of the experimental and the control groups is significant (p <0.001). The obtained results show that virtual reality and neurofeedback are effective in improving the attention of affected students in both stages and the difference between virtual reality and neurofeedback groups is not significant (p <0.05).

With the rapid population growth, the need for elevators is being increased. The common type of elevator used in the building industry is a cable-lifted elevator which requires an elevator pit, machine room, and also counter-weight. Hydraulic elevators have been used for high loads and a few floors and do not require to machine room on the roof. Screw systems such as power screw used more for industrial lifters, due to its low speed, frictional losses, and heat production at higher speeds and also the possibility of buckling. Ball screw has soft motion, low sound and vibration, as well as very low frictional losses, which can have a higher speed than a power screw, and therefore may be applied for the elevator. For this purpose, the design of a ball screw-driven elevator for carrying of six people in three floors with a speed of 0.6 m/s has been considered. The conceptual design of the elevator and its components, selection of appropriate ball screw and nut, design of the straight bevel gear, and finally, the determination of the motor power and speed in both conditions with and without counter-weight have been presented. Comparison of these systems with the conventional traction system show that at the same speed, this method requires a motor with higher power in the case of no counter-weights, but if the speed is reduced to 0.45 m/s, a motor with less power is needed and among the other benefits such as the elimination of the pit, machine room, and the counter-weight, makes this method to be more preferable comparatively and easier to implement in the residential buildings. If the counter-weight is used, the power of the motor is reduced significantly and the system may be performed utilizing the existed single-phase current in home buildings using a proper inverter.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) with medication on the memory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) students.

The research method was quasi‑experimental with pretest, posttest, control and follow‑up design. The statistical population consisted of 7–12‑year‑old elementary school students with ADHD in Isfahan city in the school year of 2018–2019 which 48 of them were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Swanson Parent Form SNAP-4, Memory Subscale of Wechsler’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and Raven’s Colored IQ Test. The VR group received ten sessions of intervention and the medication group received medicines. Then, posttest and follow‑up were performed for all the three groups. Multivariate tests were used to analyze the scores.  

The results showed that there was a significant difference in memory variables in the posttest stage between the control and VR groups (P < 0.001) and the control and medication groups (P < 0.05).

In a general conclusion, it seems that VR therapy and medication have been effective in improving the memory of elementary ADHD students and the effects of these treatments remain in the follow‑up stage, but the therapeutic approach of VR has been more effective than medication in both the posttest and follow‑up stages.

Cervical Osteoarthritis is a disease resulting from degeneration of facet joints in vertebra.It may be associated with paresthesia, muscle weakness in limbs, and severe pain in neck, shoulder, and back, spinal cord dysfunction, and myelopathy. Cervical Osteoarthritis is prevalent especially for elder people. The aim of this study was to design an exergame and clinical evaluation of its effect on pain sensation and muscle strength in people with cervical osteoarthritis.

This study is a randomized clinical trial study. Twenty three patients was referred to the Shariati Hospital Physiotherapy Clinic, which was presented by an orthopedic specialist. Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups 12 patients in the exercise with game group and 11 patients in the routine exercise group. The exercise with game group received routine physiotherapy treatment with performing isometric neck exercises with a exergame and the routine exercise group received routine physiotherapy treatment with isometric exercises without playing. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Neck Disability Index, Visual Analogue Scale and isometric strength of neck muscles were measured in three steps (baseline, posttreatment assessment and follow-up at 1 month) by functional disability assessment questionnaire,visual scale of pain and hand-held dynamometer, respectively.

The results of this study showed that in both routine treatment and treatment with exergame groups, mean neck muscle strength increased, followed by mean pain intensity and mean level of functional disability. In the treatment with exergame group, the pain intensity was significantly lower than the routine treatment group (P = 0.048).

One of the main challenges in Exergame designing was to perform isometric neck exercises with specific repetition, intensity, and duration, the standard training protocol. Playing with the game gradually improved neck pain and neck functional level in patients with cervical osteoarthritis.

Due to sedentary postures caused by video games many health-related issues have occurred among players. One practical solution for dealing with the aforementioned problem is to come up with game controllers which promote physical exercises. In this paper an adaptive neuro-fuzzy exergame controller was introduced.

During the training stage, the parameters of the fuzzy logic’s member functions were fine-tuned. By calculating a gradient vector and by applying backpropagation, the aforementioned parameters were updated using the measured error. The controller was made of four pads, each containing a resistor and a pushbutton, which were connected to a microcontroller. In order to improve the user experience, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic system was used to analyse the gathered data from the controller.

A pure FLS cannot provide an acceptable playing experience for players of different ages and physical characteristics. The proposed controller was made of four pads and a microcontroller for sending commands to the main computer. The received signal from the controller was sent to a fine-tuned FLS. The calculated output of the previously trained FLS is one of the defined classes of “ignore”, “press” and “hold”, which is sent as a command to the main computer.

In the proposed method, the FLS was fine-tuned by gathering data from the user, which improved the performance of the controller due to the fact that the controller was trained to best suit the needs of the user. The gathered data was then used to change the parameters of the FLS to provide an acceptable playing experience for the user.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobiological condition affecting school-age children. One of the main symptoms is short attention span, which is a key factor of poor academic performance, especially in tasks requiring long term concentration. Children with ADHD often jump from task to task without finishing any of them. They feel trapped by any task that takes longer than the time they’re able to stay focused. Improving this skill usually requires breaking tasks into smaller segments while working to increase the child’s attention span. The goal of this research was design and validation of a software package based on Eye-tracker to improve attention in children with ADHD.

This research is a validation study on the population of the psychologists that were expert in the field of learning and cognitive deficits in children and teenagers, and the educational technologies, among which ten people were purposefully selected. The tools used in this research included a game made by Unity, and Tobii Eye Tracker 4C. For content validation, a questionnaire was prepared by the technical team, and filled by psychologists. Software validity was calculated using the Kappa coefficient.

After applying requested revisions, the data of the questionnaires was analyzed, and the software validity was 94.8% in terms of Kappa coefficient.

The software seems to have appropriate content validity and may be advised to be used to improve attention in children with ADHD.

Studies report that mobility changes could be present in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or even in previous stages, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The use of motor tests, involving dual task, could facilitate screening and differentiation between elderly with AD and MCI. The goal of this research was to design and validation of dual-tasks based on Kinect sensor in a Virtual Reality environment to evaluate cognitive disorders in elderly.

The study was a validating research. The statistical society was the psychologists that were expert in the field of AD treatment, cognitive disorders, and the educational technologies, among which ten people were purposefully selected. A package of dual tasks based on Kinect sensor in a virtual reality environment was developed and evaluated for assessing cognitive disorders in geriatrics. The tools used in this research included a three dimensional game made by Unity, a Kinect sensor and a virtual reality headset. To determine the content validity of the software, a questionnaire was prepared by the technical team concerning the software content, and then was filled by the psychologists. Software validity was determined using the Kappa coefficient

Applying the revisions based on received comments, the evaluation of the experts’ opinions were analyzed and resulted in the Kappa coefficient of 93.4% .

The developed software seems to have the acceptable content validity. Dual tasks based on Kinect sensor may be used to accurately evaluate the cognitive function in elderly

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders among the children and adolescents. Neurofeedback-based exercises, as a new method in non-pharmacological treatments, can help to improve their performance by modifying existing abnormalities in some of the brain frequency bands of these children. The aim of the present study was to develop and design a computer game as a platform for neurofeedback exercises by employing dynamic difficulty adjustment in the game design.

 This study was carried out to evaluate the dynamic difficulty setting in the game and measuring the satisfaction of play with dynamic difficulty versus static difficulty in 4 sessions on 6 participants of 20 to 26 years. They graded their experience in each session from 1-10 depending on the amount of enjoyment. Then, 2 boys of 12 and 13 years with ADHD participated by playing the game for 10 sessions.

There was a significant difference between the participants’ satisfaction with dynamic difficulty versus static difficulty (P = 0.002). Moreover, the game had a positive impact on improving brain function in children with ADHD.

The results showed that children were attracted and motivated to use the game for treatment. Adjusting the challenges based on the individual skills maintained the user's motivation from the beginning to the end of the game, and enhanced user’s enjoyment and motivation to continue the therapy.

This study wasaimed at designing and validation of a software for treating flying phobia, based on real recorded VR 360-degree films of an entire flying. At the content validity stage of the software, the population consisted of all phobia therapists and computer and media specialists, and 9 of them were selected on purpose as the samples. At the introductory intervention stage, the population comprised all subjects with flying phobia, and 10 of them were, then, randomly assigned to test and control groups. The research tools were a 360-degree camera, a VR display, and Bornas’ Fear of Flight Scale. For content validation, the software was presented to the specialists and their ratings were analyzed, which led to Cohen's Kappa Coefficient of 0.78.This seems to fit well in terms of content validity. Also, covariance analysis at the introductory intervention stage indicated that this software significantly was effective in diminishing fear of flying (P < 0.05).

Grain size distribution during grain growth in austenitic stainless steels was investigated using three different methods, namely serial sectioning analysis, 3D Monte Carlo simulation, and Abbruzzese-Lucke statistical approach. The results showed that the volumetric grain distribution can be well estimated by the log-normal and gamma distribution models for the low and high number of grains, respectively. The abnormal grain growth was taken place in 304H steel during annealing, probably due to the presence of chromium carbide on the grain boundaries within the initial microstructure. The segregation resulted from dissolution of these carbides decreased the grain boundary mobility. A time-dependent equation was obtained for the mobility of grain boundary in this steel after the estimation of chromium content in the grain boundary areas. Moreover, a method was introduced for quantitative evaluation of the error during the measurement of grain size using the metallographic cross sections.