ladan fata

Shame is a multi-faceted self-conscious emotion which occurs when one considers themselves to not have fulfilled internalized societal standards and can be viewed as a social, psychological as well as a cultural phenomenon. The current study aimed to explore the lived experience of individuals receiving psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. The study used a qualitative research method and described, in-depth, what shame is and how it’s experienced from the participants' point of view. The participants in the study were nine males and seven females who participated in an in-depth unstructured interview. Data were analyzed based on the seven-step Colaizzi's method. Based on the findings of this study, eight themes of “physical reactions,” “accompanying emotions,” “making mistakes,” “other,” “being subject to judgment,” “blame,” “annihilation,” and “having a negative view of self,” in addition to three sub-themes of “incompetence,” “worthlessness” and “inadequacy” were common in the lived experience of individuals of shame. The resulting themes were explored and discussed.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling condition with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 2 - 3% in the general population.

This paper presents the first controlled study that examines the effects of CBT compared with MCT in the treatment of OCD.

This paper presents an experimental study carried out individually with group-level comparison. Using a parallel design, participants were randomly assigned to either CBT or MCT. The study was conducted in the psychiatric clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Of the 47 participants who were assessed, 27 started treatment (CBT = 13, MCT = 14), and 24 were available for a three-month follow-up. Participants were randomly assigned to either 10 weeks of CBT or MCT. Group differences were analyzed using MANCOVA.

Clinically significant changes on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) using Jacobson methodology/Asymptomatic criteria as the index of outcome were 16.7%/0% and 66.7%/41.7% in CBT and MCT, respectively. With respect to Y-BOCS, the effect sizes of MCT (3.28) at post-test and one-month follow-up were higher than that of CBT (1.66). Although both interventions were efficacious in reducing disorder severity, improving QoL, and functioning at post-test, MCT was statistically and clinically more significant. Both interventions led to equally high reductions in depression and anxiety that were apparent in the two follow-ups. Symptom reduction on the Y-BOCS was stable or slightly improving in MCT; however, recovery rates in CBT declined.

It is possible that change in MCT occurs through more direct alteration in the brain’s executive function (EF) and modification of EF inputs, addressing a major problem of OCD. Further replication is required as MCT offers a promising alternative treatment approach.

Non Suicidal Self Injury (NSSI), which is identified as intentional injury to the body, is influenced by both proximal and dismal factors. The multiplicity of factors during their developmental period causes their main impact to the predecessor of these people. This study aimed to investigate the proximal risk factors of NSSI, using a qualitative method and thematic analysis. Research data has been collected from semi-structured interviews with 21 young people aged 17 to 29 and analyzed using of MAXQDA software. In order to achieve the goals of the research by using the theme analysis method, the basic themes were extracted from the text of the interviews, then from the combination of these basic themes, 3 overshadowing themes with the titles "Abondened  Self Self" was extracted and at the end “Disgusted self” was extracted from the combination of the above organizing themes with the severely damaged predecessor as an overarching theme. In order to validate the data, the methods of peer review and participant review were used. Based on the findings, the negative view of oneself and in fact the self-image is of particular importance in the occurrence of self-mutilation disorder without suicidal intent.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common mental health threat among youth and adolescents with various etiology factors. Extensive treatments have been proposed for this disorder, but there is a need for a therapeutic package with good efficiency and effectiveness. This study aimed to develop and validate a process-based therapeutic package for patients with NSSI disorder.
This was an applied study in terms of objective and qualitative in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of psychology experts in Tehran, Iran in 2022. Twenty-three effective university professors who worked in this domain were selected via purposive selection sampling. The design and validation of the program were performed in four stages and 14 steps: reviewing the theoretical background and existing packages, developing the content of the package, validating it, and explaining the validation.
Grounded theory as a qualitative method was used to conceptualize the content. Investigator triangulation facilitated the data validation. Percent agreement of inner raters and content validity index (CVI) were used for assessment reliability and validity. The reliability of the program based on the percent agreement of inner rater was 0.98; CVR and CVI of all the sessions were 0.93 and 0.99, respectively.
This study proposed process-based therapy package for non-suicidal self-injury disorder that is a reliable and valid comprehensive psychological therapy. This package is suggested to be used by expert in this domain to enhance the effectiveness of it.

The Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness and Engagement (BARE) Scale, is a short self-report questionnaire that measures the key behaviors of attachment system. It can be easily administered by both clinicians and researchers of different domains as the dyadic relationship of attachment and mental/physical health has proved by a vast majority of studies. To our knowledge, there is no measure that specifically focuses on couple attachment. Furthermore, we could not find any systematic review and/or meta-analysis which have been conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of BARE.

Methods/design:

 Two independent reviewers will search comprehensively through relevant databases and also grey literature. Information will be analyzed by means of priori defined criteria by Two of reviewers. Seemingly, data will be extracted from the full texts of included studies based on a set of data extraction form in accordance with the related psychometric information. The methodological quality of studies on the development and validation of BARE will be assessed using consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. Finally, the psychometrics of this tool, will then be analyzed using predefined criteria. Result. Systematic review with meta-analyses involving multidimensional outcomes.

In this protocol, we have briefly described our method for conducting a systematic review in order to measuring the psychometric properties of BARE. All of reasons call for exploring psychometric properties of BARE discussed comprehensively in introduction. It is a first and crucial step to formulate the recommendations every researcher either a clinician needs in work with couples.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020210098

This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) in a sample of 208 Iranians. The convenience sampling method was employed to select individuals with smartphones living in Tehran. The participants completed the SAS and Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Construct validity and convergence validity were employed to analyze the scale validity, whereas the retest method and Cronbach’s alpha were adopted to evaluate its reliability. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results of evaluating the construct validity and the SAS structure, the research data are consistent with the model. In other words, the fitting indices were within an appropriate range, and the SAS had a factor structure with six subscales. Therefore, the construct validity of the SAS was confirmed. Moreover, its convergence validity was confirmed with Young’s IAT (r= 0.75). The retest correlation coefficient (r= 0.93) and Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency (α= 0.92) confirmed the reliability of the scale. Therefore, the 33-item SAS had acceptable psychometric properties in six scales. It can be used as a valid and reliable tool to analyze an Iranian population.

The purpose of this study was to “investigate the attachment-based pathological and satisfaction experiences in sexual relationship between Iranian spouses”. Sexual relationship has been considering as one of primary motivating factors bringing about innermost feelings and close relationships. A phenomenological qualitative method was adopted to meet the demands of study purposes. By means of purposive sampling method, twenty-four married couples with minimum length of marriage around three have participated in two groups of satisfied(self-report) and dissatisfied (in the first three sessions of the couple therapy process or in the legal process of divorce) couples. Using the Colizzi and the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methods, two main clusters of "Sex enhances couple relationship" and "relationship vulnerability Spouses of Sexual Separation" have been revealed. Eight sub-clusters have also discovered appositely. Findings of this study confirm that attachment theory strikingly provide a fundamental framework for a deeper understanding of spouses' sexual behaviors and experiences.

Shame is one of the self-conscious emotions that play an important role in human life. Due to the lack of contextual and cultural knowledge in this field, the present study aimed to explain the concept of shame in the non-clinical population and to provide a conceptual model for it.

This was a qualitative research study, which was performed using the grounded theory method. Participants included 16 adults (8 men and 8 women). The selection of participants was initially purposeful and then based on theoretical sampling. Data were collected using unstructured in-depth interviews. Corbin and Strauss’ (2014) method and the MAXQDA software (2018) was used to analyze the data.

According to our results, the three main categories in describing participants' experiences of shame were "internalized judgment", "humiliation" and "duplicity". Also, the experience of shame has been associated with a variety of strategies that they used to avoid or get rid of shame. The consequences of these strategies were summarized in two categories: "duplicity" and "negative attitude toward self" along with three subcategories: "incompetence", "inadequacy" and "being different".

shame in the non-clinical population was studied in more depth, the results of which showed a significant effect of this emotion on the quality of life. The importance of educational interventions in managing this emotion is also discussed.

Extramarital relations are among the main problems in the relationships of married couples that can result in psychological disorders, tensions between couples, and even physical problems in the people involved. The risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, is high among the people who have extramarital relations. A large number of studies have addressed this issue, but there is no consistency in the results, and no research has reviewed them systematically. This study aims to depict a comprehensive image of the relationship between extramarital relationships and contracting HIV/AIDS. This systematic review will be conducted using Pubmed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as the grey literature with no restriction regarding the language. All types of studies investigated the relationship between extramarital relations and HIV/AIDS will be included. The population of the study will be considered the people more than 18 years old with extramarital relationships in their lives at the time of research or before. Two independent reviewers will perform the study selection and data extraction. The assessment of the risk of bias will be implemented using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Publication bias will be assessed by funnel plots, Begg’s, and Egger’s tests. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I2 statistic and the χ2 test. Also, we will conduct subgroup analyses for the population and all Meta-analyses will be performed using Stata V.13 software. The findings will reveal a comprehensive picture of the relation between extramarital relationships and HIV/AIDS that can improve policy decisions, leading to a reduction and providing improved special services for individuals, couples, and families, and society who faced this problem.

 The law of contagion is one of the sympathetic of magic principles and is a cognitive distortion related to disgust. To explain how disgust can lead to contamination Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms, this study assumes that the emotion of disgust can activate the law of contagion, which in turn may motivate threat estimations that finally results in OCD symptoms. 

 This study has a correlational research design. Participants were 495 students (59% women) from Olum Tahghighat University that recruited through convenience sampling. All the participants completed all the questionnaires in the same order: Threat estimation scenarios, the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory Contamination Scale (VOCI-C), negative-spiritual contagion subscale from Contagion Sensitivity Scale (CSS), and core disgust subscale from Disgust Scale (DS). This model was examined through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).  

 The finding revealed that the proposed model had a good fit based on reported indices: χ2, CMIN/DF, GFI, CFI, AGFI, RMSEA.

 There are mediational roles for the law of contagion and threat estimations in the relation between disgust and OCD symptoms. The proposed psychopathological model can help to promote the disgust theory in OCD and may have implications for cognitive behavioral therapy.

 This study aimed to predict the suicide ideation based on the attentional bias in clinical and non-clinical populations.

 Participants were 120 individuals (77 women and 43 men, age range 18-40 years) who were purposively selected and divided into three groups of clinical-suicidal (n=40), clinical non-suicidal (n=40) and non-clinical (n=40). They were measured by Suicide Stroop Test and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS). Three indices of attentional bias including reaction time, time interference and interference ratio were calculated and the data were analyzed using paired-samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis at the 95% confidence level.

 There was no significant difference in the mean reaction time means between all types of Stroop test (positive emotional, negative emotional, and suicide) in comparison with the neutral Stroop (P<0.05). Suicide ideation was significantly correlated with the overall reaction time in the positive emotional Stroop (r=0.32, P<0.001), negative emotional Stroop (r=0.27, P<0.01), suicide Stroop (r=0.28, P<0.01) and with the interference time of the non-clinical group in the suicide Stroop (r=0.33, P<0.05). In other cases, the relationships between variables were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Regression analysis based on the overall mean scores showed that age (β=-0.225), gender (β=0.223), clinical conditions (β=0.224) and recent suicide attempt (β=0.424) explaining 44% of the variances, were significant predcitors of suicide ideation, while the attentional bias indices failed to play any significant role in predicting suicide ideation (P>0.05).

 It seems that the incidence of attentional bias towards suicide-related information is not related to clinical conditions, and the relationship between attentional bias and suicide ideation does not follow a certain pattern. Factors such as age, gender, clinical status, and past suicidal behaviors are important predictors of suicide ideation, but attentional bias indicators cannot predict suicide ideation.

the aim of the present research was to analyze the predictability of suicide attempts, based on attentional bias in a clinical and non-clinical population.

120 participants (77 females and 43 males) were intentionally selected in three diagnostic groups: clinical suicides, clinical non-suicides, and non-clinical ones (40 individuals in each group). They participated in the Suicide Stroop Task as well as the Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation (BSS). The attentional bias parameters, including reaction time and interference time, were computed and the data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Discriminant Analysis. 

the results obtained from the multivariate analysis revealed that the variables of interference time did not have a significant indication for the three groups of individuals in suicide stroop (P<0.568; F=0.569), positive stroop (P<0.201; F=1.626), and negative stroop (P<0.863; F=0.147). However, in the case of reaction time, there was a significant difference in the values obtained for all the three groups in terms of suicide stroop (P<0.000; F=12.759), positive stroop (P<0.000; F=18.520), negative stroop (P<0.000; F=10.995), and neutral stroop (P<0.000; F=8.288). In addition, the results obtained from the discriminant analysis show that the variables of suicide ideation (0.822), reaction time in positive stroop (0.571), suicide stroop (0.470), negative stroop (0.438), and neutral stroop (0.376) were correspondingly crucial in predicting the behavior of the clinical suicide attempt, clinical non-suicide attempt, and non-clinical groups.

We found that for suicide stroop, the clinical and non-clinical cases did not show a significant difference in terms of the interference effect; however, they differed in terms of reaction time. Therefore, it seems that using emotional stroop, attentional bias towards suicide-related topics is not dependent on the clinical situations, and other parameters, such as scoring methods should be considered. However, there is still a need to conduct more extensive studies.

In the process of caring, caregivers of cancer patients face difficult experiences and multiple stressors which directly affect their attitudes and psychological health. Purpose- The current study aimed to compare the meaning of life and attitude towards death between caregivers of cancer patients and general people.

It is a causal-comparative research study. Through visiting the Firoozgar Hospital and Roshana Cancer Center, a total of 52 individuals who had and cared for one first-degree relative affected with cancer for the past year were selected as the convenience sample. However, another group with no experience of caring cancer patient was selected as the convenience sample and matched with the first group. Both were asked to complete the Meaningful in Life Questionnaires (MLQ; Steger, Frazier, Oishi & Kaler, 2006) and the Death Attitude Profile (DAP) - Revised (Wang, Racker & Gasser, 1994). Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.

Data analysis showed that those experiencing care, anxiety, and avoidance of death reported higher scores in death attitudes death compared to general people, although there were no significant differences in meaning in life.

Cancer patient caregivers face uncertain future and worsening conditions for patients; which develop anxiety, and avoidance of death.

In psychology and in the field of social cognition, avoidant behaviors can be influenced by the extent to which that people feel vulnerable to infectious diseases. The present study aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire (P-PVDQ).

This is a cross-sectional-analytic study. 500 students from Tehran University were recruited through convenience sampling from six different faculties and the participants completed Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire, Disgust Scale-Revised and Health Anxiety Questionnaire (the two latter ones used for convergent validity). The process of translation and back translation was conducted for PVDQ. After data collection, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability coefficients and convergent validity were conducted by SPSS18 and AMOS20.

Exploratory factor analysis showed two factors: “Perceived Infectability” and “Germ Aversion”. Moreover, this two-factor model has good fit indices in Confirmatory factor analysis including 1.68 for CMIN/DF and 0.05 for RMSEA. This questionnaire showed enough convergent validity and had enough cronebach’s alpha (α=0.83) and test-retest reliability coefficients.

Except item 13 which has loaded on the different factor in the Persian version, compared to the original questionnaire, the Persian version of Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire is consistent with the English version and has enough psychometric properties and can be applied in research which needs to evaluate self-reported perceived vulnerability to disease.

Shame is one of the emotions that a person experiences in a variety of everyday situations and many cases it is annoying. Shame is known as a moral emotion, yet its role in psychopathology has been emphasized. This study aimed to examine the lived experience of shame in individuals. This research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. This research describes in-depth what shame is and how it is experienced from the perspective of individuals. The participants included eight men and seven women who contributed to an in-depth unstructured interview. A seven-step Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA (2018) software.Based on our findings, the eight themes of "physical reactions", "accompanying emotions", "making mistakes", "vicarious shame", "gaze of others", "being subject to judgment", " preoccupation" and three sub-themes of "worry", "rumination" and "blame", "existential shame" with the sub-themes of "inadequacy" and "feeling different" are the most common ones in people's experience of shame. Results are discussed regarding the existing literature. In general, the study of people's experience of shame shows that there are common themes in the description of different people from what they have experienced. The use of shame as a concept in psychotherapy may improve our understanding of the nature of some psychological problems.

Recently, a construct called "body awareness" has been defined in the field of health, which means focusing on and awareness of internal physical senses. Body awareness is known as a two facet construct that can have adaptive and maladaptive dimension. Despite the importance of such construct in the mental health, the psychometric properties of questionnaire that assess body awareness, have not been investigated in Iran. In this regard, the purpose of the present study was assessing psychometric properties of Persian version of body awareness Questionnaire (Shields, Mallory and Simon, 1989). Data were collected after translating into Persian and translating the modified Persian text into the original language. The body awareness questionnaire was distributed between 238 students of university of Tehran. Data was analyzed using, Pearson`s correlation, Cronbach's alpha and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of body awareness questionnaire was 0.88. Convergent validity was assessed using the subscales of Experience Questionnaire (decentering subscale) and Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire was used to assess divergent validity. Correlation coefficient (r=0.3) and non-significant correlation coefficient (r=0.02) were obtained. In exploratory factor analysis of this questionnaire, 4 factors were obtained and the confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for such 4 factors model. and this 4-factor model fitted well (RMSEA = 0.06; Chi-square/ df= 2.15).
This study provides promising evidence of the psychometric properties of the Physical Awareness Questionnaire in the non-clinical student population.

Several studies revealed that disgust as an emotional response underlies the contamination fears in Contamination Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Other studies supported the role of cognitions related to contagion and disease in contamination OCD. The present study aimed to integrate these two lines of evidence. To this end, regarding the concept of the behavioral immune system, it was investigated whether perceived vulnerability to infectious disease, as a cognitive component of the behavioral immune system, can moderate the relation between disgust, as the emotional component of this system, and symptoms of contamination OCD. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 university students in Tehran University through cluster random sampling. The participants were asked to complete the Persian version of the disgust scale, perceived vulnerability to disease questionnaire, and Vancouver contamination subscale. The data were analyzed utilizing hierarchical regression analysis and post hoc tests.  The results revealed that perceived vulnerability to infectious disease moderated the relationship between the feeling of disgust and fear of contamination.  According to the results, perceived infectability subscale which measures perceived weakness of one's immune system with more accuracy, can also exacerbate the relationship between the feeling of disgust and fear of contamination. The results of this study facilitate the understanding of the effect of disgust on fear of contamination, especially the role of cognitions about contagion and disease in potentiating the relation between disgust and contamination OCD. Moreover the obtained results generally provide evidence for the disease-avoidance theory in disgust and support the possible hyperactivity of the behavioral immune system in contamination OCD.

Early studies showed that disgust contributes to developing the contamination obsessive-compulsive disorder (C-OCD) and fear of contamination. Despite considering disgust to explain the fear of contamination as a symptom of C-OCD, there are few studies on the mediating role of information processing bias (IPB) in the relationship between disgust propensity (DP) and the fear of contamination. The current study aimed at exploring the mediating role of IPB between DP and fear of contamination. The current descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 386 students selected by cluster sampling method. The employed tools were disgust propensity and sensitivity scale-revised (DPSS-R), the Padua inventory (PI), obsessive beliefs questionnaire (OBQ), and spatial cueing task. Data were analyzed with Amos-22 software. Bootstrap methods were used to analyze the mediating role. Results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that the proposed model had a good fitness [GFI (goodness of fit index), TLI (the Tucker-Lewis index), and CFI (comparative fit index) > 0.95 and RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation) = 0.03]. The results showed that the relationship between DP and fear of contamination was mediated by IPB. Results indicated the impact of disgust propensity on fear of contamination through information processing. These findings emphasized that information processing is essential to explain C-OCD

Fear of contamination is one of the complex and powerful fears and is often seen in contamination/washing obsessive-compulsive disorder. Earlier researches have shown that this disorder is related to mental contamination and recent research showed that individuals with the fear of contamination are prone to experiencing disgust. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mental contamination between disgust propensity and fear of contamination. The sample consisted of 391 students of Shahed University in Tehran city, Iran. The participants were selected by cluster sampling in November and December in 2015. The tools used were Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-Revised (DPSS-R), Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-Mental Contamination Scale (VOCI-MC), and Padua Inventory (PI). The proposed model was examined by Structural Equation Modeling Modeling (SEM), using Amos-22 software. Baron and Kenny as well as bootstrap methods were used for the analysis of the role of mental contamination as a mediator in this relationship. Goodness of fit indexes indicated that the proposed model had a good fit (GFI = 0.92, AGFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94 (all > 0.90), and RMSEA = 0.04 (CI (90%) = 0.04-.05). The results showed that disgust propensity caused the fear of contamination both directly (β = 0.35; SE = 0.05) and indirectly (β = 0.16; SE = 0.03) through mental contamination. The findings provided support for the proposed model and showed that disgust propensity played a role in increasing mental contamination which, in turn, leads to fear of contamination. As a result, it would seem that the assessment of disgust propensity and mental contamination is essential to treating the fear of contamination and washing behavior.

It’s important to study chronic pain as a comprehensive physical problem. Studies demonstrated emotions and regulation of them, cognitive components, self-efficacy and inflexible pattern of behavior can affect the pain severity and disturbance in daily activities. The aim of this research is to determine predictive variables on disturbance in daily activities in patients with chronic pain.

In this descriptive-correlational study, a sample of 345 patients with chronic pain who referred to pain, rheumatoid and acupuncture clinics (Mashhad-Iran) was selected through convenient method. The patients completed these questionnaires: Pain Inflexibility (PIPS), Emotion Regulation (ER), Attachment Styles (RQ), Pain Self-efficacy (PSEQ) and multi facet pain questionnaire. Data analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson coefficient, step by step regression and SPSS software version 24.

The relation of predictive variables- attachment styles, emotion regulation (reappraisal and suppression) self-efficacy and inflexibility-with disturbance in daily function was significant (P=0.01). Regression analysis showed that inflexibility, reappraisal, secure attachment and self-efficacy are the best predictors of disturbance daily activities in patients with chronic pain.

Based on the results, the predictors explain 34% of variance of disturbance daily activities. So, it’s essential to consider psychological variables in planning of therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic pain

Aims and Various studies have shown that chronic pain affects quality of life is n people, but the mechanism of this effect is not clear. Attachment theory is one of the theoretical frameworks explaining these effects.
In this correlational study a sample of 345 patients with chronic pain referred to pain, rheumatoid and acupuncture clinics (Mashhad-Iran) were selected. The patients completed these questionnaires: Quality of life(QOL-SF) and Relational questionnaire(RQ).
Findings: A stepwise regression analysis showed that secure and preoccupied style could predict social relationships, mental health, and physical health in patients. In addition to the two other styles, one of the most promising factors in terms of environmental health is the fearful style.
Attachment styles are effective variables in the quality of life among patients with chronic pain. Utilization of emotional interventions for health can also be effective in improving the quality of life of these patients.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy based on belief to good on happiness, psychological well-being and satisfaction with life in subclinical depression. According this, a single subject multiple baselines with follow up phase will be conducted. The first, three people with sign and symptom of depression were chosen from a Center of Psychology and Counseling in Tehran by purposeful sampling. Participants attended from 3 to7 week baseline phase. Within base line stage (3-7 weeks) therapy phase (8 weekly) and follow up step (4 month after treatment), patient filled out The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Riff’s Psychological well-being inventory, Satisfaction With Life Scale of Diener (SWLS) and orientations of happiness scale of Peterson. Treatment conducted in 8 sessions of 45 minutes. in The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire(37%), Riff’s Psychological well-being inventory (14%), and Satisfaction With Life Scale(60%). Also, results showed increasing and improving trend in mediator variables such as pleasure (72%), engagement (70%) and meaning (128%) subscales. These results remain during fallow up phase. It seems that positive psychotherapy Based on belief to good is a short-term effective treatment for increasing happiness, Well-being and satisfaction with life in subclinical depression

academic performance as the basis for judging students’ knowledge ans skills in a specific period is based on the education development program. We aimed to predict the performance of medical students based on the Martin Ford motivational systems theory. This study was a cross-sectional study on 170 medical students in science education, training and internship at Iran University of Medical Science, who were selected through random sampling.
Motivational Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was completed by all participants.
Grade point average (GPA) was selected as academic performance. Pearson’s correlation and stepwise regression were used for data analysis. There was a moderate relationship between responsive environment and academic performance (R=0.43, P<0.001), determined 19 percent (R2=0.191, P<0.001). Considering the regression coefficient
of the predictor variable, the weight of responsive environment (B=0.662) indicates that the variable could predict the changes related to the students’ academic performance. So, the weight of responsive
environment would be in a more conservative state in generalizing the sample group to the statistical population. For predicting academic performance, responsive environment should be considered as hidden curriculum and educational planner should pay more attention to it.
Keywords: PREDICTION, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, MARTIN FORD MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS THEORY

The demand for mobile learning in the medical sciences educational program is increasing. The present review study gathers evidence highlighted by the experimental studies on the educational effects of mobile learning for medical sciences students.
The study was carried out as a systematic literature search published from 2007 to July 2017 in the databases PubMed/ Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Knowledge (Thomson Reuters), Educationa Resources and Information Center (ERIC), EMBASE (Elsevier), Cochrane library, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. To examine quality of the articles, a tool validated by the BEME Review was employed.
Totally, 21 papers entered the study. Three main themes emerged from the content of papers: (1) improvement in student clinical competency and confidence, (2) acquisition and enhancing of students’ theoretical knowledge, and (3) students’ positive attitudes to and perception of mobile learning. Level 2B of Kirkpatrick hierarchy had been examined by all the papers and seven of them had reported two or more outcome levels, but level 4 was not reported in the papers.
Our review showed that the students of medical sciences had positive response and attitudes to mobile learning. Moreover, implementation of mobile learning in medical sciences program might lead to valuable educational benefits and improve clinical competence and confidence along with theoretical knowledge, attitudes, and perception of mobile learning. The results indicated that mobile learning strategy in medical education can positively affect learning in all three domains of Bloom’s Taxonomy.