maryam delphi

The spread of various pandemics and other outbreaks is inevitable, and rehabilitation specialists are the most exposed groups due to working with disabled patients. This study evaluates the correlation between COVID-19 anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), social participation, and coping styles during the pandemic with demographic information of Iranian rehabilitation specialists.

In this cross-sectional study in 2022, 300 Iranian rehabilitation specialists were selected randomly. They responded to the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS), OCD Assessment Tool, Social Participation Questionnaire (SPQ), Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ), and the demographic checklist. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, ANOVA test, and SPSS 22.

The mean scores for anxiety (18.70) and OCD (86.47) were in the moderate range, and that of social participation (34.12) was in the severe range. For coping styles, the greatest (15.1) and least (12.15) mean scores were found for problem-solving and confrontative coping styles. There were significant correlations when comparing the main variables with the demographic variables.

Rehabilitation specialists experienced substantial anxiety and OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Likewise, their social participation, which needs to be at a top level, was severely restricted. In addition, some significant relationships in demographic variables imply that some people are more susceptible in society. This finding is of paramount importance in adopting strategies to deal with crises.

During the last few decades, heavy metal pollution in indoor dust has been widely studied; While, the quality of the environment inside the cars has not been considered enough. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study generally include investigating the levels of selected heavy metals in the dust of private cars collected from Ahvaz city, as well as evaluating the health risk of carcinogenesis and exposure to the dust inside these cars through ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.

10 cars were selected for this study. The condition of choosing the cars was not to wash the car for a week. Then, samples were collected and coded from the dust of the air conditioner filter and the cabin of each car. To determine the composition of heavy metals, spectroscopic analysis (ICP) was performed on the samples.

The study of non-carcinogenic risk index (HI) in the present study indicates that the values of more than 1 and the health risk is high. The sequence of HI index values for heavy metals was obtained as  Pb>Cu>Cr> Fe> Zn> Cd> Ni. Evaluated risks from different pathways in children was HQing < HQinh<hqder while in adults follows HQing<hqder< HQinh process. Additionally, the values of enrichment factor of the studied samples showed the maximum and minimum values for Cu (4.3) and Ni (8.3), the maximum and minimum geoaccumulation index for Fe (12.75) and Ni (1.9) and the amount of integrated pollution and pollution index were estimated to be 1.34+E27 and 2.07+E9, respectively, indicating the average range for the studied heavy metals.</hq</hq

According to this study, the risk of non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals (except Fe and Cu) for children is estimated to be higher than that of adults. Furthermore, the investigation of the CR index for the three carcinogenic heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, and arsenic) has exceeded the safe level, which indicates ingestion and inhale as the target pathways for the worst adverse effects of heavy metals in children andadults, respectively. In the present study, the amount of heavy metals studied is more than the set standards. The results of the current study showedthe more enrichment of heavy metals in the car filter as compared with  the cabin.

Several viral infections may lead to hearing loss. It›s still unknown whether COVID-19 has effects on the auditory system or not. In this regard, to evaluate the possibility of sudden sensorineural hearing loss due to COVID-19, this study aimed to report sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in patients with COVID-19 in Iran.

Case Report:

 The patient was a 7-year-old girl diagnosed with COVID-19 and sensorineural hearing loss. An audiogram revealed normal hearing in the right ear and severe sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear. The tympanometry test result was bilateral type A. The treatment started with prednisolone (1 mg/kg/d). The audiogram of follow-up pure-tone audiometry did not reveal any improvement.

SSNHL appears to be a possible complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. COVID-19 infection could have deleterious effects on cochlear hair cells and eight nerve functions. Therefore, audiological monitoring should be initiated in patients presenting with COVID-19.

 Professors and medical and paramedical students who are serving internships in hospitals affiliated to medical universities are always at risk of contracting infectious diseases. Considering the internship units in person, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of educational webinars on the level of knowledge related to COVID- 19 and familiarity with self-care methods in professors and students of Ahvaz Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences.

 This is a cross-sectional study in the first semester of the academic year 1399-1400. Sampling method was as sample available. One day before the internship, a one-day educational webinar was held in Adobe Connect for fourth year undergraduate students of Ahvaz University of Rehabilitation Sciences and their professors and a researcher-made online questionnaire was used before and after the webinar.

 Students' familiarity with self-care methods before and after the webinar showed a significant difference (mean difference = 1.XMRwebinar was significantly higher than students (p = 0.013). 68% of students and 47% of professors reported high satisfaction with the training program. In addition, 56% of students and 51% of professors stated the need for such training programs.

Considering the fact that about one year has passed since the corona virus entered the country, although there is an acceptable level of knowledge about COVID- 19 disease in professors and students, but it seems that Self-care

Gallery walk is an active learning strategy in form of discussion that enables students to be more active in learning process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of this strategy on the clinical performance of audiology students.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 fourth-year undergraduate students in audiology participated. They were assigned into two groups of traditional learning and gallery walk. The educational content of both groups was similar and was related to the adult care clinical practicum. The assessments included Eustachian tube function test, site-of-lesion tests, and clinical masking. The clinical knowledge, and satisfaction level of students were compared before and after intervention.

Before the intervention, the difference in clinical knowledge was not statistically significant between the two study groups (p>0.05). After the intervention, we observed a considerable improvement in knowledge scores in both groups, mostly in the gallery walk group. The mean scores of site-of-lesion tests, and total score of knowledge were also significantly higher in the gallery walk group (p<0.05). The satisfaction level of students was above the average level (mean score=3.9±0.74).

The gallery walk strategy has more positive effects on clinical practice of audiology students compared to traditional learning strategy.

Professional ethics in Rehabilitation Sciences is necessary for achieving therapeutic goals. Considering the importance of professional ethics training for rehabilitation students, we aimed to investigate the effects of a professional ethics workshop on improving the students’ ethical knowledge at Ahvaz Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ahvaz City, Iran.

This quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study was conducted on all third- and fourth-year students in Audiology, Physiotherapy, Occupational therapy, and Speech therapy and the postgraduate students of the faculty. The two-day workshop was held for 16 hours. The students completed an ethical knowledge assessment test designed by the faculty members before and after the workshop.

The data of 206 students (26% male and 74% female), with a mean age of 25.68 years, were analyzed in this study. The Mean±SD scores of the ethical knowledge test before and after the workshop were 4.71±1.84 and 7.02±1.42, respectively. Based on the results, the ethical knowledge of the students increased significantly after the workshop (P<0.001). Improvement of ethical knowledge scores was significantly different between educational levels (P=0.033). Also, the improvement of ethical knowledge score was significantly different among various study fields (P=0.007).

Considering the promotion of students’ ethical knowledge through participation in this workshop, it is suggested that an ethical workshop be held upon the entry of all rehabilitation students into the clinical field.

The hearing system can detect the location of the sound source and help uspay attention to it. In the presence of the background noise, it helps detectingthe desired signal (especially speech) and comprehend it. This ability is calledspatial hearing processing. Spatial hearing processing disorder can adverselyaffect signal detection in noise, which is very important in the elderly. The aimof the present paper was reviewing the spatial hearing processing disorder andits ‘rehabilitation methods in Iran for the elderly.In this narrative paper, theoretically, all papers on spatial hearing processingdisorder and its’ rehabilitation methods among the elderly in Iran from 2000to February 2021 were collected. The papers with the following keywords inMedline, Google scholar, Proquest, science direct, Scopus, and Magiran werestudied after discarding duplicated papers: spatial stream, binaural advantage,spatial release of masking, spatial hearing segregation, rehabilitation, aging,elderly, speech in noise, localization, training, and Iran.Aging adversely affects the spatial hearing processing and especially in complexenvironments, so rehabilitation of spatial hearing disorders can potentiallyimprove comprehending speech in noise for the elderly. The results of thisstudy showed that there is absolutely necessary to develop different rehabitationprograms for different elderly groups base on their needs.

 This study conducted to explore and compare the effectiveness of an online ground round between two groups of audiology and occupational therapy of Ahvaz Jundishpaur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS) students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

 The study groups of this analytical cross-sectional study consisted of all fourth-year undergraduate students of audiology and occupational therapy. After implementation of the online grand round, the satisfaction questionnaire and knowledge exam were completed by the students.

 The level of satisfaction in both groups was above average (average>3); however, there was a significant difference in the mean total score of satisfaction questionnaire between the two groups (P=0.00). The mean score of the knowledge exam was 6.46±1.59 and 6.28±1.89 in the audiology and occupational therapy groups, respectively. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the mean score of this exam between the two groups (P=0.78).

 The online grand round can play an effective role in transferring the teacher's experiences to students during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it is not possible to hold face-to-face classes.

The COVID-19 has affected sensory organs in a different manner. This paper aimed to review the auditory-vestibular symptoms associated with COVID-19 and it also investigated the impacts of this pandemic on hearing-impaired community.

The existing studies related to the effects of COVID-19 on the auditory-vestibular system were reviewed and discussed in order to achieve the overall image of COVID-19 on this system. Moreover, due to the adverse effects of using a mask on the communication function of hearing-impaired people, the effects of the mask on the communication process of hearing-impaired people were also reviewed.

COVID-19 may be accompanying with some auditory and vestibular dysfunctions. Although there are few findings in this area, they showed that the induced hearing loss is often sudden in nature and it is unclear that this situation is because of the ototoxicity of virus treated drugs or not. The vertigo induced by COVID-19 can be a direct invasion of the virus or an invasion by the immune system and its association with hearing loss and tinnitus must be identified, and appropriate referrals should be considered. On the other hand, due to the adverse effects of using personal protective equipment such as masks on the communication performance of hearing-impaired people, the necessary advice and guidance in this field are provided to the medical staff.

Effective listening skills, organizational health, and job satisfaction are three factors that affect the quality of service provided by hospital staff, which seem to be related to each other. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the relationship between effective listening skills, organizational health, and job satisfaction among employees of Ahwaz Social Security Hospital.

The statistical population of this descriptive-analytical study consisted of 750 employees of Ahwaz social security hospital. This study included 230 samples who were randomly selected. Glenn and Poodchr('39')s effective listening skills questionnaire, Hoy and Feldmanchr('39')s organizational health inventory (OHI), and Minnesota job satisfaction questionnaire (MSQ) were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed through SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percent, mean as well as analytic statistics like Pearson correlation coefficient, one-sample, and independent t-test were used.

There was a relatively strong significant correlation between effective listening skills with job satisfaction, effective listening skills with organizational health, and between organizational health with job satisfaction. Effective listening skills with job satisfaction, (effective listening skills with organizational health,,and organizational health with job satisfaction dimensions were positively correlated and statistically significant. The highest correlation coefficient (0.31<r

According to the findings, managers are suggested to help increase the organizational health of the hospital and job satisfaction of the employees by making the necessary arrangements to train staff and managers in the field of effective listening skills.</r

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of satisfaction and familiarity of undergraduate speech therapy students with clinical education in the presence of treatment team in people with cleft lip and palate. The population of this interventional Quasi Exerimental study was 29 speech therapy students. In the first group there were 17 students who spent their internship outside the cleft lip and palate clinic and without getting familiar with team work and in the second group there were 12 students who spent their internship in cleft lip and palate clinic and got familiar with team work. At the end of the course, the degree of student’s satisfaction and familiarity was examined by the researcher-made questioner. The result showed that the mean score of satisfaction and familiarity from team therapy was more in the second group and had significant difference with the first group. (p-value≤0.000). According to resent result, in order to increase student's familiarity from treatment team, increase quality and strengthen the communication and cognitive skills, it is recommended to use team attendance approach in student's clinical education.

Hearing loss can have disabling effects on all aspects of children’s life and demographic factors of families can have significant effects on children’s auditory development. The main aim of the study was determining the effects of socioeconomic and education level on auditory behaviors of hearing-impaired children.

The study was cross sectional descriptive-analytic study and was conducted on 207 parents of children under age of four years with native Persian speaking parents with literacy skill. Their hearing impairment was identified before the first month of age. Early occurrence of hearing loss was considered to exclude any effects of early exposure to normal auditory stimuli on the outcome measurements. The children had at least 3-month experience with the cochlear implant (CI) after best fitting and adaptation to their device at the time of the study. Samples were selected by convenience sampling method from available subjects. For determining socioeconomic level, Ghodratnama socioeconomic status (SES) questionnaire was used. Infants and Toddlers Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) was selected for the auditory behaviors study.

Socioeconomic and educational level of the family showed no significant effects on auditory behaviors. The age of receiving auditory assistive device had weak but statistically significant effect on the outcome.

It seems that socioeconomic status and educational level of the family did not contribute to the auditory behaviors of children with cochlear implant. The generalizations of these results need further studies.

During the development of the phonological system, gradually, some of error patterns decrease and speech intelligibility increase. The aim of the present study was to investigate phonological skills, including phonological processes and percentages of correct consonants and phonemes in the bilingual Persian-Arabic speaking children aged 4-5 in Ahvaz. In the current study descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 28 children aged 49-60 months were randomly assigned to two groups: Persian monolingual and Persian-Arabic bilingual (14 participants in in each group). All participants were recruited randomly based on inclusion criteria from Ahvaz kindergartens in Iran. The instrument used study was the Persian Phonological Test (PPT), a subtest of Persian Diagnostic Evaluation Articulation and Phonological test. In this test, phonological processes are investigated in two groups: structure and substitution processes. Data was analyzed using SPSS, running Mann-Whitney test. The results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups in proportion to the occurrence of substitution process (p <0/05), but there was no significant difference in the type of phonological processes between the two groups. Also, the results indicated a significant difference between the two groups in the percentages of correct consonants and correct phonemes (p <0/05). The present study showed that bilingualism has no effect on the type of phonological processes, but this can be effective on the frequency of processes. Since frequency of phonological processes was greater in bilingual children, it can be assumed that there are two phonological systems at work in bilingual children.

Aging has apparent functional effects on auditory processing, such as spatial hearing processing, with the most apparent being speech in noise perception disorder. The aim of the present study was comparison of spatial hearing ability between young adults and elderly people. According to the inclusion criteria, 30 young adults with the age range of 18 to 28 years old with normal hearing and 20 elderly people with the age range of 60 to 70 years old with normal hearing and speech in noise disorder were included in study The comparison of mean scores using independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference in the mean scores of speech in noise-quite, lateralization, and total score between the two groups. Sex had no effect on the results obtained, Lower scores of elderly people with normal hearing in spatial hearing questionnaire, compared with young adults, can be defined as their weak performance in spatial hearing processing. The results of the present study reconfirms the effect of age on spatial hearing processing, such as lateralization and speech in noise.

Background and Bilingualism is a common phenomenon in many countries which could increase consonant errors in the speech produced by bilingual children. The aim of this study was to evaluate phonological skills such as occurrence proportion, and the frequency and type of phonological processes in Persian-Arabic speaking children in Ahvaz, Iran. A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed in 28 children aged 36-48 months. The subjects were randomly selected from nurseries in Ahvaz and were divided into two groups (n=14 per group), according to being Persian monolingual or Persian-Arabic bilingual. We used the Persian Phonological Test (PPT), a subtest of Persian Diagnostic Evaluation Articulation and Phonological test which includes 54 one-four phoneme words. The phonological processes were investigated in two groups: structure and substitution processes. Data were analyzed in SPSS applying Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that occurrence proportion of substitution process was significantly different between the two groups (P=0.05), but the type of phonological processes did not show any significant difference between the two groups. Frequency of phonological processes was found to be higher in bilingual children. In this study bilingualism was found to have no effect on type of phonological processes, but could be effective on frequency of processes. The type of phonological processes in bilingual children is similar to that of monolingual children, so the phonological system in Persian-Arabic bilingual children is similar to that of the monolingual children

The occurrence of migraine and vertigo is common in the general population. Migraine vertigo is challenging and has several common symptoms with inner ear pathologies like Endolymphatic Hydropse. This paper presents a review of recent findings about symptoms, test results, pathophysiology and differential diagnosis.
The present study is a review of 35 papers in the field of vestibular migraine. They were selected by searching the keywords vertigo, dizziness, migraine, treatment and rehabilitation in Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar search engines. Only human studies were included.
Recent findings have proposed several common pathophysiologies between vestibular system and migraine including spreading depression in the basilar artery, vasospasm in the internal auditory artery, involvement of the connection with locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, disorder of multisensory integration and channelopathy.
For the differential diagnosis of vestibular migraine, it appears that comprehensive case history as well as clinical testing and patient followup, are the best combination. In addition, it has been proven that vestibular rehabilitation is beneficial to patients with vestibular migraine.

Previous studies have shown that interaural-time-difference (ITD) training can improve localization ability. Surprisingly little is, however, known about localization training vis-à-vis speech perception in noise based on interaural time difference in the envelope (ITD ENV). We sought to investigate the reliability of an ITD ENV-based training program in speech-in-noise perception among elderly individuals with normal hearing and speech-in-noise disorder.
The present interventional study was performed during 2016. Sixteen elderly men between 55 and 65 years of age with the clinical diagnosis of normal hearing up to 2000 Hz and speech-in-noise perception disorder participated in this study. The training localization program was based on changes in ITD ENV. In order to evaluate the reliability ofthe training program, we performed speech-in-noise tests before the training program, immediately afterward, and then at 2 months’ follow-up. The reliability of the training program was analyzed using the Friedman test and the SPSS software.
Significant statistical differences were shown in the mean scores of speech-in-noise perception between the 3 time points (P=0.001). The results also indicated no difference in the mean scores of speech-in-noise perception between the 2 time points of immediately after the training program and 2 months’ follow-up (P=0.212).
The present study showed the reliability of an ITD ENV-based localization training in elderly individuals with speech-in-noise perception disorder.

Development of auditory differentiation skill plays an imperative role in the development of speech and language skills of children as well as central auditory processing. One of the instruments employed in the investigation of this skill is auditory differentiation test. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the auditory differentiation skill in normal 7-8 year old children.
The present cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 200 normal girls and boys within the age bracket of 7-8 years with equal numbers of genders (100 girls and 100 boys). In order to examine the auditory differentiation skill, the Persian version of Wepman auditory differentiation test was employed. The significance level in this research was considered as P=0.05.
The auditory differentiation score according to percentiles of 5 and 95 was 38 and 40 among the seven year old group, respectively, while it was 38.05 and 40 in the eight year old group, respectively. The mean auditory differentiation score of the seven year old children was significantly lower than that of the eight year old children (P=0.04). No significant difference was observed between the two genders (P=0.19).
According to the results obtained in this research, the auditory differentiation score was significantly different between the seven and eight year old groups, but no significant difference was observed between boys and girls.

Many elderly individuals complain of difficulty in understanding speech in noise despite having normal hearing thresholds. According to previous studies, auditory training leads to improvement in speech-in-noise perception, but these studies did not consider the etiology, so their results cannot be generalized. The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of envelope-based interaural time difference (ITD ENV) localization training on improving ITD threshold and speech-in-noise perception.

Thirty-two elderly males aged 55 to 65 years with clinically diagnosed normal hearing at 250-2000 Hertz, who suffered from speech-in-noise perception difficulty participated in this study. These individuals were randomly divided into training and control groups: 16 elderlies in the experimental group received envelope-based interaural time difference localization training in 9 sessions, but 16 matched elderlies in the control group did not receive any training. The ITD ENV threshold and spatial word recognition score (WRS) in noise were analyzed before and after the localization training.

Findings demonstrated that following the training program, the interaural time difference envelope threshold and spatial word recognition score (WRS) in noise were improved significantly in the experimental group (p≤ 0.001). Moreover, a significant difference was detected in interaural time difference envelope threshold and spatial word recognition score (WRS) in noise (p≤ 0.001) before and after the training in the experimental group.

The results of the present study revealed the effectiveness of envelope- based interaural time difference localization training in localization ability and speech in noise perception in the elderlies with normal hearing up to 2000 Hz who suffered from speech-in-noise perception difficulty.

All subjects suspected of Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) were previously tested by free recall dichotic digits test (DDT). The study objective was normalization and reliability evaluation of two-pair DDT in 750 native Persian subjects aged 8 to 12 years.
Materials: A total of 750 subjects were divided into five age groups varying between 8 years and 12 years and 11 months old. Each age group had 150 subjects. DDT was tested in free recall condition. For evaluating DDT test-retest reliability, 300 participants (60 subjects in each age group) were tested again after one month.
Right and left ear mean score increased from 71.68(±2.19) and 58.51(±1.71) in the 8-year-old group to 90.26(±1.96) and 88.38(±1.36) in 12-year-old group, respectively. The mean Right Ear Advantage (REA) decreased from 13.16(±2.58) in the 8-year-old group to 1.88(±2.49) in the 12-year-old group. A high stability was observed between test-retest results (P Persian version of two-pair dichotic digits exhibited proper reliability for evaluating 8 to 12-year-old subjects, and the study results can be used for evaluating the dichotic hearing function in subjects of the same age group.

Our hearing ability in space is critical for hearing speech in noisy environment and localization. The Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (SHQ) has been devised to focus only on spatial haring tasks (e.g., lateralization, distance detection and binaural detection). The aim of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian translation of the SHQ (Spatial Hearing Questionnaire). Translation and back-translation, reliability, content and construct validity were investigated. Eighty patients with sensory neural hearing loss (SNHL) (52.50% female and 47.5 % male) with the mean±SD age of 49.02±13.60 years completed SHQ, and they were categorized into mild, moderate, moderate to severe and severe groups based on their hearing threshold. Inclusion criteria in this study were the MMSE questionnaire score of higher than 21, good general health, no history of psychiatric disorders, dizziness or vertigo, dementia or alcohol abuse. The reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha and found to be 0.99. Item-total correlation was between r= 0.84 and 0.92. There was a significant difference between the mean score of P-SHQ in the four groups. Based on the factor analysis, two factors were extracted from the questions in P-SHQ: sound localization; and music and speech understanding in noise and quiet. These factors could explain 82.1% and 9.3% of the total variance, respectively. The present study proved the reliability and validity of the Persian version of SHQ (P-SHQ). This provides a suitable tool for spatial hearing assessment in clinical/research environments.

Vertigo, disequilibrium and the consecutive falls in geriatrics have always been one of the major challenges that both patients and medical staffs encounter, and in comparison to the rest of adult age groups, in the elderly, numerous factors make the diagnosis and treatment processes rather difficult. Once left unattended, the underlying etiologies of geriatrics vertigo not only can pose a threat to the patient's safety, and lead to physical impairments, but also might result in psychological consequences like isolation from society. In this review article we intend to investigate the key points regarding the geriatrics vertigo. The online databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Cochrane and Science Direct were searched using the key words: Geriatrics, Elderly, Older people, Imbalance, Disequilibrium, Vertigo and all the papers between 1972 and 2013 were selected. A total number of 218 original articles and 30 review articles were found. The titles, abstracts and conclusions were studied. Eventually, 45 articles with the intended context were selected. The recent increases in the elderly population and their physical impairments have resulted in a soar in vertigo and disequilibrium among these patients. By the age of 75, dizziness is the first reason for which elderly pay visits to medical centers and 80% of patients older than 75 years old complain of vertigo and dizziness. Plenty of central and arterial lesions in the elderly have clinical manifestations which resemble symptoms of benign peripheral vestibular dysfunctions, and result in difficulty in diagnosis of the disease. Furthermore, rehabilitative treatments in this age group might be delayed due to concomitant neural and muscular impairments. In the elderly, the clinical presentations and nystagmus characteristics are the most critical findings that can play a significant role in differentiating peripheral and central vertigoes.

Spatial hearing is a part of central auditory system abilities that allows localization and understanding speech in noise for listener. Spatial hearing makes the listener capable to pay selective attention to sounds arriving from one direction and meanwhile suppressing sounds arriving from other directions. The purpose of this study is to review the articles about basics، models and functions of spatial hearing. For this study Pub med، Scopus، proquest، and google scholar databases were searched by key words like spatial hearing; spatial advantage and other words related to spatial processing and several dozens of papers about spatial hearing were chosen. Spatial hearing is proposed as a new processing phenomenon and has several functions. A huge body of information has appeared about it in the literature during past years. Spatial hearing is based on binaural hearing and its application in different fields like “cocktail party effect”، central auditory processing، lateralization and distance perception has been under focus recently. Given the importance and functions of spatial hearing in auditory processing، especially in complex environments، assessment، treatment and rehabilitation of spatial processing disorders can solve a considerable part of central auditory processing disorder complaints.

One of the most important applications of electrode physiological tests is early diagnosis of hearing loss and estimating of hearing threshold in neonate and children for early auditory intervention. Auditory Steady–State Response (ASSR) is modern technology for threshold detection in audiology. Measurement of Auditory brainstem response (ABR) is most common method of detection auditory threshold in neonates. The goal of this article was to correlate the results between thresholds obtained from ASSR and click-ABR. Subjects and In this descriptive-analytic design، 32 children with mild and moderate hearing loss، aged between birth to 7 years، were studied. All children were evaluated by both ASSR and C-ABR. The correlation coefficients for frequencies of 0. 5، 1، 2، 4، mean of 2-4، and mean of 1-4 kHz were between 0. 40- 0. 87 in mild hearing loss and 0. 52-0. 91 in moderate hearing loss (P<0. 05). C-ABR and ASSR thresholds in mean frequencies had a greater correlation than single-frequency (P-Value< 0. 001<0. 002-0. 015). This correlation was higher in greater degrees of hearing loss and higher frequencies.

Noise exposure is the most common cause of tinnitus. A comprehensive assessment of tinnitus and its impact on the quality of life cannot be achieved merely by evaluating the psychoacoustic characteristics of tinnitus. This study aimed at exploring the potential relationship between tinnitus psychoacoustic characteristics and the resulting handicap. In this descriptive - analytical study، 20 industrial workers suffering from hearing loss and tinnitus completed the Tinnitus Handicap Index questionnaire (THI) and then underwent psychoacoustic evaluations. The mean and standard deviation of THI was 53. 7±25. 8. The results indicated a positive significant correlation between the duration and loudness of tinnitus and THI scores (p-value 0. 05). No statistically significant correlations were observed between PTA، SDS and other psychoacoustic parameters and THI (p-value 0. 05). The psychoacoustic evaluations are not valid indicators of tinnitus impacts on patients’ quality of lives. Combined administration of psychoacoustic tests and questionnaires would provide a more comprehensive assessment of tinnitus.