mitra cheraghi

Rivers are one of the most important water sources that play an important role in supplying water for various needs including agriculture, industry and drinking. Determining the flow regime and water quality of the river is an important factor in determining the health of the river. In this research, in order to determine the water quality and zoning of Karoon River (Bavi region) using IRWQISC, NSFWQI quality index and Liu index, monthly water sampling was done from April to March 1402. Three indicators and their presentation in the form of zoning maps, the comprehensive system of water quality assessment and management can be used by managers and decision makers to achieve better health and sustainability of water resources. According to the results of the IRWQISC index, the quality of the river is in the medium to relatively good category, while according to the NSFWQI index, the river water is in the poor to medium quality category, and according to the Liu index, it is in the relatively polluted category. It seems that NSFWQI index and Liu index are more strict, but there can be suitable indices to use and evaluate water quality for different purposes. Considering the water quality from the upstream stations to the downstream side of the studied area, the impact of industrial activities, agricultural drains and urban areas should not be ignored and water quality monitoring in this area.

Chlorophyll A is used as a Indicator to measure the amount of algae growing in water, which can be applied to classify the nutritional status of water bodies. Accordingly, the concentration of chlorophyll a is considered a key indicator for water quality. In this research, an attempt has been made to estimate the amount of chlorophyll A in Sardasht dam reservoir using remote sensing techniques and data driven models. The data categories was used in this study: the first part is the measured values of chlorophyll A in Sardasht dam reservoir, and the second part includes 7 stages of measurement at 10 points with different coordinates in the reservoir of the dam and is related to March 2016 to June 2018. The second part of the data which used in data driven models, was extracted from the Sentinel-2 satellite images. The information of different bands was extracted from Sentinel-2 images and based on the band values, the criteria for measuring the amount of chlorophyll A were calculated and provided to the data driven models for training. In this research, three data driven models XGBoost, M5 and MARS were used to estimate the amount of chlorophyll A. In this study, 9 chlorophyll A estimation equations were considered as input of data driven models and the measured logarithm value of chlorophyll A was considered as output. 80% of the available data was used to train and the remaining 20% was used to verify the effectiveness of the used models. Based on the input data, the M5 model tree has divided the problem space into 5 parts and presented a linear equation for each part. Based on the structure provided by M5 and MARS algorithms, blue, red and green band combinations as well as infrared and red have a high impact on the models provided by these two algorithms. The results obtained from XGBoost algorithm show the importance of blue, red and green band combinations on the presented results. Based on this, the combination of blue, red and green bands has been used in all three algorithms as the most important or one of the most important input variables to calculate chlorophyll A. The coefficients of determination for three models XGBoost, M5 and MARS was calculated as 0.61, 0.49 and 0.31, respectively. The value of Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient for XGBoost, M5 and MARS models was calculated as 0.54, 0.47 and 0.27, respectively, which shows that the results of XGBoost and M5 models are favorable. The results show that the XGBoost and M5 models provided more accurate results than the MARS model. The use of Taylor's diagram also shows the close efficiency of the XGBoost and M5 models in calculating the amount of chlorophyll A. The spatial distribution of chlorophyll A in the Sardasht dam reservoir shows that the lack of information used has caused differences between the measured and calculated values in limited areas. The spatial distribution of chlorophyll A in the Sardasht dam reservoir shows that the limited data used and the lack of complete temporal compatibility of the Sentinel-2 images with the measurement data in the dam reservoir has caused differences between the measured and calculated values in limited areas. The use of a large number of data in the reservoirs of different dams, the use of various data driven models and applying images from other sensors can provide a suitable tool for the managers of the reservoirs so that they can evaluate the water quality more accurately.

The dangers of heavy metals in rice have received much attention in the world. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the contamination status and health risk of Kamfiruz rice in Fars province, Iran. The results showed that the average concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and Chromium (Cr) in rice were (0.034-0.069), (0.129-0.186), and (0.354-0.426) mg kg-1 respectively. Among them, the concentration of Pb in rice grown in the lower reaches of the Kor River was 20% higher than the Iranian standard. The consumption of rice didn't have a specific non-carcinogenic risk for consumers (target hazard quotient, hazard index, and hazard quotient < 1), except the hazard index in the downstream areas (1.04 - 1.14). In contrast, rice was considered a threat in terms of carcinogenic risks (CR). In this study, CR values of Cd and Cr in rice were > 1×10-4, while this value was in the safe range for Pb (<1×10-4), however TCR of all HMs had carcinogenic risk (> 1×10-4). According to the results, the continuous monitoring of rice samples is essential to mitigate exposure to toxic metals through rice ingestion in the region.

The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the concentration of heavy metals (zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium) in water, sediment, and muscle and liver tissues of Barbus sharpeyi and Barbus xanthopterus of the Karoon River in order to investigate the status of heavy metals. In this river and to determine the health of the water ecosystem of the Karoon River in Bavi City, the evaluation of these two widely consumed fish species as biological monitors of heavy metals should also be done.

This study was conducted in April 1401 in order to investigate the concentration of heavy metals such as zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium in six stations in the Karun River in Bavi city. The statistical population for the measurement of heavy metals with three replications included 18 water samples, 18 sediment samples, and 40 benny and gotan fish. Then, in order to measure the concentration of heavy metals in water samples, the sediment and tissues of Beni and Gatan fish after acid digestion were injected into the Contra-AA 330 model atomic absorption device. A comparison of heavy metal data from water samples, sediment, and fish tissues was done using SPSS software. The Shapiro-Wilk test was also used to check the normal distribution of the results. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance was also used for general comparisons, and Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons, and the differences were significant at the 95% level.

The average concentration of zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium in water samples was 5.36, 1.80, 0.18, and 0.68 micrograms/liter, respectively, in sediment samples 46.57, 13.31, 2.89, and, respectively, 22.29 μg/g. Regarding the amount of zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium in the muscle samples of benny fish, respectively, 57.13, 1.60, 0.94, and 0.51 micrograms per gram, and 11.65, 0.91, and 56, respectively, in Gatan fish. 0.0 and 0.41 μg/g were obtained. Also, the amount of these elements in Bani fish liver is 27.33, 3.49, 2.15, and 1.51 micrograms per gram, and in Gatan fish liver it is 23.49, 2.11, 1.40, and 1.32, respectively. µg/g was obtained. Comparing the amounts of elements in the edible muscle tissue of Beni and Gatan fish showed that the amount of zinc in the muscle tissue of two species of fish is lower than the international standards, but lead, cadmium, and chromium in the muscle tissue of Beni and Gatan fish were higher than some international standards. Pearson's correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the concentration of metals in water samples, sediment, and tissues of Bani and Gatan fish (p<0.05). The results of calculating the MPI pollution index showed that the value of this index was greater than 1 for all the investigated elements. The BAF index in all samples was less than 1, and the BCF index was greater than 1 for zinc and cadmium elements and less than 1 for lead and chromium. Also, the results of calculating the MLR index showed that the amount of this index for the studied metals is about 0.5.

The concentration of all heavy metals studied in the non-edible tissue of the liver was higher than the edible muscle tissue of Beni and Gatan fish caught from the Karun River located in Khuzestan province. The high levels of the three elements lead, cadmium, and chromium in some international standards indicate the need to pay attention to the possibility of the continuous entry of the sources of these polluting factors, such as the effluents of agricultural poisons, herbicides, insecticides, and residues from fossil fuels. The use in industrial activities depends on the habitat of the mentioned species. Based on the metal pollution index (MPI, BAF, BCF, and MLR), it can be said that among the two investigated fish species, the amount of pollution and health risk of consuming benny fish is much higher than that of gatan fish. The MPI index showed that the level of contamination in the liver is higher than in the muscle. Also, the bioaccumulation factor was higher in Bani fish than in Gatan. The bioconcentration index also shows the high accumulation power of Beni and Gatan fish for zinc and cadmium elements. Therefore, these two species are suitable biological indicators for monitoring the pollution of heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium in the Karun River. Also, considering that the highest bioconcentration index of metals is in Beni fish, Beni fish can be the most indicative species in relation to the accumulation of zinc and cadmium elements in the Karun River. The ratio of muscle to liver also showed that this index can be an important biological index in monitoring heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems. The concentration of heavy metals in the liver and muscle changes with the level of environmental pollution. In polluted places, heavy metals preferentially accumulate in the liver. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient also showed that there is a significant correlation between the concentration of metals in water and the muscle and liver tissue of Beni and Gatan fish, so it can be concluded that the muscle and liver tissue of Beni and Gatan fish can be a suitable biological monitor for Heavy metals are investigated in the Karun River, and the liver is a more suitable monitor than the muscle. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be seen that the use of fish can give a better picture of the bioavailability of heavy metals such as zinc, lead, chromium, and cadmium. Also, in terms of the health status of the Karun River, using biological monitors, the muscle tissue and liver of Bani and Gatan fish, especially the liver, can be a suitable biological monitor for river health studies. Due to the entry of agricultural, urban, etc. effluents into this area, more periodical investigations and more accurate knowledge of the concentration of pollutants in different foodstuffs such as fish, plants, and agricultural fields are necessary. Also, it is necessary to accurately identify the origin of these pollutants and their input and production sources using chemical fingerprinting techniques so that better control can be done in order to manage these pollutants and finally prevent the penetration of such pollutants into the environment. Values should be avoided.

In order to reduce the amount of evaporation from water reservoirs, various methods have been proposed, which can be divided into two physical and chemical categories. In the physical methods, by using physical coverings, such as floating balls, metal and polymer plates, or tree leaves, and by covering the water surface, evaporation waste is greatly reduced. These covers reduce a large amount of solar energy reaching the water surface and reduce vapor transmission by slowing the air flow.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the coverage and shape of polypropylene sheets on reducing the evaporation rate and the effect of meteorological variables on the efficiency of these sheets efficiency. This research was carried out in two parts, in the first part, the efficiency of square and triangular polypropylene plates was investigated in comparison with floating balls, and in the second part, the efficiency of 100, 70, 50, and 30% coverage of polypropylene plates was evaluated.

The results obtained from the tests showed that in the conditions of using floating balls, the reduction of evaporation was more intense and this coating was able to reduce evaporation to a greater extent compared to square and triangular floating plates. Also, using the square and triangular polypropylene plates and floating balls reduced evaporation by 30.71%, 14.86% and 48.7%, respectively, compared to the control pan.

The results of two-way ANOVA on different meteorological variables showed that the percentage of relative humidity, which was the most important factor in evaporation from the pan, lost its significance due to the presence of floating balls and polypropylene sheets on the water surface. The comparison of rectangular covers with different densities showed that by increasing the density from 30, 50 and 70% to 100% respectively, evaporation decreases by 2.3, 1.5 and 0.8 times.

Because heavy metals can build up within the bodies of living things, and because of chemical reactions, they can become poisonous and carcinogenic. Among other things, heavy metal-containing salts are one way these elements enter the body. In Khuzestan Province, Iran, the Shorbarik River is one of the most significant rivers from which salt is mined. In order to assess the health and quality of the salt taken from the Shorbarik River in accordance with national regulations, this study looked into the concentration of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in these salts. The Shorbarik River was the study region, and the surface salts of the dried bed were sampled in four stages. After drying in an oven, they were injected with acid into an atomic absorption device. Due to the high concentration of cadmium in the region's salts, the risk of cancer from exposure to heavy metals through salt consumption is serious. Ecologically, the Shorbarik River's salt is generally low in lead contamination and considerably high in cadmium contamination, with high levels in the spring and summer. Therefore, it is recommended to consume refined salt.

This research aims to determine the mercury (Hg) in the muscle and liver tissues of Otolithes ruber species and its human health risk assessment due to its consumption.

In this study thirty fish samples were taken from the Imam Khomeini port in northwest of the Persian Gulf, in July. Then, the total mercury was measured by the Mercury Advanced Analyzer (254 AMA manufactured by Leco).

The mean concentrations of Hg in the muscle of O. ruber species were 0.112± 0.015 µg.g-1 d.w that were below the limits for fish proposed by WHO, FAO, USEPA, FDA and MAFF and the mean concentrations of Hg in the liver tissues were 0.714± 0.113. µg.g-1 d.w. Value of muscle/liver ratio was about 0.16 that revealed high contamination of the region with the mercury element. EDI and EWI lower than PTDI and PTWI and THQ<1.00 showed that the consumption of the mentioned fish will not pose an acute risk to the health of the consumers. Based on CRlim and CRmm in the studied fish for different human groups, a potential human health risk was identified for children.

In general, the main conclusion of this work showed that there is no serious warning or prohibition against consuming this fish by adults, however it should be mentioned that the risk assessment caused by the presence of other heavy elements as well as organic pollutants in O. ruber fish can have an impact in determining the permissible limit of consumption of this species.

Rivers are one of the most important water sources that play an important role in providing water needed for various activities such as agriculture, industry, drinking and electricity production. Many of the water resources planning in the countries are based on the potential of surface water resources. Therefore, knowledge of the quality of water resources is one of the important requirements in planning and developing water resources and their protection and control. Used water considering the importance of the Shurbarik River for the use of the people of the surrounding villages, in this study, the water quality of the Shurbarik River was determined using water quality parameters. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the parameters of dissolved oxygen, pH, biologically required oxygen, chemically required oxygen, temperature, phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were investigated in four seasons. Based on the average NSFWQI index, the water quality of Shobarik River is in the bad quality category. The range of this index is between 29.9 to 35.4 in all seasons. The average of this index is the lowest in summer and the highest in winter. Based on the average IRWQISC index, the water quality of Shobarik River is in the bad quality category. The results related to the value of the Liou index also show that the numerical value of this index is in the range of 3.25-4.25, which indicates the relatively polluted quality of water from the point of view of this index in all seasons. Contrary to the differences in the parameters and methods used to calculate the indicators, the results of all methods are consistent and are very useful for evaluating water quality.

With respect to the importance and considerable extent of the Kosar irrigation and drainage network, the environmental issues of the network are investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental effects of Kowsar irrigation and drainage network located in the central basin of Karkheh in Khuzestan province, using two methods conventional and modified ICOLD matrices. To study the environmental parameters, three physical, biological and socio-economic environments were used. Then, using two methods of conventional and modified ICOLD matrices, the effect of each of the project micro-activities on the environmental factors of the study area was measured in the operation phase separately for the three mentioned environments. Thus, a matrix was designed according to all three environments, which was completed by environmental experts and the average score of the evaluation criteria was considered. The results showed that the most positive effects are related to the socio-economic environment. It should be noted that the sum of positive values using conventional and modified ICOLD matrices was 793 and 458.9, respectively, and for negative values was 447 and 285.8, respectively. Therefore, both matrices showed reasonable and good fitness in estimating the impacts and thus the implementation of the Kawser irrigation and drainage network is verified.

Flood is one of the most common and dangerous natural disasters occurring worldwide (Samanta et al., 2018). Iran is ranked sixth in the world in terms of flooding (Khosroshahi and Saghafian, 2003) due to the disturbance of the hydrological balance of the country's watersheds, of which Abolabbas River Basin is no exception. In effect, due to the hydrological imbalance of the watershed, the river runoff cannot be transferred well (Tehrany et al., 2013). Given that each part of the basin has a certain potential in the production of runoffs and floods, once water overflows into the surrounding lands floods occur. It is thus necessary to prepare flood sensitivity maps and identify susceptible areas for flood prevention and management (Bout et al., 2018). This study was thus intended to prepare hazard maps for different parts of the watershed, and to prioritize the effective parameters in the occurrence of floods in the study area.

This study considered 11 important indicators including altitude, runoff curve number, slope, slope direction, rainfall, vegetation, drainage density, distance from waterway, land use, stream power index and topographic wetness index to determine the flood potential of Abolabbas River Basin with an area of 281.23 square kilometers. For the purpose of this study, the layers were scaled and the individual pixels were weighted and then prioritized using the TOPSIS technique (Rasooli et al., 2018).

Heavy metals are dangerous for living organisms and are causing many problems. These metals can enter the food chain in different ways and cause severe illness and sometimes fatal, so it is crucial to monitor the pollution of heavy metals. Among the human various sources of landfills, where the possibility of heavy metals in them are great, and these elements are then absorbed through the food chain, monitoring of these elements is essential in these areas seems. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of toxic metals contamination in landfill Angeli Si of Babol city using bird feathers and leachate. Therefore, to achieve this objective in the study area, a feathers of black kite birds, because food diet and Gathering place, with leachate to measurement heavy metals concentration, were sampled and prepared. The metals concentration was determined using the ICP instrument and Mercury Analyzer AMA 254 for Hg. The results showed that Cd and Hg have the concentration highest (11.5 mg/kg) and lowest (4 mg/kg) respectively in bird feathers. General the pattern of heavy elements distribution in the bird, are the following: Cd> Pb> As> Hg.

Assessment of heavy metals concentrations in aquatic ecosystems can be effective to taking actions to improve the quality of environmental conditions. Therefore, this study was downed to evaluate the heavy metals pollution in water and sediments of water supply points of water treatments in Ahvaz and Mollasani along Karun River and the effect of physico-chemical parameters on these pollutants concentration. For this purpose, six stations were selected along river and from each station; three samples of water and sediment were collected in summer and winter of 2015. After transferring the samples to laboratory and digesting samples, the heavy metals measurement was determined using a flame atomic absorption spectrometry. From SPSS software and statistical tests such as ANOVA, T-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the results of metals and parameters in water and sediments. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd in water were 3.1±0.62, 4.42±1.04, 6.2±1.45 and 0.31±0.06 μg/l and in sediments were 19.8±3.7, 65.9±7.20, 41.8±6.5 and 2.1±0.25 μg/g dw, respectively. The results of One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed that the mean of metals and physicochemical parameters were significantly different between stations (P <0.05). Also T-test statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the concentration of metals and parameters (except DO and size of sediment particles) between the two seasons (P <0.05). Investigating the relationship between physicochemical parameters and the metals amount in water of river showed that the different parameters have a different effects on the rate of metals dissolution in water. The relationship between sediment-physicochemical parameters and the metals amount in sediments also showed that the size of sediment particles had no significant effect on spatial distribution and accumulation of metals in sediment, while the percentage of organic matter showed a significant positive correlation with all metals. The findings of study provide useful information on the distribution of physico-chemical parameters and heavymetal concentrations in the Karoon River, which can help monitor and evaluate the region water.

Coastal areas of Caspian Sea have been affected by pollution in recent years. These areas are exposed to environmental problems due to the presence of hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian Sea basin as well as human factors. Investigating the concentration of normal alkanes in the studied stations shows that the amount of hydrocarbons contaminated in the studied area, compared with previous year’s studies, shows a significant increase in concentration. The concentration of n-alkanes are among the 24.3 µg/g (the minimum concentration) in Nashtarood Station to 690.7 µg/g (the maximum concentration) in Noshahr Station and most of the stations have moderate concentration of n-alkanes. The increase of pollution in recent years as a result of increased oil activities related to the exploration, production and exploitation of oil resources and human factors. Also, the presence of Hyrcanian forests on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and increasing seizure of forests in recent years have also led to increased contamination in the region due to pollution transmission to the Caspian Sea. In order to determine the origin of normal alkanes in the region, the indexes of CPI, LMW / HMW, Pristane / Phytane, n-C17 / Pristane and n-C18 / Phytane were used. The results show petrogenetic and biogenic inputs at sampling stations that petrogenetic contamination is prevalent in the region.

Air pollution as one of the important environmental factors in anthracosis and worrying news about air quality index especially in metropolises on the other hand has caused this issue as a serious problem in Iran and some parts of the world. Air pollution in metropolitan areas has become one of the most important challenges of the day. One of the new concerns is the news that the people of Tehran are suffering from a rare respiratory disease. In a city where there is not even a single coal mine, Tehran citizens have been reported to have anthracosis, which is common only among coal miners. Anthracosis is a pulmonary disease caused by the deposition of black pigment that resembles tattoo stains on the bronchial mucosal surface and is often diagnosed by bronchoscopy. In fact, when diagnosed with a bronchoscope inside the lungs and the airways that are filled with black grains and particles, the disease is diagnosed and is therefore a dangerous condition that can damage the lung tissue. Anthracosis can remain asymptomatic for many years and is safe in the early stages, but if it does have symptoms, it often manifests itself as shortness of breath. After diagnosis, doctors may be able to alleviate or reduce some of the complications of the disease, but there is no definitive cure and the smokes that become black remain black. Therefore, it is necessary to consider this disease in order to take measures to diagnose, prevent and control it. Therefore, this report will attempt to elaborate on the causes and causes of anthracosis in Iran and elsewhere in the world.

Malachite green is used as a fungicide, bactericide and parasitic ide in the aquaculture industry, which is influenced on the environment as a pollutant .In this study, the using nano-photocatalysts TiO2@SBA-15 and TiO2 they were developed for efficient photodegradation of malachite green. This Absorbents is Eco-friendly And the have high performance in between of the nano-adsorbents. The used nano-photocatalysts was evaluated by the decomposition of malachite green as a model organic pollutant under UV light irradiation. Effects of various process parameters including adsorbent dosage (40, 100, 200, 400), contact time (240 min), initial pH (4, 7, 10) of the solution and initial Malachite green concentration (10, 20, 30) were investigated under batch adsorption system. The results showed that the optimal conditions of removal percentage of TiO2@SBA-15 (98%) accrued at initial concentration of 10 mg/l, adsorbent dosage of 200 mg/l and solution pH of 10. the TiO2@SBA-15 nanoparticles removal rate of 98% in 90 minutes performed better than the TiO2 nanoparticles removal rate of 60% in 240 minutes.

Malachite green is used as a fungicide, bactericide and parasitic ide in the aquaculture industry, which is influenced on the environment as a pollutant. So, removal of this compounds before discharging to the water resources is very important. In this study, adsorption of Malachite green as a cationic dye onto SBA-15 was studied. SBA- was synthesized using Zhao method and then characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Effects of various process parameters including adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial pH of the adsorb and initial Malachite green adsorb were investigated under batch adsorption system. Results showed that maximum adsorption Capacity of SBA-15 (90.06 mg/g) accrued at initial concentration of 10 mg/l, adsorbent dosage of 200 mg/l, and solution pH of 10. In addition Malachite green removal percentage under this condition was 98%.

Given the importance of biological index in monitoring heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems, in this study, an alga was used as a bio-indicator for heavy metals (lead, zinc, chromium and cadmium) in Karoon River. For this purpose, samples were collected from the dominant alga (Chaetomorpha sp.) as well as from the water and sediments of 6 stations in Karoon River in the summer 2015. After acid digestion of the samples, heavy metal concentrations were measured using Flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the average concentration of lead, zinc, chromium and cadmium in water were 2.50, 7.04, 4.32 and 0.28 ppm, in sediments were 26.11, 72.36, 53.14 and 3.68 ppm, and in the tissues of algae were 20.59, 58.08, 37.36 and 1.27 ppm. A significant positive correlation between the concentrations of metals in the sediments of algae tissue showed that the alga (Chaetomorpha sp.) is a suitable bio-indicator for heavy metals in the Karoon River.

Lead (Pb) is an unnecessary element for human body, so existence of a very limited amount of this metal in the body causes very serious disease. One of the main ways that lead can enter to human body is the consumption of contaminated seafood which consequently cause lead accumulation in tissues. Hence, in this study, the human health risk due to consumption of Barbus grypus in Arvand River, was investigated by measuring the concentration of lead in muscle samples. In this case, a total of 30 fresh fishes were collected from six station in Arvand River (located in Khuzestan province, Iran). Samples of tissue were digested with acid, thus concentration of lead was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Overall, the results indicated that lead level in the muscle of B. grypus was higher than standard level of international organization such as FAO, WHO, NHMRC, and UK (MAFF). Average lead concentration in the muscle of Barbus grypus was 4.82 μg/g wet weight (16.61 μg/g dry weight). According to calculation of lead concentration and determination of limit value of fish consumption, there is cautions about consumption of B.grypus particularly in pregnant women and children. Accordingly, taking the Arvand river fish species, two times a month is recommended. However, the consumption of the B.grypus cannot cause serious threat to the human, if fish consumption occurs on permitted dosage.

A. marina from aquatic plants is widely distributed throughout Bardestan estuary (Bushehr, Iran). This study examined the uptake of some metals by A. marina and their translocation from the roots to other parts of the plant. For this purpose, samples of sediment, and mangrove roots and leaves were taken from the Bardestan mangrove. Samples were dried in the laboratory and digested in concentrated acids and their metal content was measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The enrichment coefficients in leaves of A. marina were smaller than 1.0 for all the studied metals. Similarly, the enrichment coefficients of all the metals (Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd), in roots of A. marina were smaller than 1.0. This study demonstrated that A. marina behaves as an excluder plant and could be considered as either a bio-indicator or a bio-accumulator in sediments and waters polluted by heavy metals.

By increasingthe industrial activities during recent years and organic and inorganic pollutants including heavy metals to environment, especially in the aquatic ecosystems the problems that threaten human health are increasing. Aquatic plants that link of food chain have important role in the uptake of heavy metals. In this study, to determine the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn concentration) and role of mangrove (Avicennia marina) in the accumulation of elements, samples collected randomly from sediments and plant tissues in three stations in Bardestan. Then,Metals concentration was measured by atomic absorption after acid digestion. The ammount of cadmium, lead, copper, nickel and zinc in the sediments was 4.5, 11.55, 10.30, 81.45 and 41.48 µg/g, respectively. The amount of these elements in plant roots was 2.89, 9.38, 6.17, 5.32 and 23.33 and in the sheet being 2.26, 8.78, 4.42, 2.39 and 15.37 respectively. In general, the accumulation of metals in sediments and mangroves tissues showed that increasing the amount of these elements in sediments can also increased concentration of metals in plant tissues, so, A.marina can be an indicator for heavy metals. In addition, this plant can indicate the amount of metals bioavailability and environmental hazards.

Heavy metals have caused many environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems. These elements enter into the environment by natural factors، industrial activities، agriculture and urban sewages and can accumulate in aquatic organisms through the food chain. Mangroves as a food chain ring are able to adsorb heavy metals and can indicate elements concentrations in the ecosystem. In this study، to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cu، Pb، Ni، Cd) in sediments and mangroves in Imam Khomeini Port and to investigate the mobility of these metals based on enrichment factor، nine stations were selected and samples collected from mangrove’s leaves، roots، and sediments. The samples were digested in concentrated acid and metal concentrations were determined using atomic absorption. Results showed that metal concentrations in the roots of plants were more than in the leaves and there was a significant correlation between concentrations of metals in the sediment and plant roots. Therefore، mangrove roots can be a good biomonitor for polluted sediments with heavy metals. The average of enrichment coefficients in leaves and roots of mangroves for all metals was less than 1، that shows accumulation and availability are medium in this plant.

Background and Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals that is neurotoxic and can enter the human body mainly through consumption of contaminated seafood and get accumulated in tissues. In this study، the human health risk due to consumption of Mullet fish (Liza abu) in Karoon river، was investigated by measuring the concentration of mercury in muscle samples. A total of 30 fresh fish was collected from six stations in Karoon River (located in Khuzestan province، Iran). Concentration of mercury was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and cold vapor technique. The average concentration of mercury in muscle of Liza abu was 0. 26 μg/g of fresh weight (0. 75 μg/g dry weight) which was less than the allowable amount for human consumption determined by the international organizations such as USEPA، WHO، FAO and the FDA. HQ Index exceeded 1 (1. 11)، therefore، the consumption of the Liza abu is a threat to the consumers’ health and a consumption permitted rate of 27 g/day is recommended.

Clean-up of ecosystems from heavy metals are essential, because heavy metals are not biodegradable. This study was carried out to investigate the mangrove role in accumulation or sequestration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd and Zn) from their surrounding environment. For this purpose, samples of sediment and mangrove roots and leaves were taken from Mangrove habitats in Bandar Imam Khomeini during winter. Samples of plant tissue were digested in HNO3 and H2O2(5:1) and sediment samples were digested in HNO3 and HClO4 (4:1) and their metals content was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mean of copper concentrations in the sediment, root and leaf of different stations was 29.06, 11.3 and 6.36 μg/g, Pb: 23.68, 11.87 and 9.55 μg/g, Ni: 97.49, 7.35 and 5.01 μg/g, Cd: 5.62, 3.27 and 2.64 μg/g and Zn: 79.97, 32.07 and 18.86 respectively. Mean of heavy metals in area sediment were smaller than world sediment and crust. Also, calculation of marine pollution index was revealed that there are most of heavy metals in mangrove habitat 1.

Achillea biebersteinii is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant that belongs to Compositae family with useful properties, such as: anti-diaphoretic, antihemorrhagic, antiinflammation, antibiotic, antifungal and antioxidant effects. The objectives were; to determine the composition of essential oil components with the use of GC and GC/MS. Forty–two components were found and 98% of the identified oil constitunts categorized with above medicinal properties were; 1, 8 cineole (30.9%), cis-ascaridole (12.8%), alpha-terpinene (9.6%), alpha-terpineole(6.3%) and camphor (4.3%), with 37 minor extra components. Therefore, efforts have been directed to micro-propagation through in vitro culture with a view to producing secondary metabolites. So in this research, tissue culture has been optimized in four stages. At first seeds were sterilized then placed in different proportions of MS media. After 10 days the young seedlings emerged and after cutting their roots, were placed on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (2, 5, 10 mg/lit) in order to study its effects on Shoot induction. At 5 and 10 mg/lit both shoot and callus formed (with higher proportion at 5 mg/lit). At this stage, three characters of young seedlings have been analyzed: The number of leave/ the length of leave and the length of the tallest leave. In the third stage, young seedlings have been placed on MS media with no growth regulator. Then, the young seedlings were transferred to MS media supplemented with 2 mg/lit IBA. The best media for incubator use were MS media supplemented with 5 and 10 mg/lit of BAP.