mohammadali khanmohammadi

The Shamsiya Complex in Chaharmanar district of Yazd is a unique historical site with both physical remains and textual evidence from its era. Despite valuable research on the Muzaffarid period architecture of Yazd, particularly the Shamsiya school, there is still no clear consensus regarding the complex’s functional units and their interrelationships. The Waqfnama (endowment letter) of Jame’ al-Khairat, commissioned by the benefactors of this complex, provides valuable insights into Shamsiya, including its functional components. The authors believe that a re-examination of the Jame’ al-Khairat script can help resolve ambiguities surrounding the complex.This research aims to answer the following questions: (1) What were the primary and secondary functional units of this complex? (2) What can be inferred about the physical and functional relationships between these components based on the document?

Methodes:

The first step in identifying the functional units of the Shamsiya Complex involves compiling a list of functions from the Jame’ al-Khairat document. The second step entails a detailed analysis of the historical text to understand the examples and references to these functions. Four main purposes guide this analysis: (1) Recognizing correct textual references to Shamsiya; (2) Understanding physical and spatial separations; (3) Understanding functional and situational co-appearance; (4) Interpreting the reason for co-appearances. To achieve these four purposes, inferences are made from the text and then verified by cross-referencing with other sources. Single references, even if scattered, can provide valuable information about specific structures and their physical conditions, aiding in confirming or rejecting hypotheses.

At first, according to physical evidence (such as the presence of the marble sanctuary stone in Shamsiya) and verbal evidence (including the presence of “Sar-e Kooche Bahrok” in Chaharmanar district), it was confirmed that the remains of the building called “Seyyed Shamsuddin mausoleum” in Chaharmanar are indeed the Shamsiya complex mentioned in the Jame’ al-Khairat Waqfname.The entirety of the Shamsiya complex is referred to in the Jame’ al-Khairat by two names: “Abwab al-Khair” and “Beqa’e Khams” (Afshar I., 1975, 396-470). This complex comprises five main components: Madrasa, Beyt al-Adwiya, Dar al-Kotob, Dar al-Siyada, and Khanqah (Afshar I., 1975, 396). The “Beqa’e Khams” (five spots) mentioned in the text refers to these five main units. However, two of these five (Beyt al-Adwiya and Dar al-Kotob) are subsumed under the Madrasa (Afshar I., 1975, 396). For this reason, many parts of the Jame’ al-Khairat text mention only three of its units (Madrasa, Khanqah, and Dar al-Siyada) to refer to the entire complex.In cases where the components of this complex are mentioned separately, the co-occurrence of the Madrasa and Khanqah is consistently observed, while the Dar al-Siyada is often mentioned separately (Afshar I., 1975, 517-551). Additionally, the endowments for the Dar al-Siyada are cited separately from those of the other two main components in the Jame’ al-Khairat (Afshar I., 1975, 476).In technical terms, the costs of lighting the Khanqah and the Madrasa at night are stated together in the same account (Afshar I., 1975, 475), while the cost of lighting the Dar al-Siyada is stated separately (Afshar I., 1975, 479). Furthermore, while the doorman of the Madrasa and Dar al-Siyada is explicitly mentioned in the Waqfname (Afshar I., 1975, 474), no doorman is mentioned for the Khanqah. This suggests a high probability that the entrance door of the Khanqah shared the entrance door of one of the other two functional units.There is a discrepancy between the texts of “Tarikh-e Yazd” (History of Yazd) (Ja’fari J., 2007, 110-111) and “Tarikh-e Jadid-e Yazd” (The New History of Yazd) (Kateb A., 2007, 118) and the Jame’ al-Khairat regarding the number of Madrasas mentioned for Shamsiya. This discrepancy could be attributed to a possible change in the function of one of the buildings, such as the Dar al-Siyada, to a Madrasa in later eras.

In most cases where the phrase “Madrasa and Khanqah” on “Sar-e Kooche Bahrok” appears in the text, it should not be interpreted as encompassing the entire complex. Rather, this phrase typically refers only to the Madrasa and Khanqah, and their respective subsets, excluding other units such as the Dar al-Siyada. The function of the Dar al-Siyada has been clearly distinguished from the other main functions, both in terms of endowment and physical entity.The functions of the Khanqah and the school were likely intertwined physically, possibly sharing a single building. Alternatively, they may have been two separate but connected buildings, with the entrance to the Khanqah situated within the Madrasa. This would explain the absence of a designated doorman for the Khanqah. Furthermore, the presence of four narrow spaces around the dome space of the mausoleum supports the hypothesis of a unified Khanqah and Madrasa.

Problem statement: This study adopts the deep learning approach to examine how the physical environment affects learning. From a cognitive perspective, deep learning encompasses a wide range of learning-related issues—from thinking to action—and therefore plays a significant role among modern learning approaches. It has also contributed to the integration of diverse research in cognitive science and neuroscience on learning.

Aiming to connect the fields of cognitive science and learning space design, this study identifies the spatial components of the physical environment and analyzes how they influence deep learning. Accordingly, the research question is: What are the spatial components that influence deep learning, and how do they contribute to its enhancement?

First, to approach the subject of deep learning and extract the components related to the physical environment, an exploratory analysis of the literature and theoretical foundations was conducted. Then, a systematic review was employed to identify and categorize the spatial components of the physical environment. These findings were refined and completed using the snowball sampling method from selected studies.

The influence of spatial components on deep learning can be analyzed through types of student engagement and domains of mental functioning. This demonstrates both direct effects—via cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement processes—and indirect effects—via domains of mental functioning including perception, cognition, emotion, and action. Spatial components were also categorized into two dimensions: functional and physical. Functional components were more frequently addressed in previous studies due to their role in learning activities. The effects of these components were mainly discussed in relation to types of engagement, while physical components were considered more important in terms of their influence on domains of mental functioning.

In this article, Shamsiya of Yazd, a complex of the 8th century A.H, is examined through the lens of two historical texts "Tarikh-e Yazd" (by Ja’fari) and "Tarikh-e Jadid-e Yazd" (by Kateb) - both from the 9th century. The differences between these 2 descriptions and with the remains of the building, provides a framework for understanding this building and its perception in the past.

This article, using the historical-interpretive method, first deals with the identification of the Shamsiya complex in the Waqfname (endowment letter) of Jame’ Al-Khairat, and then compares the descriptions of Ja’fari and Kateb with each other and with the Waqfname and building itself. Secondly, it will list the differences among descriptions. Finally, considering social backgrounds and textual context, it will recognize the Shamsiya collection and the way it was looked upon.

The main difference between Jafari's text and Kateb's about Shamsiya is the type of reference to decorative details and water supply corridors. Also, while the texts of the 9th century mention two madrasas in this complex, only one madrasa is mentioned in Jame’ Al-Khairat. There are other minor differences between them also.

The key to understand the differences lies in two authors' different perspectives; While Ja'fari pays attention to the whole building and the surface water passages, Kateb weighs more to the decorative detail and underground water. Also, the difference between the social background of the 9th and the 8th century has caused the building of Dar al-Siyadeh to gradually become "Madrasa".

The importance of providing a healthy environment, which significantly impacts a patient’s health, renders indoor air quality (IAQ) a vital concern in medical settings. In particular, it is crucial to monitor and assess the air quality inside the building regularly. This study, conducted at Namazi Hospital, investigated parameters affecting air quality and measured them in the facility’s indoor air. In this research, the acceptable limit of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and PM2.5 and PM10 (particular matter) parameters were reviewed based on indoor air quality standards in medical environments. The measurements revealed that outdoor and indoor levels of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were below the acceptable limit set by international indoor air quality guidelines. Indoor levels of nitrogen dioxide were also below the acceptable limit, but outdoor levels exceeded it. Furthermore, indoor and outdoor levels of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the acceptable limit. The traffic issue on the access routes to this hospital has directly impacted the air quality. Altering the arrangement of indoor furniture, using air purifiers in conjunction with ventilation devices, and renovating, especially replacing old windows and modifying the heating system, can enhance the air quality. Implementing environmental feedback strategies can also contribute to this improvement.

A control room is a place where, as a center of operations in the petrochemical industry, production processes are monitored and controlled. Two main factors must be considered in the design of control rooms. The first factor is the protection of the control room building against possible hazards and the second factor is the location of the control room and the arrangement of the panels, to ensure the effective and ergonomic operation of the control room in normal and emergency conditions, which must be designed in such a way that the danger to the residents of the control room is acceptable and be suitable for the maintenance and protection of the unit (ASCE, 2010; Association, 2014). One of the regulations for the design of blast-resistant structures is the Swedish shelter regulations, which are derived from the examination of structures destroyed in the second world war (Ekengren and räddningsverk, 1994). The Swedish Shelter Regulations regulate the design of civil defense shelters in Sweden and include the requirements specified for these protection structures. Civilian defense shelters are designed not only to withstand the effects of conventional weapons, but also to withstand radioactive radiation, chemical and biological warfare, and gases explosion. By considering these requirements, shelters should be designed with minimal risk of death or injury to those in need of shelter, and be able to withstand the effects of the shockwave generated by a 250-kg bomb at a distance of 10 meters. Also, the requirements of proper design and retrofitting of existing structures against explosion can significantly reduce costs. In view of the above, the analysis and design of refinery structures against explosion loads and the strengthening of their members has great importance. Long-distance explosions and loading of structural elements also include phenomena that are not yet well understood. In order to increase knowledge in this field, a numerical study is currently presented. For this purpose, in this study, four types of concrete columns and four models of exterior wall for the control room were designed according to Swedish regulations to withstand the pressure of an explosion of a 250kg TNT at a distance of 10 meters and then against explosions of 6000, 4000 and 8000 kilograms at a safety distance of 40 meters is evaluated by the Eulerian-Lagrangian coupling method in Autodyn software. Response limit-state are selected according to the ASCE standard (ASCE, 2010).

Daylight has a positive effect on people's health, employee productivity and property value. However, with the growth of high-rise buildings in populated cities, access to natural light for the lower floors are challenging. Atrium is one of the strategies for bringing daylight to these floors. Atrium’s daylight performance can be evaluated before construction thanks to computer simulations. Until now, daylight simulation has been limited to one cloudy sky condition. With the help of new methods of computer simulation of daylight, it is possible to study the effects of sun angles and sky conditions throughout the entire hours of a year. This development has made it possible to apply the direct sunlight component to the simulation and study its impacts of architectural features that are related to it. This study focuses on the effect of the angle of inclination of the inner walls of the atrium on the daylight performance of adjacent rooms.

 Different angles of the atrium in the north and south direction have been studied by the method of "Climate-based daylight modeling" for the city of Tehran. (sDA), (ASE) and (UDI) are daylight metrics which have been used in computer simulations.

The inclination of the inner walls of the atrium at an angle of 20 degrees to the south improves all three criteria mentioned in the lower floors of it. However, the inclination of the atrium walls to the north, not only reduces the daylight in the lower parts, but also increases the glare in the upper floors.

Although the effect of inclination angle on daylight performance of atrium is not as prominent as other factors, the designer can maximize this effect in the early stages of design, with the correct arrangement and prioritization of spaces to benefit from daylight.

Problem statement: 

Although the unwillingness of students to use academic libraries may have such reasons as the interference of class times with the working hours of libraries, the spread of electronic resources, and easy access to them through applications that can be installed on cell phones and computers, the architectural design criteria in academic library spaces can also affect in the lack of presence of users.

The present research aimed to identify criteria that lead to the maximum attraction of users and increase their presence in academic libraries while improving the quality of the architectural space of academic libraries.

Using a qualitative approach, this research was done by the grounded theory method. The data obtained from semi-structured interviews with 14 users of 5 academic libraries in Tehran were coded in the three phases of open, axial, and selective coding. 33 propositions were obtained as open codes. Axial codes were extracted from 20 main categories and finally, 5 cores were recognized as the selective codes.

Providing spaces for leisure time and relaxation, views of vegetation, diverse visual views, the possibility of group discussion, the environmental comfort in the study halls, considerations related to the privacy of visual connection between the women's spaces and other library spaces, spatial organization, functional quality of furniture and shelves (suitable furniture for long-term sitting and observation of ergonomics), and management and planning for human resources were determined as factors affecting the desirability of academic libraries.

Some tourists etch their names on the walls of historical buildings as a permanent mark without any significance. Sociologists refer to these individuals as vandals. This study discusses this topic from the perspective of environmental psychology and assumes that these scribbled written words are one of the signs of attachment to a place. Therefore, the research aims at examining the reasons why such behaviors occur to take a step towards controlling, reducing, and preventing destruction by tourists by writing or inscribing words. For this purpose, this research attempted to answer two questions: What motivates some tourists to leave written words on historical sites and monuments (such as the Si-o-se-pol bridge)? Which vandalistic motivations or sense of attachment to the place dominates this bridge? To analyze the data, the written words were categorized into groups (A.B.C.D), and a visible sense of attachment was observed in all of these groups. Qualitative content analysis was used to uncover hidden meanings. After studying the remaining written words on the bridge walls, semi-structured interviews (open-response) were carried out with vandal tourists. The results indicate that the written words are driven by a sense of attachment to the place. According to theoretical definitions, this type of behavior, recording memories with a name and date, reflects the feelings of people who have visited the place repeatedly.

War has significant negative impacts not only on human societies but also on the environment. In Syria, the residential sector has been heavily affected by extensive destruction, which needs to be prioritized in reconstruction strategies and plans in order to provide necessary housing for displaced individuals. This research aims to propose sustainable housing reconstruction strategies after war in Syria. Studies conducted on the literature and case studies from war-torn countries show that reconstruction can be an opportunity for achieving sustainable development, as long as it is considered within long-term development plans. This article focuses on finding new perspectives and solutions for the sustainable reconstruction of partially destroyed residential units after war. To achieve this goal, we first define the concept of reconstruction and its approaches, then examine the indigenous housing architecture of Damascus and study global experiences in post-war reconstructions in different countries. Considering the conditions of each country and assessing the post-war situation in Syria, particularly in the city of Damascus, an appropriate strategy for reconstruction can be chosen.To achieve this goal, a residential complex that has been affected by war in Syria was selected and examined. In this regard, fieldwork and questionnaires were conducted to identify the key components in sustainable housing reconstruction projects after war, in line with the research framework. By using the questionnaire, the opinions of experts on the most influential components in such projects were obtained. The results of the questionnaire show that these components are more important in environmental dimensions and subsequently in social dimensions, but less important in economic dimensions. Ultimately, the components of environmental sustainability and social sustainability are prioritized.

Efficiency and effectiveness are two very influential concepts and ideas in evaluating the performance of any organization to achieve aims with the least number of resources. Among the factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of human resources are the components and elements based on the architecture of the work environment. The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods that was done in several stages. After reviewing the comparative studies, the indicators and primary components of the model have been extracted. In the next step, the indicators and components were identified and determined through interviews with experts. Then, a quantitative questionnaire was compiled and distributed among experts to validate the research model. Then the obtained data has been subjected to statistical analysis. The statistical population of the research is the experts of advanced science and technology centers, specifically Iran Space town. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview and a quantitative questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was also checked using Cronbach's alpha test, and the results show that the alpha coefficient is higher than the standard value of 0.7, so the questionnaire has adequate reliability. Data analysis was done using SPSS20 software and structural equation method with SMARTPLS software. The results show that physical and environmental factors and components affect the efficiency of researchers. Finally, 15 components were identified as physical components affecting the efficiency of researcher, also 9 factors were identified as environmental components affecting the efficiency of researchers in Iran's space town.

Understanding the new opportunities and challenges in architecture and urban planning requires a holistic view of the scientific productions of this field. Evaluating scientific productions in neuro-architecture, which is one of the emerging interdisciplinary topics, has not been done so far. Accomplishing review research can help to achieve the mentioned ideal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Iranian scientific productions in the neuro-architecture field based on a literature review.

The type of study is applied research based on scoping review, and descriptive analysis carried out with content analysis method and scientometrics approach. The research was performed by reviewing articles by Iranian researchers from 2003 to 2020. The search was completed in the 12th month of 2020 in scientific sources. The selection of articles was based on the PRISMA model, and finally, 27 articles were selected from among 480 studies, including 16 articles in the Persian language and 11 articles in the English language. In data analysis, descriptive and content analysis methods were used. Excel and UCINET software were used as tools.

The initial impression is that the number of articles in the neuro-architecture field has increased considerably from 2003 to 2020. The first study in neuro-architecture was published in 2012. The most considerable number of articles is 15, published in 2020. The evaluations showed that 37% of articles were written with quantitative research methods, 37% with qualitative research methods, and 26% with mixed research methods. "Iran University of Science and Technology", and "Shahid Rajaee teacher training University" have the most article production in neuro-architecture. The journals: "Soffeh" and "Urban Management" with 6 papers had the most remarkable number of articles in this field. Studies show that articles’ content can be categorized into four groups: "Aesthetic and Visual preference, Environmental Health and Well-being, Wayfinding and Navigation, and Phenomenology and Sensual perception". The topic of "Environmental Health and Well-being" with 10 articles has the most significant numbers and the topic of "Wayfinding and Navigation" with 5 articles has the fewest ones. Drawing the co-occurrence keywords network showed that 5 keywords with at least 3 repetitions had the highest number of repetitions among the keywords. These keywords included: "Aesthetical preference, Electroencephalography (EEG), Sensory perception, Facade design, and Cognitive features". Among buildings, façades with 29%, and educational and cultural buildings with 4% have the highest and the lowest amount of study, respectively. "Questionnaires and interviews" were the most crucial research tools with 29%, and "Sketch" was the least frequent tool in extracting data from articles with 3%.

The investigation of the findings shows that the research about neuro-architecture has been introduced in Iran with a decade delay compared to the rest of the world. One of the substantial reasons for this time gap is the lack of scientific and, laboratory equipment related to neurological research in Iran, which has been provided in recent years with the establishment of the National Brain Mapping Laboratory and similar research centers. As mentioned, the topic of "Environmental health and Well-being" has the most extensive number of articles in the scientific productions of neuro-architecture in Iran. It seems that the World Health Organization's emphasis on mental and environmental health in 2016 affected the increase in the number of studies in this field. The three keywords "Color and Light, Aesthetic preferences, and Façade design" have the most co-occurrence with each other and other keywords. Based on this, most of the studies performed in the field of aesthetics have examined the effect of color and lighting on viewer preference, which is often evaluated on the façade. In general, the approach to Iranian scientific productions has changed from a descriptive approach to an experimental approach, and brain mapping studies are expected to increase in the future.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a significant concern that affects comfort and health. It is well understood that hospitals are thermal environments in which comfort must be calibrated. This comparative study examined existing international standards of IAQ in Iranian health care facilities. A systematic review of studies on IAQ standards was conducted to test the hypothesis regarding which parameters, and at what level, can have an impact on hospital IAQ: EPA, ASHRAE, LEED, BREEAM, NIOSH, OSHA, WHO, ACGIH, Canadian, and OEL. The inclusion criteria were met by 34 of the 1886 studies that were screened from 2010-2021. The findings of the selected studies were classified into four categories for analysis: monitoring of IAQ according to standards (n=34), IAQ in healthcare facilities (n=1), impact of air pollution on human health (n=9), and interventions to improve IAQ (n=1). Based on these IAQ standards, the acceptable limit for CO2 6300 *10³ µg/m³, for CO 9000 µg/m³, for Formaldehyde 19 µg/m³, for NO2 37 µg/m³, for O3 98 µg/m³, for PM2.5 0.1 µg/m³, for PM10 10 µg/m, and for SO2 31 µg/m³ was suggested. The majority of studies conducted monitoring of pollutants in indoor environments used for homes and schools, with the majority of them relying on WHO IAQ standards. CO, PM, and NO2 concentrations have been the most studied and have the longest track record of research. The acceptable limit for IAQ parameters was proposed.

In recent years, the study of apartment buildings is important because of their growth in Iran. This issue has been neglected in contemporary architecture and landscape research. Previous studies show that one of the factors affecting the mood of apartment dwellers is aesthetic criteria. The purpose of this study is to redefine the aesthetic criteria in evaluating the residential facade of Tehran to improve the quality of experience of residents. To this end, in the first step, the aesthetics criteria of the facade were extracted from the literature on neuro-architectural research. In the second step, according to the mentioned criteria, the residents of the apartments were interviewed. This research is an applied study and its method is qualitative. Sixteen articles were content analyzed in a systematic review. Eleven physical criteria and 8 semantic criteria for the aesthetic of residential facades were extracted. Classification between criteria was done through open-ended interviews with 14 apartment residents in Tehran. Findings showed that among the physical and semantical criteria of the facade, “vegetation”, “color and materials”, and “surface of the openings” have a positive impact on the perception of the aesthetics of the facade. The results show that the residential facades of Tehran are at a low level in terms of semantic and symbolic aesthetic. At the same time, these facades are not acceptable in terms of emotional aesthetic and are only visually enhanced.

The purpose of this study was modeling the effect of “realization of the educational content of the interior architecture workshop courses based on pedagogical standards” through the mediating variables “student monitoring and guidance”, “ability to practice and repetition”, “evaluation”, and “appropriate with the student’s abilities” on “creating the learning opportunities and experiences”. It was descriptive research with correlational design of modeling the casual relationships’ type. The research population consisted of students of interior architecture throughout the country who taught the workshop coursers of this field in at least one of the tenth, eleventh or twelfth grades at the academic year of 2020-2021. From this population, 326 persons were selected as the research sample through the cluster sampling method. In this study a researcher-made questionnaire was used as the research instrument. The proposed model was evaluated using path analysis. Finding showed that the proposed model has an acceptable fitness to the data (RMSA=0/058, GFI=0/998, IFI=0/999, x2=2/09, P-value<0/05), and all the direct paths are significant (p<0/05). Also, all the indirect paths of realizing the educational content, based on the pedagogical standards through the mediating variables “appropriateness to the student's abilities”, “evaluation”, “ability to practice and repetition”, and “student monitoring and guidance” on learning opportunities and experiences were significant. The results of this research indicate that the proposed model can be used as a suitable model for designing a computer simulation environment for the workshop courses in the field of interior architecture.

Nowadays, population growth in big cities and the High price of urban land have led to the construction of multi-story buildings. An important issue of architectural design in these buildings is to provide adequate daylight for all spaces. Light-well is a solution that is widely used in these buildings but due to the land constraints, they usually lack proper daylight performance especially in high latitudes. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different light-well form (vertical and horizontal section shape) with the constant area on all floors on its daylight performance. The selected case study is Urmia located at latitude 37.5. The model is a building with a 4-story light-well in Urmia. The alternatives were evaluated using grasshopper/rhino for parametric simulation, ladybug for inputting time zones and delivering sun position coordinates, and honeybee for analyzing daylight. In this study, the effect of light well form on its performance was investigated using the Useful Daylight Illuminance index. The results show that east-west rectangular light-wells perform the best among vertical light-wells. In all cases, light-wells with sloping walls improve daylight performance, and light-wells with inclined walls to the south reduce lighting efficiency. The light-well form does not significantly change the daylight performance in the upper floors, but it is significantly more effective in the lower floors. As a result, the east-west orientation for the horizontal section and the upward opening vertical section improve daylight performance and increase Useful Daylight Illuminance by 15-20%.

Implementing appropriate design approaches for reaching the goals of sustainable architecture, establishing a residential complex relying on clean energies and considering the climatic characteristics and utilizing different technologies are among the most important needs of the country based on the outlook documents for the next ten years of architecture. Localization or adjusting measuring approaches and then realizing global sustainable architectural standards are of utmost importance in this regard. Therefore, this study has adopted the LEED method for realizing the standards. In measuring the LEED indicators, the most important one is the regional scores indicator which must be extracted and introduced in the process of assessing the regional sustainability priorities. There was no such assessment in District 22, Tehran. Therefore, the main objective of the current study is to achieve the ranking of strategic priorities responsive to the climatic conditions of Tehran so that it can be used as a reference for measuring the success of sustainability projects and similar designs. So, by assessing and investigating the regions which have such scores, including some instances in south California, projects in India, Arizona, and a lot of other regions it was concluded that the regional priority credits are determined based on their sub measures. Accordingly, 50 questionnaires were distributed as a survey among architectural and civil engineers in graduate and doctoral programs. After gathering the questionnaires, using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software application, the credits with the highest frequency percentage were selected as the regional priorities. These priorities were (1) reducing water consumption, (2) renewable energies on site, (3) optimizing energy consumption, (4) optimizing water consumption, (5) waste management, and (6) green energies.

Social sustainability and social capital are phenomena that arise in the relationships between human beings. The basis of these social relationships is the physical environment. The presence of a person in a place and meanings that is a place especially in the mind gives rise to place attachment. The present research seeks to answer the question of how the openness of college community can be and how it will affect the degree of social capital formation among users of these spaces. In this regard, the role of the attachment variable to the place as a side variable (mediator) that affects the relation of social and social capital and is influenced by the amount of sociality of the space has been studied. The method of doing this quantitative research and information-gathering tool is questionnaire. In addition, students at Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan were selected as the statistical population. For analyzing the collected data, a Structural Equation Modeling Model (SEM) questionnaire was used. The results of the analyzes indicate a direct and powerful direct effect of the societal variable on social capital that acts as a factor in social sustainability. It has also been proven that socialization has a direct and strong impact on place attachment. Finally, the results of the last survey showed that place attachment directly and strongly affects social capital.

It is generally well-known and understood that daylight and view help to create healthy, comfortable, and productive work environments for building occupants. Human can obtain many benefits associated with daylight and view, which are one of the most important reasons to provide sufficient amount of daylight and view in buildings. The perceived value of views through daylight openings such as windows has persisted throughout time. Windows have great perceived and observable commercial value in buildings. Nevertheless, providing daylight and view in buildings should be done in a way that is acceptable to the occupants, so that a balance between energy savings and thermal/visual comfort can be achieved. There is still risk of having low level of comfort perceived by the occupants, particularly in the form of discomfort glare, which can significantly reduce energy savings. Discomfort glare occurs when the eyes have adjusted to a certain general level of brightness, and some annoying, distracting, or blinding light appears within the visual field. Glare can be described in one of three main ways: according to the process that created the glare, according to an individual's perceived degree of glare intensity, and according to the results of the glare. Although the topic of discomfort glare is an important issue in daylight buildings; however, a consensus on the glare indices and their criteria is hard to achieve, since any measured objective values must show a significant correlation with perception of the space occupants. Applicability of the criteria for each glare indices is yet to be determined, considering various demographic and cultural differences and preferences. Many researches are done in laboratory conditions or controlled environments and have not been repeated in field studies. Glare is a subjective phenomenon and many factors can affect its perception. Occupant-based factors can influence individuals’ glare perception. There is little consensus between different studies in varied space types and climates. This research aims to determine the appropriate criteria for discomfort glare in Iran, using high dynamic range (HDR) imaging technique and post-occupancy evaluation. The objectives are to find correlations between various physical variables and glare indices and to obtain the comfort criteria for day-lighting glare in Iran. This paper provides recommendations to determine discomfort glare in daylight space based on high dynamic range image and questionnaire in Iran and compares five different glare indices. Many existing glare indices including DGP (Daylight Glare Probability), DGI (Daylight Glare Index), UGR (Unified Glare Rating), VCP (Visual Comfort Probability), and CGI (CIE Glare Index) focus on evaluating perceived degree of glare intensity. For assessing these indices, a questionnaire was developed and by reviewing the HDR results and the questionnaire, it was determined which criteria is more applicable under different circumstances. It is found that DGP yields the most plausible results. UGR has the highest rate for assessing perceptible glare, DGI has acceptable accuracy for assessing imperceptible glare and the best performance of CGI is in intolerable glare scenes. VCP has the least degree of accuracy in each stage. Thus, VCP is not suitable for use in calculations of daylight glare.

The use of building regulations in architectural design has been a controversial issue for a long time. From the view point of critics, building regulations inhibit innovation, promote conservative design and are incapable of insuring design quality. From the defenders point of view, some professional mentalities of architects regarding building regulations are problematical and must be changed. The present research aims to illuminate the reasons for the abovementioned tension between architectural design and building regulations. This is done by examining the structural match between architectural design and building regulations. Seeing from a designer point of view, the paper compares formal characteristics of building regulations with architectural design. Three general characteristics of building regulations are found in contrast to characteristics of architectural design. Building regulations are analytical in nature, while architectural design is a synthesis-oriented act. Building regulations are mainly based on a reductionist approach towards defining design problems and solutions, while innovation and originality are considered as fundamental values by most architects. And thirdly, building regulations are usually framed in a way that matches an evaluative mode of thought, while architects often have to work in a generative and predictive mode. These explain why architects from time to time feel frustrated with regulations. The paper continues to make recommendations to both architectural designers and regulators. To the designers some facts and points are stated to help them better understand the nature and performance of building regulations and guide them safely and positively use regulations in their design process. Addressing the legislators, the paper offers some recommendations to facilitate the use of building regulations in architectural design. Moving towards performance-based regulations, a broader involvement of information technology in building regulations, and production of designer-oriented guidance documents are some of these recommendations.

Home as a dwelling of family is highly effective on the behavior and family members’ relationship with together. In this case, designing the home’s interior space interactions, on the basis of separated private, semi-private and non-private space zones that is called “Home Space Design”, can highly affect the relationship between family members. Home space design model has faced a rapid change through the period of modern evolution. The changing culture of this design model is noticed through the current changes of relations between family members in comparison with the past. This case has been highly effective on home design and its education. Understanding home space design according to family members’ relationship parameters in Islam is so important that can affect the improvement of content in student’s design. Undergraduate students are usually facing with a conflict in spatial relations of today’s residential space design and the previous one, and therefore, offer their design ideas on the grounds of personal creativity and aesthetic cognition of their design tutors. This turns the design process into an independent, individually oriented process. This study aims to present a model for teaching residential design, and to create relationship between content and design based on this model, with regards to the differentiations of private, semi-private and non-private space zones in residential interior spaces (Home Space Design Model), and this will be carried out on the basis of family relations in Islam. This model can connect the content of family relationship in Islam with home interior space design. To achieve the study’s aim, environmental behavior study (EBS) of Amos Rapoport was adapted with family relations from Islamic viewpoint. Although Islamic viewpoint is basis of this study for presented home space design, however, use of environmental behavior study (EBS) of Amos Rapoport created possibility for adapting this model for a different cultures. Environmental behavior study of Amos Rapoport has noticed the importance of cultural differences for designing and content of it. In this paper, a suggested model was designed with regards to the Islamic content in the boundaries of Islamic-Iranian concept according to Rapoport’s model. The research results were then confirmed by residential design experts, through interviews and questionnaires, and by use of Delphi Method. In the next step, proficiency examination of this model, introduced as an educational tool for home space design model, in the first design studio, was carried out for two undergraduate student groups of analysis and control. Finally, the selected static samples of both groups were examined and confirmed by five residential design experts to validate this analysis. Results show that the analysis group designed their home space system with regard to Islamic thought about family relationship by high percentage, whereas no much difference is noticed in creativity and aesthetic aspects of both examined groups. This shows that although aesthetic aspect of a residence is not independent from its home space design model, the realization of a fine comprehensive design education is achievable through a detailed compliance with the suggested model’s priorities.

Nowadays the population growth and immigration caused expansion of cities a great concern in many ways, such asconstruction of new cities, vertical expansion of cities and residential complexes and rapid growth of apartments in largescales. The house which is the main part of the city once was a fusion of diverse spaces with quality and functionalitysuch as room, yard, Ivan, porch or terrace which could respond the functional and psychological needs of humans andthe architectural richness and improving the quality of life. For example indeed the residents integrated themselvesinto the space through making physical or visual connection between Ivan and yard and this will improve the quality oflife. Nowadays, due to removal of the yard and Ivan in apartment designs and its replacement with improper terraces(balcony), the efficiency of housing quality has decreased, and because this sort of imported housing is not in harmonywith its unique residents in many aspects such as privacy and possessing good perspective, therefore, the residentsliterally do not reside in them but accustomed to this type of living. In order to make living in the apartments harmoniousand compatible with that traditional and independent housing and also reduce its unfavorable agents, this study aimsto explore the role of frontal Ivan of the traditional and vernacular architecture and its revival in terrace format intoday’s apartment as a potential possibility of today’s life. This qualitative-interpretative investigation used the correlationmethod and used questionnaires, interviews and case studies to gather the data. The main question of this study isas follows: How we can make terrace as a living space, efficient, multi-functional and qualitative with correct location,optimum size and design principles? And what are the new solutions for adapting to unfavorable agents of terrace andholistic integration in one alternative for designing of terrace? The Results of analyzing 100 questionnaires and surveyof 400 terraces in three to five story apartments in Tehran are presented as the findings about determining of theappropriate and effective factors, the logic of establishment and effective principles of quality of which are the followings:designing overall windows between terrace and living room with zero O.K.B in order to reconciliation these two spacesin particular cases for enhancing living space and improvisation external windows for terrace in order to completethe above notion and also active using of it in cold days. Considering at least 2.5 meters depth for terrace in order tocreate a multifunctional place as a place for living, sleeping, dining, kids’ game and the possibility of planting flowersaiming at promoting the internal view and perspective, and also a connection with nature, empowering connection withgreen environment and the obviation of deprivation issue; that is a place capable of reviving Ivan and yard in smallerscales and new format. For ordering spare utensils and foodstuff, a cupboard should be installed in order to avoid visualdisarray of the building’s appearance as well as avoiding these appliances to get dirty.... Keywords: Apartments, Ivan, Housing Quality, Multi-Functional, Terrace

This Research is looking for how family relationship can be influence on relationship between public¡ semi-public and private zone in home. And it follows that matching this Islamic space organization with current theories about this relationship between spaces. Because most of educational system of architectural design in our country influenced by current theories in world¡ the main goal of this essay is A comparative study of two of the most important theories with Islamic thought for recognition the level of compliance with our religious culture and consequently enhance home design and teach it. To answer the above problem¡ family relationship described in the literature review and effective space organization on it is set with L ogical Reasoning method¡ and then with Home design experts question credibility findings of the review of argument has been made. Research method of this essay is Logical Reasoning¡ descriptive - analytical study to refer to the documentation. With EBS Tactic Christopher Alexander and John Lang Approaches has been studied and the Priority of Space Relationship has been deducted and then a comparative study with Islamic thought has been done. This article provided the profile of home design according to family relationship in Islam. This profile displays principle architectural design in relationship between public¡ semi-public and private zone in home with using physical component: Privacy intuitive¡ visual relationship¡ access and hierarchy. Comparative studies show obvious differences in Islamic space organization and current famous world theories. Although Lang and Alexander theories are different (because different worldview of them)¡ the most differences of Lang theory with Islam are in semi-public and private zone. And the most differences of Alexander theory with Islam are in public and private zone. The most of these differences based on different Family values and cultural purposes that notice in Islam. Achieve to family relationship requires to change the home space organization and to change in lifestyle that can be follow cultural values notice in Islam in our society.

In this paper, the purpose is finding a way to convert a solid wall without window to the passive thermal energy source. So the discussion is about the optimization of parts of buildings, especially solid walls without windows that are in front of sunshine and their neighborhoods to get more energies. With construction technologies, any part of buildings like walls, floors, roofs and etc. can be used as a passive energy sources, so heating and cooling equipment in building can be used less. One of the most important sun energy collectors are windows in southwest, south and southeast directions passively. If a building does not have a window in sunshine directions, some parts of heating energies are missed. It is important in winter that sun radiations are big source of energy for heating the places. Purpose is enhancement of heating quality in fronts, that don’t have windows. This passive system can adopt in all climates with cold winter or where that people use heating equipment at some times. First, paper explains about direct and indirect gains and trombe walls, and then finds the concept of heating passive systems. Obviously, the all of passive systems have some deficiencies, for example direct gains limit the use of any kind of carpets inside the place and some times, more heating radiations make place hotter than comfort zone. Trombe walls sit in south directions (rotated 15 degrees to the east or west) where windows should be there and reduce saving the sun radiation. So in design of passive systems, this is important to find advantages and use of them in the best way that it is possible. Thermal energy of water trombe walls waste after the water temperature achieves to 74°C and other hand, control of temperature of pipes to gain the pleasant heating is hard too. Management of surplus thermal energy of water trombe wall and flow it in copper pipes, insert the thermal energy to the stone wall. Combining of water trombe wall and thermal mass of stone wall were created an expansible trombe wall through extending the heat in stone wall with hot water pipes. Thermal mass of stone wall can radiate the thermal energy to the inside of place during the night. A model with appropriate scale is the best way to simulate the operation of passive system that is designed, so it shows that this passive system works or not. Model of system built from five copper pipes that put in a wire box, and then filled with sands and pebbles. The hot water with 74°C temperature is poured in the copper pipes and was kept in them for 2 hours. As a result, combining the heating of trombe wall and stone wall help to save surplus heating energy of trombe wall in stone wall for night and improve the thermal efficiency and remove the deficiencies of trombe wall and minimize the waste of thermal energy and enhance stone walls from a buffer to suitable sources of thermal energy.

Qualitative environmental factors have an enormous impact on performance of the main users of educational spaces، i. e. students. Given the important impact of lighting on visual activities and also non-visual factors، such as performance of the students، mood، synchronization of the biological clock in educational environments، the level of appropriate lighting must be provided. In this field، one of the most effective qualitative environmental factors is appropriate utilization of daylight in designing educational classes. Besides improvement of student''s performance، appropriate daylight affects the health of students and leads to saving energy consumption. In the case study of this paper، the results of the objective observations and questionnaire obtained from 82 students، show that students in appropriate day-lighted classes and ateliers have more satisfaction and better performance. Also these students have more tendency to have daylight in their classrooms than artificial lighting. In this paper، the effective factors of utilization appropriate daylight in educational classes were evaluated in a case study، i. e. architecture school of Iran University of Science and Technology that is similar to other universities in terms of design principles. This evaluation is useful for physical modification of similar constructed samples and better designing of new buildings. One part of this research was related to determining the characteristics of appropriate daylight in educational spaces. In this field، required data were collected from credible sources and standards. In this context the most important indexes are daylight factor (the ratio of indoor illuminance and outdoor illuminance، which can be measured for a specific point or for an average of a space) and illuminance (in Lux and FC units). In next step، specifications of building of the case study of this research (locations and sizes of classes and ateliers and their windows and skylights)، have been identified. These spaces are simulated in lighting simulation and calculation software (DIALUX) in the next step. In this simulation، location، orientation and sizes of classes and their windows and skylights، as well as joinery and glass materials of these spaces، the geographic information (latitude and longitude) and the status of air pollution of case study location (Tehran) are considered. The results of simulation and calculation of software (DIALUX) are compared with standard characteristics of daylight in educational spaces. Finally، the factors affecting the optimal daylight on these spaces are evaluated. The results indicated very low use of artificial light is correlated with greater satisfaction and better student performance in classrooms and more natural lighting; moreover، more students tend to have natural light in the classroom and atelier. Research results show that the main problem of day-lighting in this case study is low area of windows facing north which is equal to windows area facing south. The dark colored ceiling in some classes and ateliers، crossing utilities channel from unsuitable places (over windows) and incorrect location of some classes (underground floors) are other problem of day-lighting in this case study. Also utilization of skylights is very effective on improving the quality of daylight in some ateliers. In this paper، the amount of effectiveness of each desirable/ undesirable expressed factors is presented.

In this paper, a new solution for improving of cooling and ventilation function of some parts of exterior wall of buildings, like sunshades is provided with architectural passive design. In summer, Risen hot air is an important specification to enhance radiation heating, which the common passive solution for its removing is using chimney effect to conduct heat air to the out. Another way is using some windows or any kinds of under roof opening that can transfer risen hot air to out. Commonly, the old ways were associated with energy losing system. So they were in contrast with sustainable architecture and energy saving theories. In the other hand, in some regions, possibility of air leaking and removing hot air is minimum because of unfavorable prevailing winds and high relative humidity. So it is important to design a passive system which cools and ventilates the interior space without air leaking and energy losing. First step of designing this system is studying about North Arasbarans Specifications such as winds, vegetation and others, like cooling function with radiation-cooling and radiation-heating specification of different part of exterior walls especially eaves, sunshades and overhangs. In designed passive energy system, best application provided with converting solid volume of eaves from masonry to hollow one, located a central horizontal wall with a water pond on it, use the radiation specification of environment and make vegetation on it, while produce cooling and ventilation without any kind of active energies and made a passive cycle in sustainable buildings. In this research, first step is studying about some specifications such as winds and finding the unfavorable factors of them that effect on architectural design of buildings in North Arasbaran. Second step is making the green channels that can conduct the wind in suitable direction for cooling and ventilation uses. Direction of green channel should be in harmony with prevailing wind. Role of Angels of meshes of green channel is trapping the wind in green channel that plants on meshes enhance its potential. Deflection of angles of green channel increase the speed of wind in it and improve its efficiency. Rain water is used in designed system while two reciprocating pipes circulate water in system and send it back to source tank. Some drains on roof collect wasted waters and conduct them to the tank. Main parts of designed system are two ponds on sunshade that one of them is made of copper and another one from glass. Rain water conducts to glass pond and cool around of sunshade with passing wind. Copper pond radiates the cooling produced in glass pond to interior spaces with combining the physical and environmental capabilities and specifications of water, wind, plants and building parts and pipes while conduct the water to tank again. After designing the passive cooling system of sunshade, some tests is done to examine the efficiency of system partly. First test is about the effect of plants on cooling of buildings and led to selection of suitable plant species for using on green channel. Second test estimates the effect of wind on building in selected direction, 3th test insert the effect of evaporation of water in efficiency of designed system and last one review the impact of three factors on eacother and all of them on energy use of building. A house in Arasbaran is selected and some models were made. Models were created based on various stage of tests and the result of each stage was inserted to next model for another stage of test. Results of tests were analyzed and structural problems were removed from designed passive system. In general, it can be said that designed passive system is a conditioner which sunshade and any kind of active energies like AC power flaw or gas energy have not been used in it because of management of natural energy uses. It is very important to check the weather to find that the power of local winds can cool the water in glass pond or not while designed system needs to insulate against the climatic factors in some regions that have cold winter or hot summer but some regions like temperate climates do not need the thermal insulation all over the designed system. Plant on meshes of green channel is one kind of thermal and humidity insulation around the passive system. So it is better to study about the needs for insulation in different regions with various climatic factors. This research is based on “Research and Development” (R&D) which is done on the case study through analytical method. The results show economic performance and efficiency of designed system through tests, local experiences and observations in Arasbaran.