mohammadjavad zahedi

Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disease of unknown etiology. Researchers have recently drawn attention to the possible role of viruses in the development of IBS and provided evidence in this regard. In this study, it was decided to investigate the possible role of rotavirus infection in the onset of IBS.

Stool and serum samples were collected from 40 patients with IBS and 40 healthy individuals. To evaluate the previous exposure to rotavirus we checked the presence and concentration of anti-rotavirus IgG by ELISA. ELISA test was performed on the serum samples. Real-time PCR test was also used to measure the viral load in the stool. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software.

No significant relationship was found between anti-rotavirus IgG presence and Level in the serum of case and healthy individuals (p-value > 0.05) . Moreover, there was no significant difference between the viral genome load in the stool samples of the two groups (p-value > 0.05).

According to the results, it seems unlikely that a link exists between rotavirus infection and the onset of irritable bowel syndrome, but the possible role of other gastrointestinal viruses, including coronavirus, remains.

 Viral infections are associated with augmented morbidity and mortality risk in Hemodialysis (HD) patients.

 In this investigation, we have scrutinized the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), and occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI), in HD patients. In this cross-sectional study, the blood samples and data from 200 hemodialysis patients referred to a dialysis center in Kerman, from January 2022 to March 2023 were collected. Anti-HBV antibodies and HBs Ag were analyzed in the specimens using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples were tested for OBI by using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.

 Of the 200 patients considered, 4 (2%) for HBs Ag were positive. Real-time PCR demonstrated OBI in 2 (1%) patients. The majority presence of viral infection was in the age group 50≥ years, self-employment, low education level, and diabetic patients. Furthermore, our study revealed that a higher percentage of HD patients were associated with low educational levels, self-employment, urban residence, and comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension.

 In this study, HBV antigen prevalence was 2%, and OBI prevalence was 1%, indicating a low HBV incidence in HD patients. Our study underscores the importance of lifestyle improvement, increased awareness among lower-educated and lower-skilled individuals, and rigorous disinfection practices in managing risk factors for hemodialysis patients, including HBV and OBI.

Poverty and social exclusion are among the causes of the phenomenon of homelessness, but this group's perception of their identity is one of the fundamental factors that ensures their continued presence on the street or plays an important role in challenging the existing situation and returning them home. Therefore, in this research, the lived experience of homeless women on identity has been studied. In this article, it is described how identity is formulated in the perception of homeless women. Using phenomenological theories and using the experimental phenomenological method, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 10 homeless women who are temporarily present in Chitgar and the findings were analyzed using Creswell analysis method and maxqda 10 software.From the total of the extracted semantic units, four structural categories were abstracted: "perception of prior/posterior identity", "lived experience of thinking about identity solutions", "experience of being a woman in the intersection with addiction" and " understandings as an Other of supporting institutions". The results reveal the gap between prior and posterior identity and show that women face identity not passively, but as active and creative examples, and in their experience, the stigmatized identity-shaping structures remain hidden and the possibility of resistance and identity change from them. is taken away This semantic system formed by identity ensures the continued presence of homeless women on the street and not their return home. This research suggests that different policies that act against the identity of homeless women by various institutions and individuals should be reviewed.

Liver cancer is the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Artificial intelligence, as a diagnostic tool, can reduce physicians’ working load. However, the main fear is that due to the existence of many causes and factors, liver diseases are not easily diagnosed. This study analyzes liver disease intelligently. Various decision tree models were used in this research.

The records of 583 patients in the North East of Andhra Pradesh, India, registered at the University of California in 2012, were collected. Decision tree models were compared by three measures of sensitivity, accuracy, and area under the ROC curve.

In this study, Decision-Stump showed better results than other models. Accuracy, sensitivity, and ROC curve of Decision-Stump were 71.3058, 1, and 0.646, respectively.

The superior model with the highest precision is the Decision-Stump model. Therefore, the Decision-Stump model is recommended for liver disease diagnosis. This paper is invaluable for the allocation of health resources for risky people.

The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, endoscopic findings, and outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding in COVID-19 hospitalized patients.

This study is a retrospective review of COVID-19 hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal bleeding from a large university hospital in southeast Iran. This study was conducted over one year from April 2020 to March 2021.

Out of 3563 COVID-19 inpatients with approximately equal sex distribution (52.5% of men and 47.5% of women), 80 (2.24%) patients with a mean age of 58.01 ± 20.71 were identified with signs of gastrointestinal bleeding, including; melena (48.8%), hemoglobin drop (42.5%), fresh blood hematemesis (31.3%), rectorrhagia (20%) and coffee ground emesis (10%). 52 patients (65%) had signs of gastrointestinal bleeding on admission, and 28 patients (35%) developed gastrointestinal bleeding during their hospital admissions, most of whom were men (63.8%). Endoscopic characteristics were; gastric erosion (27.7%), gastric ulcer (23%), duodenal ulcer (21.5%), esophageal ulcer (12.3%), and esophageal erosion (6.1%) in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. On colonoscopy, hemorrhoids (25%), mass lesions (16%), fissures (8.3%), diverticular lesions (8.3%), and polyps (8.3%) were the most common findings. The overall mortality of the patients in the present study was 36.2%. However, gastrointestinal bleedingrelated deaths were 7.5%.

Gastrointestinal bleeding was identified in 2.24% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with gastroduodenal ulcers and erosions as the most common symptoms.

Gastrointestinal (GI), liver, and pancreaticobiliary diseases, in addition to the high health care utilization, account for a significant proportion of disability and death in Iran. We aimed to assess the incidence of in-hospital mortality for the total GI, liver, and pancreaticobiliary diseases in all hospitals in Kerman, Iran.

In a cross-sectional study from May 2017 to April 2018, we collected the data of in-hospital death records due to GI, liver, and pancreaticobiliary diseases in all hospitals in Kerman city. GI and liver diseases were classified into three main categories: 1. Non-malignant GI diseases, 2. Non-malignant liver and pancreaticobiliary diseases, and 3. GI, liver, and pancreaticobiliary malignancies. All data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22 (IBM).

Of 3427 in-hospital mortality, 269 (7.84%) deaths were due to GI, liver, and pancreaticobiliary diseases, of which 82 (30.48%) were related to non-malignant GI disorders, 92 (34.20%) to the non-malignant liver and pancreaticobiliary diseases, and 95 (35.31%) were associated with GI, liver and pancreaticobiliary malignancies. Most patients were male (62.08%), and the most common age was between 60-80 years (40.5%). GI bleeding occurred in 158 (58.73%) patients, and variceal bleeding was the most common cause (28.48%). Additionally, cirrhosis was reported in 41 out of 92 (44.56%), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the most common cause of cirrhosis among 17 out of 41 (41.46%).

Our results show that gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers and cirrhosis due to HBV were the most common causes of mortality associated with GI, liver, and pancreaticobiliary diseases in the hospitals of Kerman.

 Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous inflammatory disorder characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in affected tissues, such as lungs and lymph nodes. The precise etiology of sarcoidosis is not known yet. There are some reports on the association of sarcoidosis and other disorders that may similarly have an immunological basis, such as inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we introduce a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC), whose disease was in remission for about 20 years, before presentation of her sarcoidosis.

 A 48-year-old woman, a known case of UC for a period of 20 years, presented to the Adult Pulmonology Clinic with complaints of chronic non-productive cough, episodic night sweats, progressive dyspnea (initially on exertion, then at rest), fatigue, and significant weight loss. Her clinical manifestations began since about 1 year ago and aggravated over time. She was on regular follow-up by a gastroenterologist, and her UC was in remission. At the first visit, the patient’s physical examination showed stable hemodynamics, and normal breath sounds, and cardiac auscultation. Also, no significant finding was noted in her abdominal examination.

 Patients with UC who possess HLA-A*01 phenotype may possibly be more susceptible to developing sarcoidosis.

Identifying the structure of social classes and how to change it can be helpful in explaining many social and economic issues. The present study compares the structure of social classes in Iran during the years 1956 to 2016. In this study, the secondary analysis method has been used. The results show that the upper class has been almost constant during these years and the traditional middle class has had almost a larger share than other classes, the new and lower middle classes have the most fluctuations during the years under study. Observing the trend of class structure in different historical periods in Iran shows that political, economic and international factors are the determinants of changes and fluctuations in the structure of social classes in Iran and these effects have been more on the middle and lower class.

In this article, in order to identify the strategies used by farming families to survive and maintain their family business and the factors that affect these strategies, the systematic review method and meta-summary strategy were used. Thus, after seven stages of screening the collected articles, 61 articles were selected according to the purpose of the research and in the data analysis stage, with the help of MAXQDA 2020 software, "attributive coding" and "holistic coding" were performed. Findings show that to maintain their family business, farming families generally use three strategies of "diversification" (market-oriented, economy-oriented, family-centered, individual-centered), "sustainability" (Social, economic, environmental) and "substitution" (contextual factors, communication factors, individual factors). Family farms play an important role in the field of agriculture and food security in the present and future of the world. Understanding the successful strategies of farmingfamilies in developed countries and identifying the factors influencing them can be an incentive for farming families and politicians, and ultimately along with benefiting from domestic experiences, lead to the revision of agricultural strategies and policies in favor of the survival and revitalization of family farms.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder. The precise etiology of this disease is not clear, but some reports have indicated the role of infectious agents in the incidence of the disease.

Because of the potential role of viruses in the incidence of the disease, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the frequency of colonic adenovirus infection in both IBS and control subjects.

Stool and serum samples were collected from 40 IBS patients and 40 healthy individuals. Immunochemical detection of adenovirus (anti-adenoviral IgG and IgM monoclonal antibodies) was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), adenovirus viral load was evaluated in the stool samples. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Differences among the mean concentrations of anti-adenovirus IgM and anti-adenovirus IgG in IBS patients and healthy controls were not statistically significant (P = 0.764 and P = 0.910, respectively). Adenovirus DNA was detected in 37 patients (92.5%) and 35 healthy controls (87.5 %) with varying viral loads ranging from 0.150 to 0.225 (according to the standard curve). Viral loads showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (P = 0.958). Our findings showed no significant relationship between the presence of adenovirus infection and IBS.

Adenovirus DNA is almost always detectable in stool samples of IBS and control subjects. Adenoviruses are unlikely to play a significant role in the incidence of IBS. However, further studies are necessary to confirm our results or clarify the role of other gastrointestinal viruses in IBS.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and changes in intestinal movements in the absence of structural or biochemical abnormalities. In spite of the high prevalence, its etiology is unknown, and there are no specific diagnostic laboratory tests.

In a case/control study, 36 biopsy samples taken from patients with IBS and 30 biopsy samples as control were obtained. Expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR 3), Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR 9), and Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG 1) in macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in terms of percentage and color intensity were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using Mann Whitney U and Chi-square tests.

The differences between percentage and intensity in the sample and control groups were significant for all three receptors in the epithelial cells. In plasma cells, the difference in TLR 3 and TLR 9 percentage was significant but not significant for RIG. However, in terms of intensity, it was not significant for any of them. In lymphocytes and macrophages, there was no significant difference for any of the receptors.

Since the expression of some virus sensing receptors on the different cell types of the intestine increases following infection, we concluded that IBS might be related to viral infections of the intestine. Future studies are needed to reveal the exact nature of the suspected viral agents. Some viruses producing gastroenteritis in humans, such as coronavirus, can be suspected.

One of the ideals of the Islamic Revolution is social security and it is included in the constitution and other upstream documents, but it is conceptualized in the discourse order of agents after the Islamic Revolution (based on theoretical and practical requirements) with different approaches and policies. Different and sometimes heterogeneous has led to the complete lack of welfare and social security in the country. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the question that welfare and social security in the four governments after the Islamic Revolution (with the discourses of the Oppressed, Construction, Reform and Justice) have been established and highlighted by what semantic implications that have led to such results? To answer this question we used the Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis method to analyze the texts of speeches of high officials, especially presidents, the relevant laws and regulations in each of the ruling political discourses that have emerged in the hegemony of governments. The analyzed texts also include the speeches of high-ranking officials, especially the presidents, the law on development programs, the practical actions, and the regulations and reports of the Ministry of Welfare and Social Security in the period of each government. Due to the ideology of the Islamic Revolution and the war, the Opressed-Oriented Government pushed the oppressed groups from the margins to the center, thus articulating its welfare discourse with the nodal point of the “centrally oppressed”.The Constructive Government sought to articulate its discourse by “compensating for the shortcomings of economic development” as the nodal point. The Reformist Government, using Article 29 of the Constitution, deconstructed the nodal point of the constructive government welfare discourse and articulated its discourse with the nodal point of a “comprehensive welfare and social security system.”The Justice-Oriented Government has also articulated its welfare discourse with the nodal point of “equal access of individuals to social security protections” by emphasizing distributive justice, compassion and service to the poor and the development of underdeveloped areas. The trend of welfare and social security discourse during the four governments after the Islamic Revolution in Iran indicates that each government has articulated its welfare discourse under a different nodal point but with common floating Singnifiers. In this way, a rupture occurred between their nodal points, resulting in a different and sometimes contradictory trajectory. As a result, they are not complementary to each other, but nevertheless, the various aspects of welfare and social security in each government have improved compared to the previous one.

Functional dyspepsia is a common, troubling, and usually chronic disorder. Although the merit of using pathological assays has not been confirmed, medications affecting eosinophils may result in some improvements. Disseminated distribution of mast cells may also be an essential factor. Given the probable associations and lack of evidenced-based data, this study was conducted to comparatively investigate the number of eosinophils and mast cells in the duodenum in functional dyspepsia patients and healthy controls.

In this case-control study, 150 consecutive subjects in Kerman, Iran, were enrolled in 2015 and 2016; the subjects consisted of 100 patients with functional dyspepsia and 50 asymptomatic healthy controls. Samples from the two groups were compared for the number of eosinophils, mast cells, and Helicobacter pylori presence by grasp biopsy.

The mean number of mast cells significantly differed between the groups (P = 0.001), but the eosinophil count was similar (p > 0.05). Female gender, no opioid use, and H. pylori may increase mast cell count (p < 0.05).

Overall, the mast cell count was significantly different between people with functional dyspepsia and people without it, but the eosinophil count in the two groups was similar.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with various potential etiology, including infectious disease. The number of studies on the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and MS is limited. So, in this study, we aimed to assess the relation between H. pylori infection and MS in Kerman city, the center of the largest province in Iran.

In a case-control study, 71 patients with newly diagnosed MS and 145 sex- and age-matched controls were included. Blood samples for IgG anti-HP antibodies were collected from all individuals. SPSS software version 22 was used for data analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

71 patients with newly diagnosed MS consisted of 48 (67.6%) women and 23 (32.39%) men were included in our study. The mean age was 43±10 years. The mean ages in the case and control groups were 43.83±10.40 and 44.41±16.30 years, respectively (p= 0.114). The control group more commonly had used smoking (p =0.814). Alcohol consumption was higher in the control group (p =0.965). More than 40% of the patients in the case group and 55.17% in the control group had body mass index (BMI)>25 (p =0.074). H. pylori seropositivity was observed in 61.97% of the MS group compared with 76.55% of the non-MS group (p =0.021).

We concluded that patients with newly diagnosed MS had low H. pylori seropositivity, so H. pylori infection may have a protective effect against MS.

The social problem is one of the most important concepts in the field of sociological studies that lacks common semantic coordinates. In each of the modern and postmodern approaches, this concept has a different definition and the choice of each of these approaches leads to determining different paths in the face of the concept of social problem. This has led to ambiguities in social policy-making and has hampered the path of social decision-making. Because every decision requires research foundations that, if based on it, can make the right decisions. Accordingly, this article attempts to answer the nature and definition of the social problem and the indicators of recognizing a phenomenon as a social problem by relying on the ontological positions of the most prominent thinkers of the modern and postmodern approach, Emile Durkheim and Jean Baudrillard.

The research method is comparative study. In this method, first the selected books are studied in depth, then based on the main concepts of the research, they are purposefully summarized. Then, based on the initial summaries, overt and covert themes were extracted and finally, in the form of comparative comparison, they were rewritten and formulated in a structured way.  

As a result of answering these questions, it became clear that Durkheim believes that social realities are objective phenomena that are not dependent on human life and are independent of human will. Accordingly, the social issue, like other social realities, is an objective and independent matter whose change does not depend on human free will. In his view, the social problem has a characteristic: lack of generality, lack of function and going beyond the natural limits. According to these characteristics, which are identified according to the type and period of evolution of society, social issues are identified. In contrast, Baudrillard believes that the social world and social issues are mental constructs that have nothing to do with reality, because they do not believe in social reality and deny the existence of independent social phenomena. In his view, social issues are defined based on the language system of each social group and according to gender, religious, national, racial, class differences. In the meantime, the media creates hyper-real through the decoupage industry and mass production of global information. A world that refers to signs that are not real through simulation. The interests of the centers of power are important links in the interests of which the media creates the social world and introduces its disturbing phenomena as a social problem. In this situation, social issues are created without relying on reality in the interests of the centers of power and through the media.

The reason for the difference between the two views is the wide-ranging changes at the global level. After the occurrence of various political, religious, scientific and industrial revolutions, modern society experienced social turmoil and the restoration of collective order was a desirable goal for all thinkers of that era. Accordingly, modern thinkers such as Durkheim sought to restore social order by believing in the capabilities of science. Whereas in the postmodern era, with the outbreak of world and regional wars, political expansionism and inhumane economic violence, and the conquest of the media by the centers of power, the ideals of the modern world and the ability of science to shape human order were seriously questioned.  Thus Baudrillard sought a theoretical explanation of how the social world was constructed and created.

The results reported on the prevalence of colorectal cancer are very disturbing. This study aimed to address the polyps’ detection rate and their prevalence. In addition, we analyzed some related variables among the patients referred to Afzalipour and Mehregan Hospitals of Kerman in 2015-2016.

Data concerning colonoscopy and pathologic samples of patients aged over 40 years who referred for colonoscopy were collected and analyzed. The polyps’ detection rate and some related variables were assessed.

A total of 469 patients older than 40 who underwent colonoscopy were enrolled in this study. One hundred and two cases of polyps were found in which 45.3% of them had adenoma. The bowel preparation (0.03), higher age (0.007) and male gender (0.013) had significant relationship with the detection of polyps.

The detection of the polyp / adenoma in this study is comparable with the results of the research carried out in other parts of the world with a high prevalence of colon cancer. Our findings are consistent with other studies in Iran as well.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are two accessible indices for liver evaluation. Upper limit of normal (ULN) of these tests are important for starting further investigations for persons with high values. In recent years, cut off points for ULN of these tests have been disputed. This study aimed to determine the ULN of ALT and AST in a population-based study.

This cross-sectional study was performed on a randomized clustered sample of people of Kerman city. Demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. After excluding the recognized risk factors for liver function tests in another group (group 2), data were analyzed in this subgroup.

Of 2748 subjects included in this study, 1172 (42.4%) were men, with an age range of 15-85 years. The mean (± SE), median, mode, and 95th percentile were 23.74 ± 0.18, 22, 19, and 37 for AST and 22.37 ± 0.27, 18, 15, and 46 for ALT, respectively. The levels of AST and ALT were higher in men and middle age group (P<0.0001). Similar results were obtained for gender but the association of AST and ALT with age was disappeared in another group.

According to the results of the present study, it is recommended to measure the ULN of AST and ALT periodically in different regions concerning age and gender.

Mutations in the EGFR signaling pathway play an important role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Mutations in these genes, like KRAS and BRAF, affect the treatment strategies and associated with poor prognosis and relative resistance to anti-EGFR therapies. Our aim was to conduct a systematic and meta-analysis on all studies that have been conducted on the prevalence of these gene mutations in Iranian CRC patients.

Four science citation index databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane library) and local databases were searched up to March 2018 with related keywords. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted the data. Quality of all included studies was assessed using an adapted checklist from STROBE. A random-effect model was used to calculate the total prevalence of KRAS and BRAF mutations in CRC subjects by the event rate (ER). Meta-regression was utilized to explore heterogeneity causes.

In total, from 573 records, 23 eligible studies (2662 patients) were included for data extraction and analysis. In 18 of 23 included studies, the prevalence of KRAS mutations was 33.9% (95% CI=30.1-37.9) with I2=65.17 (p<0.001). The occurrence of KRAS mutations in codon 12 and 13 was 76.9% (95% CI = 70.4-82.3%) with I2=84.88 (p<0.001) and 23.5% (95% CI=17.9-30.3) with I2=85.85 (p<0.001), respectively. In 9 of 23 studies, the BRAF mutation rate was 3.2% (95% CI=0.003-13.6) with I2=88.61 (p<0.001).

The prevalence of these mutations in CRC patients shows a significant difference in the different regions of Iran, which is probably due to environmental and racial factors.

Research on the nature of the relationship between science and religion, as two important sources of human's knowledge, has always been at the center of attention of intellectuals of different field of thoughts. But because of the existance of competing and different interpretations, this relationship has its own ups and downs and never has had a dogmatic or static meaning. Nevertheless, intellectuals with introducing diverse models and theories were tried to explain this most confusing relation. This paper aims to analyze and explore these diverse theories and views. For this purpose, first inspired by Alexander, four possible types of relationship between science and religion including "conflict, separation, fusion and complementarity" were described in the light of related views and theories and then a new and exquisite approach in this area was introduced which transcending common ways of understanding science-religion relation, tries to reveal the complexities of this relation in a different light

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been introduced as a new genomic source for cancer. Therefore, it was decided to conduct a study to evaluate the rs3746444 polymorphism of miR-499 in patients with colon cancer in comparison with healthy subjects.
This case-control study was conducted to investigate rs3746444 polymorphism of miR-499 in blood samples of case and control groups. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cancer based on pathologic report were enrolled in the study as the case group and compared with healthy subjects. The level of significance was considered at p< 0.05.
The mean of DNA count in samples was 63.17± 23.51 that was significantly higher in the case group. The rs3746444 polymorphism of miR-499 was significantly higher in patients with cancer compared to the healthy subjects (P < 0.05).
In this study, rs3746444 polymorphism of miR-499 was significantly higher in patients with colon cancer, which indicated that people with this polymorphism had a higher risk for malignancy.

Regarding the importance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the high prevalence of vitamin D3 deficiency in different societies. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of Vit D3 deficiency in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this cross-sectional study, 122 individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were selected by a simple sampling method. After collecting demographic data, serum Vit 25(OH) D3 level was measured by the ELFA method. Blood lipids level (TG, cholesterol, HDL, LDL), FBS, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin, albumin, and PT were measured by the enzymatic method. To analyze the data, descriptive and analytical methods and SPSS software version 16 were used. The study cases are comprised of 122 individuals (57.4% male). The average age of cases was 42.4±11.7 years, and the mean of serum Vit D3 level was 19.8±22 ng/dl (3-220 ng/dl). Regarding the serum 25(OH) D3 levels data showed 66.4% of cases were Vit D3 deficient (Vit D3 level< 20 ng/dl), 18% had insufficient level (Vit D3 level=20-30 ng/dl), and the remained 15.6% had sufficient level (Vit D3 level> 30 ng/dl). HDL level was higher in individuals with 25(OH) D3 sufficiency compared to those with 25(OH) D3 insufficiency and Vit D3 deficiency (P=0.019). There was no significant relationship between serum Vit D3 level and other investigated variables. The results of this study indicated that most individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease had Vit D3 deficiency. Further studies are suggested.

 The anti-TNF drugs are shown to be highly effective in treatment of patients with moderate-tosevere inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of antiTNF therapy at the national level.

 IBD patients aged 15 > years who received Infliximab and/or CinnoRA® between 2013 to July 2018 were identified. The data extracted from medical dossier and telephonic interview. The efficacy of therapy was defined as time to drug discontinuation or need for IBD-related surgery. The safety was assessed based on patient’s reported adverse events.

 We included 315 patients. The mean age of patients was 37.2 years and 62.2% of them developed the disease before age 30 years. Involvement of masculoskeletal system was reported in 7.3% of patients. Partial and complete response to Anti-TNF therapy was seen in 67% of patients. About 16% of patients did not respond to induction therapy and 16.9% of patients lost their response to Anti-TNF during one year. No serious adverse events, serious opportunistic infection, tuberculosis and malignancies reported by patients. Two patients reported pneumonia.

This study for the first time in our country, provides the evidences for efficacy of anti-TNF therapy in moderate to severe IBD patients.

This research is to study timing and scheduling in everyday life to explain the existing differences in social groups temporality. In order to analyze these differences, Gurvich's dialectical methodology is applied to analyze the time scales of social classes with Karl Mannheim generation gap theory. The research method is based on survey in which 586 citizens of Isfahan aged 20-55 years old were examined. To select the sample population, we used two methods of cluster sampling (class separation of urban area and neighborhoods) and quota sampling.  The data collection method is a researcher-made questionnaire. Class and age groups were compared in 19 dimensions of time and then in two major types of temporality: "development-oriented and "development- confronted” temporality. Results show that the mean values of development-oriented temporality with traits such as continuous movement, balanced speed, certainty in goal setting and way of life, and the orientation towards the future in upper and middle classes are higher than lower classes and in the middle age they are more than young people. The lower classes of society and young people are more exposed to temporal ruptures and irregularities (development- confronted temporality) than other groups due to the experience of economic insecurity.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder with an unknown etiology. Some recent studies report the presence of a microscopic inflammation in people with IBS. This micro-inflammation can be due to an alteration in the pattern of recognition receptors especially in Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this systematic review, we reviewed an evaluated existing studies related to TLRs and their changes in patients with IBS.

Three science citation index databases including Web of Science, Pubmed and Embase were searched for related keywords from September 2000 to September 2018. There was no language restriction. Two reviewers screened and extracted data independently.

A total of 178 records were retrieved and eight eligible studies (265 patients) were included for data extraction and analysis. The results showed that, compared with the healthy group, the expression of some of the TLRs such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 increased whereas the expression of some others including TLR7 and TLR8 decreased significantly.

 Alteration of TLRs in patients with IBS can be due to changes in microbiota causing a micro-inflammation. This alteration can have a potential role in pathophysiology of IBS.

According to the 2008 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the three complementary and immediate outbreaks of poverty for rural households, including "small-scale farming (family exploitation)", "the provision of out-of-farm labor in agriculture and the non-rural economy, Agriculture ", and" migration ". In this article, we will study the agricultural farming families that have chosen the first route in the village of Ghowdjan from the functions of the Khansar city. The main question is that given the fact that in most researches in this field in Iran, the economic instability of these units has been emphasized, while the state policy and state policy advocates are more focused on large-scale operation units, what factors are behind it? Is there resilience to family exploitation in this village? To answer the research question, Bourdieu's social theory helped us to provide a different sociological analysis of the reproduction mechanisms and the monotony of the family's system of exploitation in this village. The semi-structured interview technique was used by the members of the 14 families to collect the data. To analyze the data, we used the Qualitative Content Analysis Strategy for the "Approach" method. In the data analysis, we used the Maxqda 12 qualitative analysis software to increase the reliability of the Coder-consensus toolbar. Analysis of the findings shows that the members of the exploiting families use different forms of economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital for the survival of the unit of operation, in which symbolic capital is more important. The conversion of various forms of capital, together with the strategies for reproduction and re-conversion, ultimately leads to continuity (survival, transformation), or the end of the unit's activity. Research results show that by studying how to help all people involved in business (family members of the operator) maintain a family-owned business, instead of concentrating solely on the role of the unit's manager (such as all research activities that In this context, with increasing awareness of the role and importance of the various assets of the members of the exploiting family,