mohammadreza barzegar

This article discusses a case of ochronotic arthropathy, a manifestation of alkaptonuria. Alkaptonuria is characterized by the accumulation of homogentisic acid [HGA] in tissues, leading to a distinctive blue-black pigmentation and early joint degeneration. A 68-year-old female patient, with a history of alkaptonuria, presented with progressive hip pain and was eventually treated with an elective total hip replacement. Due to vertebral calcifications, the operation was performed under general anesthesia. Pre- and post-operative care was guided by the patient’s comorbidities and potential complications related to alkaptonuria, including potential cardiac and respiratory issues. Following surgery, the patient exhibited significant improvements in hip joint functionality. The paper also discusses the challenges in diagnosing alkaptonuria, the absence of definitive treatment, and the potential of dietary restrictions and symptomatic treatments. Moreover, it addresses surgical considerations for ochronotic arthropathy and emphasizes the role of regular calcium and vitamin D intake in maintaining bone quality. The success of the hip replacement surgery in this case suggests a potential intervention for managing ochronotic arthropathy in alkaptonuria patients.

Today, the use of organic and mineral substances is an important step in preserving the environment and is considered as one of the most effective management methods to maintain the quality of soil and the nutritional value of products at an optimal level. In the present study, the effect of 18 different culture media, including cocopeat + perlite (50-50, 75-25, and 25-75 %v/v), peat moss + perlite (50-50, 25-75, and 75-25 %v/v), vermicompost + perlite (50-50, 25-75, and 75-25  %v/v), compost+perlite (50-50, 75-25, and 25-75 %v/v), cocopeat 100% v/v, vermicompost 100% v/v, peatmass 100% v/v, perlite 100% v/v, compost 100% v/v and cocopeat + vermicompost + compost + peat mass + perlite (20-20-20-20-20 %v/v) on the concentration of nutrients of Cucumis melo var. dudaim (Dastanbo) were investigated. The pot experiment was conducted in a factorial, complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed the highest levels of phosphorous and potassium in the fruits were related to the same ratio of all beds treatment, and 100% of vermicompost. The highest level of magnesium in the fruits was observed in 100% vermicompost and 100% compost. Additionally, the highest amounts of copper, zinc, and iron were obtained in the fruits treated with 100% compost. The highest titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solid (TSS)/TA were under treatments of cocopeat 50% + perlite 50% and peat moss 100%, respectively. Our results suggest that two organic substrates, compost and vermicompost (100% v/v), had the greatest effect in increasing the concentration of nutrients in dudaim.

The issue of delegating the authority to kill humans to artificial intelligence in wartime is one of the most challenging emerging disciplines, as it raises numerous legal issues. This is the first time that legal knowledge has encountered a phenomenon that, despite being created by humans, is independent of humans in thinking and decision-making, and it may be possible after multiple stages that even the creator of the system cannot comprehend or control its operation. Therefore, this article discusses the obstacles that the International Criminal Court must overcome to apply direct criminal responsibility and the doctrine of commander's responsibility in cases where artificial intelligence weapons have led to the killing of civilians and war crimes, as well as the steps that should be taken to overcome these obstacles. Following a documentary approach and a descriptive-analytical analysis, this article concludes that the current provisions of the statute regarding artificial intelligence need to be revised due to the emergence of a concept called the gap in responsibility, which is caused by the unique nature of artificial intelligence. To adapt to the new conditions, the international community must require manufacturers to provide maximum transparency and prohibit producing certain types of artificial intelligence. Regarding the possible killings caused by the use of artificial intelligence weapons with the ability to self-learning after production, the court statute must explicitly and exclusively specify the rules of criminal responsibility so that the existence of AI weapons does not lead to impunity.

The purpose of the research was to investigate the situation and challenges related to the responsibility of students in virtual classes during the CoVid-19 Pandemic and to find solutions experienced by teachers, parents and education experts to increase the responsibility of children. In this research, using the phenomenological method, in the first step, an interview was conducted with 21 teachers of Ardabil city about the identification of challenges and problems related to responsibility, and the majority believed in the existence of the challenge of responsibility. Then, to overcome the challenges, solutions were presented by the teachers to improve the responsibility of the students. In the next step, 26 parents were interviewed to identify challenges related to their children's responsibility. The findings showed that according to parents, their children were highly responsible. In order to improve students' responsibility, parents also provided solutions. Finally, 10 education experts were interviewed about the reasons for the conflicting opinions of parents and teachers, as well as finding solutions to overcome the challenges. Among the solutions mentioned, it can point to things like providing a suitable model of responsibility, understanding the concept of responsibility and its impact, encouraging the child to do things by himself, giving responsibility in the family and school environment, writing accountability rules, delegating the management of personal life to the individual himself, avoiding blame and orders and prohibitions in performing duties, lack of abundant love for the child and lack of assigning tasks and responsibilities in a general and ambiguous way.

Nowadays, development of technology results in the production of autonomous cars. With no doubt, Iran will face the presence of these cars in near coming years. In June 2017, the first autonomous car was tested successfully in Iran, but the chief constable prevented using them because of lack of specific regulation and no clear Statute to the identification of the criminal liability for their injuries to humans. Therefore, this Paper will scrutinize if the current Iranian criminal law has the potentials of imposing criminal liability for the injuries. This research limited the discussion to the Factory and Program designer and analyses the subject by the descriptive-analytical approach. It finally concludes that because of limitation of nowadays science and current regulations, in some limited circumstances, conviction of factories and designers is not possible, however, in most cases, it is possible to prosecute and convict the factory and designer and Iran is not faced with lack of regulation in this respect

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda tried many civilians who played a significant role in the 1994 Rwandan massacre while the civilian superior responsibility was not prescribed in the tribunal's statute. The current study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the Rwandan tribunal's approach to the challenge of applying the doctrine of commander's responsibility to civilians and how this approach has influenced the Rome Statute. The findings of this article show that international criminal tribunals have generally accepted that the commander responsibility doctrine can be applied to civilians. Furthermore, the judicial reasonings in the Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals have served as a foundation for the contents of Article 28 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court.

Developments in transportation industry and computer science have caused the production of cars that do not need human drivers, and instead are driven by artificial intelligence. In this case, the programmer has to predict the situations in which a potential accident is expected previously and provide training to ensure the self-driving cars’ reactions are in compliance with the law. In possible scenarios, which could occur during driving, reacting in compliance with the law is a fundamental challenge that should be settled by lawyers so that the programmer set the self-driving car’s algorithms according to the lawyers’ proposal in a way that probable accidents do not lead to his/her criminal responsibility. Considering this fact, in the present article by using library resources and through a descriptive-analytic method, depiction of potential scenarios, including cases in which the self-driving car is set up to make a choice between hitting two distinct groups of people is dealt with. Finally, paying attention to foundations of domestic law and precedents relative to homicide-by-necessity in common law system, we are seeking to answer these challenges. As such, it is attempted to present the necessary theoretical perspective in order to make Iran’s legal system ready for the entry of self-driving cars and to reduce the risk for designers and investors’ activities in this field through eliminating the criminal responsibility caused by accident of self-driving cars with human based on necessity rule.

The Rome Statute and the Convention on the Prohibition of Genocide did not specify sexual violence as the material element of genocide before the trials of the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda; the International Criminal Court for Sexual Violence did not constitute an integral part of genocide. Analysis of the true nature of sexual violence shows that this behavior can form the material element of genocide. In 2014, ISIS forces seized the Iraqi city of Sinjar, seized about 6,000 Yazidi women, raped some, took some of them to the slave market in Syria and Iraq, and traded them as sex slaves. In 2016, the UN Commission on Research announced that ISIS committed genocide against the Yazidi minority, subsequently in 2017 issued resolution 2379, which provided the preparation for investigations into ISIS's crimes. The present study, after examining the interviews of Yazidi women conducted by the United Nations, researchers and the media and taking into account the facts of the subject and the comparison of the former jurisdiction and international law, concluded that ISIL had committed genocide from the conduit of sexual violence against the Yazidi minority, and that the International Criminal Court could prosecute the crime based on its own competence or the reference to the Security Council.

The advancement of technology has led to the production of a car that does not require a human driver. In June 2016, the first self-driving car was successfully tested in Iran and in the same month their use was banned by traffic police chief due to lack of relevant laws and lack of clear liability for possible accidents. The present study seeks to investigate how, with current criminal laws, it is possible to resolve issues arising from injuries caused by self-driving car. In this paper, regardless of other factors, only the criminal liability of the car user has been addressed. The present paper proceeds with a descriptive-analytical approach and adapts the existing rules on the self-driving car. Examining the aspects of this issue, the current study concluded that basis for imposing liability on a user at zero, one and two levels is similar to that of ordinary cars, since ultimately the user is liable for any result generated from the combination of user's driving and driver assistance systems. The basis of liability at level three is user's omission. The self-driving car at level four is a combination of level three and five of self-driving cars and regarding the user's

Optimization of waste collection systems can reduce waste management costs. In this study, optimization of the waste collection system of zone 3 of Yazd municipality of Iran, has been investigated using underground containers.
In this research, after collecting information and performing field inspections, the statistical and raster information obtained from the Yazd municipality and Yazd waste management organization were introduced into ArcGIS software and based on the information obtained, including population density layer and population last estimation in zone ​​3, per capita waste production, and then considering all the information layers obtained using the GIS software, containers were located with a source separation approach.
The results of this study indicate that installation of underground containers for wet waste, in addition to improving the health and environmental status, can decrease the frequency of urban waste collection from 3 days to 2 days a week. Moreover, creation of temporary storage sites for dry wastes, can also significantly decrease the route of collection, due to the reduction of the collection route from 368,000 to 180,000 meters in the new routing system, reduce the economic cost, including reducing fuel costs as 50% per day, manpower as 33%, and reduce maintenance costs.
Optimization of urban waste collection system using underground containers for wet waste and the use of temporary stations of dry wastes, considering the significant economic, environmental and aesthetic advantages can be considered as an appropriate option in Iranian cities especially in areas with hot and humid weather such as Yazd.

In this research, five major bankruptcy predictions model to study and among the components of the five models, redesigned bankruptcy prediction is provided that consists of eight variables. The main issue in this research is that by examining the financial statements of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange we can offer a model to predict corporate bankruptcy. In order to design data from two groups of companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange use the first group consists companies surveyed non-bankrupt company and second group included bankrupt company. The study period financial statements of exchange data during the years have been 2005 to 2014. The study results in relation to the ability to predict model reflects the fact that the model could be two years before the bankruptcy of companies provide accurate predictions about the crisis and bankruptcy. The results show that the predictive power of the model for one year before bankruptcy 91% and two years before the bankruptcy 83%.

An experiment was conducted to assess the ability of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), peat, perlite and vermicompost (VC) to improve the growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), an important horticultural commodity, in hydroponic culture.
Organic matter, when used as a substrate, can affect tomato cultivar ‘Grandella’ plant growth. In this study, we studied the effect of MSWC, either composted by earthworms (VC), or in an uncomposted form, as well as conventional substrates peat and perlite, on tomato growth when incorporated into hydroponic culture. Growth and physiological attributes were assessed at the fruiting stage.
Among several ratios of MSWC, peat, perlite and VC, VC with 25 % compost increased the number of red fruits in the harvest period significantly more than the control. The use of VC, peat and perlite increased root fresh and dry weight, root volume, mean photosynthesis, and the number of fruits at all physiological stages compared to the control.
Vermicompost can improve tomato growth physiology when used as one part of the substrate in hydroponic culture.

Nevus comedonicus is an uncommon variant of adnexal hamartoma and is considered a rare subtype of epidermal nevi. It was first described in 1895 by Kofmann who used the term “comedo-nevus”. It manifests as a group of closely dilated follicular openings with dark keratin plugs resembling comedones. Both unilateral and bilateral distributions are seen. The face is the most commonly affected site followed by the neck, the trunk, and the upper arms. We report a case of a 25-year-old male who presented with linear keratotic papules which on histopathology was confirmed to be nevus comedonicus. Our case was interesting because of its large size and of its multidermatomal involvement affecting the chest, back, and arms.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible effects of removing the peroneus longus on the ankle and gait parameters, in order to add insufficient hamstring tendons for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

In this controlled clinical trial, 375 patients with ACL rupture who underwent ACL reconstruction arthroscopically using hamstring tendons in the orthopedic clinics of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2010 and 2011 were selected. Fifteen patients were included because their hamstring tendon diameter was lower than 8 mm and peroneus longus was added. After 6 months, the patients were followed using "Kistler force plate" to detect 3D kinematics and kinetics of the ankles and spatiotemporal walking parameters.

There was a significant difference between both operated and non-operated ankles in flexion/extension range of motion (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the moments of both ankles in sagittal and coronal planes (P > 0.05), but there was a significant difference between the moments of both ankles in the transverse plane (P = 0.006). There was a significant difference in the force of operated and non-operated ankles in all three planes (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean values of spatiotemporal gait parameters between operated and non-operated sides (P > 0.05).

Removing the peroneus longus tendon has no effect on gait parameters and does not lead to instability of the ankle. So, it can be used as an autogenous graft in orthopedic surgeries.

Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) usually causes a single, self-healing and uncomplicated lesion mainly on the exposed area of body. This report presents four cases of OWCL from Iran that misdiagnosed with sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and acne agminata. Two out of four patients showed a history of purplish red plaques for at least 5 years who misdiagnosed as sarcoidosis because of histological and clinical characteristics. The other one presented with flesh-colored nodules disseminated all over his skin that was misdiagnosed as lymphoma for ten years. The last patient was misdiagnosed as acne agminata due to tuberculoid reactions in examination of the lesion biopsy. All the patients responded to the treatment with meglumine antimonate.

Background and Prostate cancer is the second most common malignant cancer in men and radiotherapy is one of the treatments for this disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of demographic, clinical and pathology factors in survival rate of patients on radiotherapy and comparing different survival models to determine an efficient model. In a historical cohort study 422 patients with prostate cancer were included. The subjects were chosen among those undergone radiotherapy and were followed up during 2007-2012 in the Cancer Institute of Tehran University. Effects of various factors on the survival rate of radiation treatment were determined using Cox model and three parametric models including log-normal, log-logistic and Weibull. We used AIC criteria and also standardized variability of regression coefficient. To analyze the data the Survival was applied in R version 2.14.1. Patients who received higher total dose of radiation and those undergone hormone therapy simultaneously, indicated higher survival rate (both p≤0.001). Univariate and multivariate models based on AIC criteria were more efficient than the Cox model for log-normal, log-logistic and Weibull, respectively. The findings were confirmed by the standardized variability. Parametric models in univariate and multivariate models showed higher efficiency compared with Cox model.

A hypertrophic scar is defined as an excess healing response that is a dilemma forphysicians. Several therapies are available: intralesional corticosteroids, topicaltreatments, cryotherapy, surgery, radiation, silicone gel dressing and laser therapy.Pulsed-dye, Nd-Yag and CO2 lasers have been used for treatment of keloids andhypertrophic scars but recurrence is common. Recently Low-Level Laser Therapy(aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs) Diode 980nm, red light (Mustung, KLO4,Helium Neon 630 nm) and blue light LED lasers have been used for closure ofwounds. The aim of this report is to show the effectiveness of these lasers for thetreatment of a hypertrophic scar on the forearm of a 40 year-old woman due toburning by gas explosion.

10-year-old girl presented with a 1-year history of an eruption on her hands. Physical examination revealed soft, bluish slightly tender subcutaneous nodules and swellings in the ulnar site and palmar aspect of five fingers of the right hand and dorsal aspect of three fingers of the left hand without any gross deformity in fingers and long bones (figure 1). History of pathological fractures was negative. X ray of the right hand showed reduction in bone density with lytic lesions in five metacarps and proximal phalanx of the fourth and fifth fingers associated with soft tissue swellings (figure 2). A biopsy specimen was taken from a skin nodule (figure 3).