panah

The widespread and systematic presence of Christian missions in Iran goes back to the Safavid period. Protestant evangelical missions also came to Iran from the Qajar period with the aim of propagating Protestant Christianity. Among the Protestant missionaries in Qajar Iran, the American missionaries were older and more powerful. For this reason, they were able to be present and active in Iran for a long time. One of the ways to explain the performance of Christian missions is to examine their intellectual and ideological foundations. The present study aims to explain the ideological foundations of the American evangelical missions in Qajar Iran with the historical-analytical method and using library sources, and then examine its effect on their evangelistic approach in Qajar Iran and answer the question why American missionaries spread Christianity in Qajar Iran by creating a network of schools, hospitals and service centers. The results of the research show that the American missionaries, based on their own ideological foundations, Christianized the Iranian society through civilization. They started the civilization and westernization plan with tools such as schools, hospitals and publications, and they followed this method until the end of their presence in Iran and expanded it.

With the arrival of Muslim Arabs in Egypt, there were extensive social and cultural changes in the region. During this period, Muslim relations with Coptic Christians, who made up the majority of Egyptians, were subject to changes in the power and policies of Muslim rulers. Under such circumstances, the situation of Melkite Christians of St. Catherine's Monastery in Sinai was somewhat different from that of other Christians living in Egypt. The Melkite Christians living in this monastery always experienced a better situation than their fellow believers and all the time were considered by Muslims, while many Muslim rulers of the region gave a hard time to the other Christians. These relations were never one-sided and the monks of this monastery also had a peaceful attitude towards Muslims. This article seeks to examine the reasons for the interaction of the Melkite Christians of St. Catherine's Monastery with the Muslim rulers of the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk periods.

The present paper examines foundations of desirable spirituality after identifying and clarifying five levels of spirituality; Human, philosophical, theological, mystical and desirable spirituality. This article emphasizes that desirable spirituality cannot be achieved without the achievement of philosophical, theological and mystical principles. The desirability of spirituality depends on the interactivity of education and its realization, as the interactivity of spirituality will be shaped in the light of interoperability of its philosophical, theological and mystical foundations. Therefore, the desirable spirituality is in which philosophy, theology, and mysticism are present with an interactive approach. Philosophy, theology, and mutual mysticism are basic components of incomplete or undesirable spirituality.

in the last issue of Safinah an article was published about the Hojjiyat of Holy Quran and the effect of the principle of nafye Tashbih on it which attributed the mentioned fundamentals to late Mirza Mahdi Isfahani; it seemed that it lacks the internal consistency. Therefore, one should doubt to attribute it to such a great person. What we are suggesting in the present article is to reflect on this issue. This article clarifies that the principle of nafye Tashbih between Creator and creature as it had been explained before raises doubts and lacks logical and traditional support; and even the opposite of it can be proved. In addition a narration from Imam Ali (a.s) in this regard has been mentioned to reveal the alleged conclusion can not be inferred from Imam’s narration.

he use of probiotics in aquaculture has shown that it can make more productive in the industry. With this purpose, in this study the effect of two bacterial species Bacillus subtilis and Pediococcus pentosaseus were examined as probiotics on growth, survival and biochemical composition of the carcass of vannamei post larvae (PL). Hence, three treatments, each with three replicates were included Bacillus treatment (B), Pediococcus treatment (P) and integrated treatment of Bacillus and Pediococcus (BP) through the enrichment of Artemia consumed by larval shrimp vannamei from the Mysis III to the PL15. Unenriched Artemia with probiotics was used to feed larvae in control treatment. At the end, growth and survival indices demonstrated an increasing significantly (P <0.05) procedure in consumption of probiotics and the greatest effect was also found in integrated treatment. The effects of probiotic consumption on biochemical carcass factors were showed no significant differences between different treatments. Finally, based on obtained finding of this study, described bacteria could be effective on improving growth and production efficiency of vannamei PL , but no effect on biochemical body factors.

Cement industry is considered as one of the major consuming energies, producing large amounts of environmental contaminants. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of metals Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), and Manganese (Mn) in the soil and leaves of planted around the cement factory in Pinus eldarica, Ulmus umbraculifera, and Quercus brantii naturally grown there. In the present experimental study, to perform this, the level of elements was examined in the leaves as well as depths of 0-10 and 10-20cm of soil across the three studied species using atomic absorption device. The extent of elements sequestrated in the factory’s electro filter was also measured. One-way ANOVA test, Duncan’s test, and SPSS 20 software were used for Statistical analysis.
Findings: Cadmium was sequestrated in the electro filter was almost close to the level of cadmium in the leaf and soil samples. The level of lead, zinc, and manganese in the electro filter of the factory were higher than the extent of sequestration of these three elements in the leaf of three tree species and the soil below them. Across the three species, with increased depth of soil, the extent of lead sequestration declined. Pinus eldarica had the minimum extent of sequestration for the four studied elements both in the soil and leaf across the three studied species. Quercus brantii and Ulmus umbraculifera have a greater potential in sequestration of heavy metals in comparison with Pinus eldarica

The arrival of the Arabs on the Sassanidʼs regality was confronted with the reaction of various groups of Iranian society. One of Iran's major minorities was Christians, who had a particular confrontation with the Arab conquerors. These reactions, which were often interactive and contradictory, occurred in different parts of Sassanid Iran. The interaction of Christians in the western regions of Iran and Iraq was due to their ethnicity and Arabic language and rivalry with the Christians in the inner regions of Iran. But the approach of Christians in the inner regions of Iran due to the existence of ethnic and linguistic differences with the conquerors, were often supported by Muslim protesters such as Khawarij to confront and oppose Arab conquerors. This article explains how Christians of Iran reacted to the arrival of Muslim conquerors in the first century AH.

Self-assessment of clinical performance in a clinical setting is defined as the process of collecting internal and external data, interpreting the data on personal performance, and comparing them with a set of standards. The current study aimed at analyzing self-assessment of clinical skills among medical interns at Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, and determining the relationship between practical skills and theoretical knowledge. The current cross sectional, descriptive, analytical study was conducted in 2014 on a total of 141 interns from Kerman University of Medical Sciences selected via census sampling. Data were collected using a checklist including the main procedural skills of medical students and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis tests with SPSS. The majority of participants were female (n = 79; 56%). The mean score of males` clinical skills was higher than that of females, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001). Analysis of the relationship between internship duration and clinical skill scores showed that the mean score of interns who had completed 6 months of their internship was higher than that of the ones who had not; the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001). Since the performance of future general practitioners highly depends on their learning and mastery of clinical skills, acquisition of these essential skills during internships is an important objective of medical students. Correct and complete training of clinical skills, especially during internships, is integrated into the medical curriculum, although its implementation requires careful planning and compliance with the medical standards.

Outbreak of influenza A/H1N1 become serious concern. Student in academic institutions can play effective role in prevention and control of influenza. Here paramedical faculty student health literacy toward Influenza was assessed.
A cross sectional-descriptive study was conducted among 139 students in Medical Records, Physiotherapy, Radiology, Health Information Technology, Speech Therapy and Optometry discipline at paramedical faculty of Mashhad medical university in 2016. A pandemic influenza questionnaire was translated and edited. Demographic characteristics of student, level of knowledge and perception toward influenza and perception toward government and media were collected.
More than half of student correctly identified influenza symptoms as fever 95/1%, body ache 51/2%, cough 46/3% and headaches 43/9%.person to person transmission and contact with infected objects were recognized by 87/8% and 68/3% of student as a mode of transmission. Students Covering identified nose and mouth 87/8%, hand washing with soap and water 80/5% and throwing tissues in rubbish bin as precutions.48/6% of student believed that influenza is not fatal; despite 88/9% of student perceived influenza as serious disease. In Government and media assessment, 39% of student agreed health department and other health authorities had a good control plan, 51/4% of student agreed with transparency of necessary intervention during flu outbreak.
This study shows that paramedical faculty student has appropriate influenza health literacy. Delivering more information about mode of transmission, high risk group and precaution intervention and playing more effective role by media is recommended.

THE implementation of passive defense in urban and regional planning has a prolonged historical background. This argument could be verified through historical facts such as moat digging and the building of barriers, ziggurats, ancient-forts, chateaus (sharestans), ligaments, barbicans, walls and castles. It is essential, because of the fundamental changes in military armaments technology, to employ modern passive defense in order to reduce casualties and inflictions of any type of war. Iran has- for the nature of its existence, its geographical and historical responsibility and potentials, among other reasons- always been and will remain under potential threats. The variables investigated in this applied research include the recognition of vital, critical and major installations of G Industrial State of Isfahan in order to reduce enemy attacks inflictions, enhance national resistance threshold and the defensive power, deterrence, resiliency and stability of the state. The study is mainly a secondary desk research, however, with regard to the type of it, field research- interviewing- have been deployed. The SWOT method has been used in the paper to analyze the Industrial State G and inspect its consistency with the passive defense principles and consequences of a potential attack. The results indicate the principles are not observed. It is possible to take measures before the outbreak of any war to diminish life and economical casualties of the strategic points whereupon the life cities and countries depend.

Urinary tract stone is a common disease in urogenital system. The usual method for treatment of ureteral stones is transurethral lithotripsy (TUL). The aim of this study was to compare the side effects of spinal versus general anesthesia in transurethral lithotripsy.
This was a randomized clinical trial study on 90 patients undergoing transurethral lithotripsy in Alzahra Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, during 2015-2016. Patients were divided in two groups of general and spinal anesthesia. Two groups were compared about operation and recovery time, surgeon and patient satisfaction, vital signs and complications of anesthesia type. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t, Mann-Whitney, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests via SPSS software. P-value Findings: Recovery time was shorter in group receiving general anesthesia (104.2 ± 25.2 vs. 80.0 ± 24.4, P The findings of this study imply fewer side effects in the use of spinal anesthesia for transurethral lithotripsy.

The rapidly increasing use of mobile phones has led to public concerns about possible health effects of these popular communication devices. This study is an attempt to investigate the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation produced by GSM mobile phones on the insulin release in rats.
Forty two female adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group1 were exposed to RF radiation 6 hours per day for 7 days. Group 2 received sham exposure (6 hours per day for 7 days). Groups 3 and 4 received RF radiation 3 hours per day for 7 days and sham exposure (3 hours per day), respectively. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF was 2.0 W/kg.
Our results showed that RF radiations emitted from mobile phone could not alter insulin release in rats. However, mild to severe inflammatory changes in the portal spaces of the liver of rats as well as damage in the cells of islet of Langerhans were observed. These changes were linked with the duration of the exposures.
RF exposure can induce inflammatory changes in the liver as well causing damage in the cells of islet of Langerhans.

Silica Vanadic Acid, SVA, (oxo-vanadium has been supported on silica) as a dual Lewis and Bronsted acid ability was prepared and efficiently catalyzed one-pot multi-component condensation of enolizable ketones or alkyl acetoacetates with aromatic aldehydes, acetonitrile and acetyl chloride. The described reaction was produced β-acetamido ketone or ester derivatives in high to excellent yields in relatively short reaction times in heterogeneous catalytic system at room temperature. Other advantages of this method is applicable at large scales without significant loss of the yields. In addition, this method is superior to reported methods, for the synthesis of β-acetamido ketone or ester derivatives.

Multidimensional fatigue syndrome (MFS) is referred to as extreme inability accompanied by decline in physical functional capacity and impairment of intellectual function, such as loss of concentration. Elderly people are more prone to MFS comparing to other age groups. It is expected that adequacy of dialysis affect the process of MFS among patients under dialysis. The purpose of the study is to assess MFS and its association to adequacy of dialysis among dialysis patients. This cross-sectional study is conducted on patients under dialysis aged 50 years and above. Convenience sampling was used to collect the data. The main instrument of the study was Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory- Short Form (MFSI-SF). To assess subjects’ mental status Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) was applied. Subjects with MMSE greater than 18 were included in the study. The participants’ range of age were 50 to 81 and the mean age of them were 62 years old. According to the findings of this study, of 43 eligible participants, 33 patients (76.7%) were suffering from different level of MFS. Moreover, adequacy of dialysis among dialysis patients were favorably high in 10 patients (23.2%), moderate in 24 patients (55.8%) and low in 9 patients (21%). Multiple regression showed that MFS (P=0.01) and anemia (P=0.04) were significantly associated with adequacy of hemodialysis among elderly patients. This study is in line with hypothesis of the study that adequacy of hemodialysis reduces MFS among elderly patients under hemodialysis. It is highly recommended that adequacy of hemodialysis and Hb level should be under close monitoring to overcome MFS among senior citizens under hemodialysis treatment.

Allegiance is one of the preeminent concepts in Islamic culture. A look at the most prominent political-social events of early Islam, considering the thoughts and arguments of each group, shows the institutionalization of commitment to allegiance among them. Among Islamic scholars, there is almost a consensus that legitimacy of sovereignty of Infallible Imams is the result of the [religious] texts, not allegiance. The present article, while studying the concept of allegiance, mentions its historical course in early Islam, dealing with its instances and its role in Imamate in Shiite culture.

Spirituality, is inseparable part of ethics and human values and have a high importance on monotheism religions. This is importance from that human nature have a fundamental tendency to positive and favorite values. The lack of faith is alarm bell that revealing human disability in facing to difficulties of life. Spirituality manifesting in hope and trust to “mercy, grace, compassion, justice, friendship and wisdom” of God. Hopefulness and trust of human beings helps them in passing and ephemeral moments of life and to be accept the will of God. Spirituality in work, is inspiring and motivating power in permanent search for finding goal and meaning of life based on working, deep knowing to value of working, extent of the world, creatures of nature environment, and system of personal belief. Spirituality have connection with three levels of organizational behavior that is individual, group and organizational levels, and despite the fact that spirituality in organization, have a deep philosophical and personal conception, but more or less in all of definitions of scientific and academic centers, spirituality including of integrity, perfection, cohesion in working milieu and deep values in work. Based-spirituality organization will accompanied by numerous advantages including of staff health and self-control. Also, gained God’s favor in result of spirituality, will be effect on work success. Based on studies and research findings, religious beliefs as a transcendence basic indicator, can lead towards perfection and transcendence, and as a result, organizational spiritual and mental health, and finally spiritual transcendence of staff have a rightful effect on individual and social health. Furthermore, it seems that doing the proper and consistent cultural engineering in religious teachings and knowing to reality of Islamic worldview and ideology is essential for NAJA (Islamic Republic Disciplinary Force), and by its performing, to take important steps for spiritualizing the self, Islamic society and extant organizations.

Some genetic and phenotypic variables are associated among distinct microbial populations.. The associations between multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotypes, prevalence of antibiotic resistance integrons (ARIs), blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M gene carriage and genetic fingerprints of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), confirmed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), were investigated among extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.. Susceptibility of 35 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae nosocomial isolates to 22 antimicrobial agents was determined. Integron carriage was detected using specific primers for intI1, intI2 and intI3 genes by PCR.. All isolates were resistant to piperacillin and susceptible to imipenem. MDR phenotype was observed in 91.4% of the isolates. Class 1 integrons were detected in 21 (60%) and class 2 integrons in 3 (8.57%) of the isolates. Two of the isolates carried both classes and none harbored class 3 integrons. Significant correlations were observed between resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides, and between genotype groups with carriage of ARIs, MDR phenotype and blaSHV gene carriage. ARI carriage was also significantly associated with MDR phenotype.. Our findings suggest the possible co-carriage of some blaSHV genes and ARIs on the same plasmids harboring the MDR genes. Possible role of integrons in dissemination of ESBL-encoding blaSHV genes among ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae nosocomial isolates may be inferred..

Dynamic response (transient vibration) of a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) based simply supported sandwich beam under various transient loads is investigated. The MRE is modeled as a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic material. Hamilton’s principle in conjunction with the classical Euler-Bernoulli beam equations and linearized compatibility relations of sandwich beams with transversely flexible cores is used to derive the equations of motion and pertaining boundary conditions. Fourier series and Durbin’s algorithm for the inversion of Laplace transform are used to solve the equations of motion for different transient loads (i. e. impulse، moving load، and uniformly distributed harmonic load) in different magnetic fields. Limiting cases are compared with the data in the classic literature as verification.

Echinococcus granulosus causes human cystic echinococcusis (hydatid cyst) as an important public health problem in many regions of the world. Serologic tests are the main methods for diagnosis of the disease nowadays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most routine and common method for diagnosis. There are some problems in primary diagnosis such as cross-reaction with sera from patients with other parasitic disease in serological tests. Using an appropriate source of antigenic material is a very important and crucial point in improvement of ELISA method. Recombinant AgB Echinococcus granulosus were applied as a new antigen in ELISA and sensitivity and specificity of new kit were compared with Euroimmun hydatid kit. 73 sera from patients with hydatid cyst (confirmed by surgical operation) and 73 healthy individuals’ sera were tested by recombinant AgB kit. The sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97.33% were determined by homemade kit. According to our results, recombinant EgAgB has good performance in total IgG ELISA for detection of sera antibodies from patients with hydatid cyst.

Chromanone derivatives demonstrate remarkable cytotoxity against a varieties of cancer cell lines. Novel 9-[hydroxy(substitutedphenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-2,3,8,9- tetrahydro-4H,10H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromene-4,10-diones as Glyasperin analogues were synthesized in four steps from known 4-chromone 1. The key step was the preparation of chromane dione 5a by regioselective intramolecular cyclization reaction in 85% yield. Condensation of 5a with substituted aromatic aldehydes afforded corresponding alpha hydroxybenzyl analogues 6a-6e. The cytotoxic study of the synthesized compounds against breast cancer human cell line (T47D) showed moderate cytotoxic activities (IC50=16-40 μM) compared to the positive control drug vincristin (IC50=2.5 μM).

Islamic philosophers have chosen different approaches to define philosophy such as subject-centered, method-centered, goal-centered, question-centered and a combinational approach. The goal-centered definitions are either unpractical and vast or cannot distinguish between philosophical and non-philosophical matters. The method-centered definitions do not exclude non-philosophical matters as well. The subject-centered definitions are practical and determinative but they have other problems. Thus the new Islamic wisdom or the insider wisdom tries to find a new definition and structure for philosophy through human’s incorporated being.

A mathematical model is developed and applied for the performance analysis of closed cooling towers to find the effects of spray water temperature, process water and air thorough the tower. The process of heat and mass transfer is analyzed and the effect of spray water to air mass flow ratio, which is an important parameter in tower performance, is investigated. Finally the optimum value of this parameter for a certain closed tower is calculated. The current method is simpler than CFD solutions with an acceptable accuracy.

Some writers consider revelation as a kind of inspiration and poem and religious experience resulted from the culture of the corresponding age. This is somehow that one cannot attribute epistemological truth to it. These writers also attribute this perspective to Muslim philosophers. This article will try to prove that the Islamic philosopher’s understandings of revelation, including the philosophy of the Lyceum and philosophy of Illumination and the transcendental philosophy, are completely in opposition with the theory of considering Quranic and Resali revelation as religious experience and poem [created be Prophet]. They consider revelation as a Divine truth. Therefore the Divine revelation takes place when a prophet passes the stages of potential intellect and habitual intellect and actualized intellect and reaches to acquired intellect and communicates with the Active Intellect. However Prophet is never considered as the subject creator of revelation according to the perspective of Muslim philosophers. Another subject mentioned here is how are the particular and general revelations created which are explained according to the perspectives of Ibn-Sina, Sheikh Ishraqh and Molla-Sadra.

Different religion’s scholars have diverse views about provability of God’s existence. Some not also believe the possibility of provability of God, but have also represented different demonstrations to prove their claim. The demonstration based on miracle and unordinary events is one of the demonstrations used by western scholars to prove God. Molla Ahmad Naraqi has also used this demonstration in his Anis-ol-Movahhedin. While explaining the expositions of late Naraqi, John Hospers, John Hick and Javadi Amoli, this article explains some queries of the critics and their answers.