reza baradaran

In order to investigate the effect of stress modulator application on safflower tolerance to water deficit stress, an experiment was conducted at the Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Balochistan in delete 2020 and 2021. The experiment followed a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot of the experiment consisted of three levels of irrigation, specifically irrigation after 70, 140 and 210 mm of cumulative evaporation. The sub- plot included six levels of stress modulators and gibberellic acid, namely no-foliar application, glycine betaine, proline, ascorbic acid, and tocopherol. Means comparison interaction effects between years under water deficit stress with foliar application showed that in the first year, the irrigation after 210 mm of cumulative evaporation with the application of gibberellic acid led to a significant increase in the number of seed per boll and seed yield by 11.7 and 13.44%, respectively. A significant increase was observed in the number of seeds per boll with ascorbic acid application, the number of boll per m2 with tocopherol application, and the seed yield with gibberellic acid application, by 13, 77.4 and 109%, respectively, in the second year as compared with no foliar application. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that the foliar application of stress modulators and gibberellic acid effectively mitigated the negative effects associated with irrigation after 210 mm of cumulative evaporation in safflower plants.

In order to ensure the stability and sustainability of the government and to achieve its goals and objectives, rulers are forced to create diverse structures within the government. According to sociologists, the functions of the structure are that, first, it will completely manage and systematize the blockage and social exclusion of groups opposing and protesting power. Secondly, it prevents the emergence of social tension and conflicts over changes and inequalities. Therefore, in the era of the Caliphate, three ideological, political, and economic structures emerged. The ideological structure was designed to change, manipulate, and control people's beliefs and values, and was based on three components (prohibition of writing and publishing prophetic hadiths, delegitimization of the words of the Messenger of God (PBUH&H.H), and forgery, distortion, and innovation). The political-administrative structure was based on the monopoly of various levels of power by the Quraysh and the exclusion of the Banu Hashim, the Ansar, and others from it. The economic structure was also organized by eliminating the opponents' financial resources and restricting their economy, and by distributing the treasury in a targeted and directional manner, with a special focus on the Quraysh and the Umayyads. The aforementioned new three-tiered structures in the era of the Caliphate caused conflicts, tensions, and bloody sectarian conflicts, social ruptures and rifts, inequality in the distribution of political and economic resources, and other adverse consequences throughout history for Islamic society. Using a descriptive-analytical method based on historical data, this research answers the question: What structures were based on the period after the demise of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH&H.H) and the rule of the caliphs? What have been the negative effects on the foundation of these structures?

Safflower is a plant that has been considered due to its high medicinal and nutritional value, especially in the extraction of edible oils in developed countries. Drought is one of the most important harmful factors in arid and semi-arid regions of the world that affects plant production. Modifiers play an important role in plant adaptation to stress conditions. Among these compounds are the hormone gibberellic acid and the antioxidant ascorbic acid, which increase plant tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. The present study investigated the effect of gibberellic acid and ascorbic acid on seed germination parameters and some enzymatic indices of safflower under drought stress.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Agricultural Science Laboratory of Iranshahr University in 2020. Experimental treatments included three levels of control (pretreatment with distilled water), pretreatment with gibberellic acid and ascorbic acid, and four levels of drought stress (0, -3, -6, and -9 bar). Drought stress was applied using polyethylene glycol 6000. Seed germination was carried out inside a germinator at 25 ° C for 14 days in darkness. Germination traits and enzymatic indices were measured using standard methods.

The results of variance showed that most germination and growth indices of safflower seedlings decreased with increasing drought stress. Also, drought stress led to changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Seed priming with gibberellic acid and ascorbic acid increased germination indices and seedling growth and improved enzymatic activity, including catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in comparison with untreated seeds. Priming with gibberellic acid had a significant advantage. Seed priming in drought stress conditions has increased germination rate, protein content, and catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbic dismutase activity, respectively, compared to the control.

In general, seed priming of safflower using gibberellic acid changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes. These activities ultimately moderated the negative effects of drought stress and increased germination parameters.

The role of gibberellic acid and ascorbic acid on safflower seed germination traits was investigated.
The effect of gibberellic acid and ascorbic acid on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and soluble protein during seed germination was investigated.

Potatoes are a plant sensitive to water stress and are a rich source of carbohydrates, essential nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, minerals, proteins and antioxidants. Drought is one of the most common tensions that has always threatened the production of agricultural products and has affected a large area of the world. Therefore, due to the scarcity of water resources, it is necessary to increase water consumption efficiency in the agricultural sector and to pay more attention to water control and storage methods, including irrigation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids obtained from crosses of commercial potato cultivars in Ardabil province.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids resulting from cross-breeding of commercial potato cultivars for two years (2017-97) in the greenhouse of Zare Gostar Arta Agricultural Company in Ardabil province. Split plot experiment Based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The main factor included three levels of irrigation (100, 85 and 70% of the plant's water requirement) and the sub-factor included 12 potato hybrids that were the result of crossing four cultivars Losta, Banba, Spirit and Agria as parents. Statistical calculations were performed using Sas 9.1 and Mini-tab 16 statistical software.

The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in terms of all evaluated traits except main stem diameter, tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific gravity and tuber starch percentage. In terms of bilateral effect of irrigation levels × cultivars, except for tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific gravity and tuber starch percentage, significant differences were observed in other traits. Treatment of 100% water usable in the swamp (a Luca × Esprit♂) with an average of 53.56 tons per hectare maximum tuber yield and treatments of 85% water usable in the confluence (♀ Luca × Esprit×) and 65% water usable in the swamp (uc Luca × Esprit♂) with an average of 49.75 and 50.39 tons per hectare, respectively, had the lowest tuber yield. Crossing No. 10 (baBanba × Esprit♀) with an average of 21.52% had the highest percentage of dry matter and along with crosses No. 1, 7 and 9 were in the top group. The results of correlation between the evaluated traits in these three conditions separately showed that in all three water conditions the correlation between tuber yield and tuber weight per plant was positive and significant and at irrigation levels of 100, 85 and 65, respectively ( r= 0.98**, 0.99** and 0.99 **). Percentage of tuber dry matter, tuber specific gravity and percentage of tuber starch had a significant negative correlation with tuber yield and tuber weight per plant at 85% of usable water stress.

With this in mind, Cross No. 10 (baBanba × Esprit♀) is recommended among the crosses under evaluation for processing (chips).

Barijeh is a monocarpic perennial plant belonging to the Umbellifers family. It is one of the most valuable native plants of Iran, and its extracts is a significant export item of Iram. The propagation of plants is one of the most essential processes for the plant sustaining life. In situations where plant propagation via seeds is impossible or problematic, asexual propagation techniques, such as transplantation, can be used. Due to the preservation of genetic characteristics and the absence of somaclone diversity in plants, transplanting is an appropriate technique for large-scale plant production. Increasing the growth rate of young seedlings can frequently shorten the seedling period and advance the plant to the fruiting stage. Type of transplant and age at the time of transplant appear to be influential in this regard. This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse and research farm of the Shirvan Branch of Islamic Azad University in 2018-2019 using a randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors in a factorial arrangement. The first factor was the type of grafting performed on the Barijeh, which was examined at four levels: control (no grafting), tuber grafting, leaf grafting, and crown grafting. The second factor was the age of the grafts, which was examined at four levels: annual, biennial, triple, and four-year-old grafts. Mid-May 2018 saw the preparation of basic plants (aged five years) and tested scions from the botanical garden of the North Khorasan Research Center in Bojnourd. End of May of the same year, three types of transplantation were performed on basic plants: tuber, stem, and leaf transplantation. Midwinter saw the transfer of seedlings to the main land, where they began vegetative growth in early March. At the end of May 2019, three months after the transfer of seedlings to the main land, graft yield, stem height, leaf number, leaf inclination, and tuber length were measured. In addition, once the plant entered its reproductive phase (early July), the number of flowers per plant was measured on June 1 and the number of seeds per plant was measured in late June. Data analysis were performed by Mini tab statistical software version 17 and comparison of means were performed using LSD test at a 1% probability level. The results indicated that the interaction effect of graft type and age was significant for all investigated traits. Tubular and four-year-old grafts had the highest graft success, leaf length, and stem height, at 80%, 3.56 cm, and 4.47 cm, respectively. The greatest number of leaves was observed on four-year-old grafts in the control and tuber graft treatments, and only in these two treatments the number of leaves reached more than 11 leaves per plant. The longest tuber length was observed in three-year-old and four-year-old control and tuber graft treatments, and only in these four treatments the tuber length was observed at more than 24 cm. The success of the grafting is contingent on a number of factors, including the type of base, the physiological condition of the base, the type of graft, the origin of the graft, the age and duration of the graft, and the compatibility of the base and the graft. Because the crown diameters of one- to four-year-old plants used as grafts on five-year-old mature plants as grafting bases were smaller in the present study and in the study of barijeh, crown grafting was less successful. Due to insufficient contact between the rootstock and the graft, leaf grafting was not particularly successful. This experiment revealed that the optimal transplantation method for barijeh is tuber grafting, while the optimal age for graft selection is a four-year-old plant.

Water deficit stress occurs when a combination of physical and environmental factors reduces the availability of water in the root environment and the structure of the plant, thereby reducing crop yield. One of the most important stresses is WDS, which may occur under low rainfall conditions, high temperatures and winds. The response of the plant to WDS depends on the stage of growth in which the drought occurs at that stage. WDS limits photosynthesis by stomata to close and, thus alter the physiological traits and productivity of plants such as synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, proline, anthocyanin, and etc. Tolerant crops cultivation is a quick and low-cost methods that could be used to increase the yield of crops and economically productive under stress conditions. Thus, the aims of this experiment was to study the effect of WDS on seed germination indices, seedling physiological traits, yield and physiological and biochemical responses of sesame, hemp, and purslane under laboratory and field conditions.

Field experiment was performed as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation levels based on the potential for evapotranspiration at three levels (40%, 70% and 100%) and three plant species (sesame, purslane and hemp) were as main plots and sub plot, respectively. Germination test was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications to evaluate the effect of drought stress (at four levels of zero, -3, -6 and -9 bar) and sodium silicate (at three levels of zero, 1.5, and 3 mM) on germination characteristics of these three plants. After checking the normality of data distribution assumption, the studied traits were statistically analyzed by the Statistical Analysis System software (SAS) for germination and field experiments. The differences among means were using the least significant difference (LSD) test at 0.05 level of significance.

The highest GP (86%) was achieved purslane seed under the non-stress condition and lowest GP (39.33%) was in hemp seed under -9 bars. Increasing the WDS severity, GR showed a significant decrease in the three crops. Although, in all three crops, GP and GR showed significantly reducing compared to the non-stress condition, the rate of GP reduction were different. These reductions in sesame, hemp, and purslane seeds compared to the control treatment were 15.3, 24.6, and 48.06%, respectively and rate of GR reduction was 37.1, 28.7, and 59.8%, respectively Seed priming with sodium silicate at the level of 1.5 mM in drought levels increased the mean weight of seedling vigor index. The effect of WDS on total chlorophyll of sesame, hemp, and purslane seedlings was significant. Among the osmotic potential levels, -3 bars treatment had the highest total chlorophyll content (37.1 µg/g FW). The interaction effects of year × WDS × crops on seed yield were significant. Mean comparison of triple interaction showed that the purslane plant in both years and sesame plant in the first year under non-stressed conditions (100% PET) had the highest seed yield (1389.8, 1355.7, and 1352.4 kg/ha, respectively). The lowest this trait was related to hemp plant under severe stress conditions (40% PET) in both years of experiments. The average seed yield of two years was high in purslane crop but the mean seed yield loss under WDS was lowest in sesame and highest in hemp crops. These results indicate the superiority of two purslane and sesame crops compared to hemp under WDS. Among the plants tested, purslane had the highest total chlorophyll content. In conclusion, although purslane had the highest grain yield, the reduction in grain yield under severe stress conditions was the lowest in sesame and the highest in hemp. Overall, the results of the germination and field experiments showed that purslane was more tolerant of drought stress due to its morpho-physiological characteristics.

One of the focal points of apocalyptic news goes back to the titles that have been used for the promised savior or the characters around him. In this research, three titles namely “Mansur”, “Saffāh” and “Hojjat” have been studied with a historical processing approach .The necessity and purpose of using such an approach, which is rarely seen in Mahdavi and historical works, is to reconstruct the mentality of Muslims in the first centuries on Mahdism and to present new interpretations of the promised endeavors, especially in the half of the second century A.H. That will be obtained by finding the roots, semantics and research application of the titles and by studying the earlier historical and hadith sources and presenting documentary analyzes. It seems that the mentioned titles, which were used by different parties and currents, had significant historical functions, especially in the first centuries of Islam. Because the titles Mansur and Safah later found a prominent place in the Abbasid movement and Hojjat also became a common title among the Shiites, Twelvers and the Isma’ilis, with different utilizations

Abiotic stresses are major constraints for many crop plants in specific areas over the globe which limits crop production. Drought, the occurrence of a substantial water deficit in the soil, is an alarming constraint to crop productivity and yield stability worldwide. Drought is the leading environmental stress in world agriculture, causing losses in crop yield. Drought stress adversely affects a variety of vital physiological and biochemical processes in plants, leading to reduced growth and final crop yield. One quick strategy to promote plant drought tolerance is exogenous application of various compounds, including organic solutes (organic osmolytes and plant growth regulators) and mineral nutrients. Recently, this strategy has gained considerable attention because of its efficiency, feasibility, and cost- and labor-effectiveness. In this experiment, we studied the roles of some plant growth regulators foliar application including putrescine, humic acid, salisylic acid and methanol, in foxtail millet response to drought stress in enhancing millet drought tolerance and alleviating the damaging effects of drought stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on yield and morpho-phenological traits of foxtail millet under drought stress condition an experiment in split plot arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications conducted in two years of 2017 and 2018 at the Agricultural Research Center of Birjand branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand. Experimental factors included drought stress as main factor in three levels (irrigation in 30, 70 and 100 percent of plant water requirement) and foliar application of plant growth regulators as sub plot in five levels (control and foliar application of putrescine, humic acid, salisylic acid and methanol). The water requirement was determined by FAO method using evaporation data from Class A pan with 80% efficiency for field water distribution (Hellen et al., 1998). In this method, FAO guidelines were used to determine the vegetative coefficient at different stages of growth. Foliar application of 1 mM salicylic acid, 1 mM putrescine, 1.5 kg.ha-1 humic acid, and 25% volumetric methanol were used in two stages (early stem elongation and early flowering). The averages of data statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using the SAS system for windows, version 9.1 (SAS Inst., 2001) and means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 0.05% probability.

Results showed that drought stress led to significant reduction in plant height, peduncle length, number of panicle per meter square, number of grain per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and biomass while foliar application of plant growth regulators improved morphological traits, yield components and finally grain yield. The highest biomass and grain yield were obtained at 100% water requirement with 704.5 and 267.7 g.m-2, respectively. At 70% of water requirement these traits decreased by 20.2 and 25.2 percent and in 30% of water requirement they reduced by 51.2% and 58.4%, respectively. Foliar application of putrescine, humic acid, salisylic acid and methanol enhanced millet grain yield by 8.3, 23.9, 17.1 and 19.6 percent, respectively in contrast to control treatment. Investigation the interaction of year in irrigation on biomass and grain yield revealed that in both studied years, the highest values of these traits were obtained from 100% water requirement treatment and with increasing of stress intensity they reduced significantly.

Generally, results revealed that application of plant growth regulators improved foxtail millet grain yield under water stress. Application of humic acid under optimal irrigation condition and application of methanol in severe drought stress had the highest impact in improving grain yield.

The belief in the Promised Mehdi can be considered as one of the most common features of most Muslim groups. In the meantime, and in various areas of beliefs related to Imam Mahdi, the issue of his lineage has always been considered. One of the most important teachings is his prophetic and Fatimid lineage, namely the connection of the Mahdi descent with the Prophet of Islam and Lady Fatima. Dealing with this issue will be necessary and useful because it will help to develop the history of thought and analytical studies in Mahdavi's views. Considering the interest of different groups in this issue in the first centuries, it will be useful for examining the Mahdavi efforts of social currents. According to what has been said, this study seeks to identify the efforts of Muslims, especially Imamis about Prophetic and Fatimid lineage of Imam Mahdi and to observe the course of this belief considering the social contexts before the minor occultation, by analyzing the information obtained from the first historical and hadith sources, and by using the methods and principles accepted in historical studies and sciences involved such as theology and hadith. It seems that the concern for the prophetic lineage of the Mahdi is an accepted idea for most of the promised groups, and each of them tried to somehow connect itself to the Prophet. Therefore, the Mahdi Fatimid lineage and the Ahl al-Bayt emphasis on this issue, which was probably in opposition to the activities of the Keysanians, gradually became a fundamental belief for all Muslim groups.

The current research has been done with the aim of investigating the process of outsourcing decisions and providing a model for decision-making regarding the outsourcing of agricultural extension services. This research is of a qualitative type and has been done using the grounded theory method. Data collection has been done using semi-structured in-depth interview. The statistical population of the research included academic experts, agricultural Jihad experts and non-governmental sector experts, 30 people were selected and examined using the purposeful sampling method and snowball technique. The process of collecting information continued until the level of theoretical saturation and the threshold of usefulness of available information. Based on the core classified codes (20 categories), the major issues of outsourcing include: development and expansion of IT, weakness and inefficiency of government promotion, strengthening of the non-governmental/private sector, demand-oriented production work, expansion of the pluralist promotion system, knowledge management of users and farmers, investing in agriculture, implementing incentive-support policies, decentralizing extension activities, strengthening interactions between farmers, scientific centers and research centers, identifying supply capacities, reforming the management structure, getting feedback from the types of services provided and using it in planning , risk management, commercialization of agriculture, organizational agility of promotion, coverage level of services in rural areas, productivity and food security, efficiency of the potentials and capacity of the non-governmental sector, readiness for competitiveness in the global market have been compiled.

Belief in the Mahdi is one of the commonalities of Islamic sects, but of course these sects differ from each other in its application and details. One of these cases is the issue of "the name of Mahdi", which played a role in the events of the first centuries of Islam. Therefore, it will be necessary to recognize the Muslim belief in the name of Mahdi to represent the roots and contexts of political and social movements at that time; as the historical study of the belief in the name of Mahdi with an evolutionary approach to provide realistic analysis, helps the process of expanding the belief of Mahdi's thought in Islamic society.
Using historical, hadith and sectalogy sources and benefiting from data analysis, the present study tries to provide a clear picture of the belief process of different Muslim groups called Mahdi. It seems that this issue has been associated with different approaches among Shiites and Sunnis. In the meantime, different Shiite groups, including the Twelver Shiite, have also had differences of opinion. Moreover, political events and the hadith heritage of the Prophet of Islam (pbuh) regarding the nominal similarity of Mahdi with himself have played a role in highlighting some names such as "Mohammad".

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crop plants in the world. Different indices have been introduced to determine stress tolerance, but in general, indices that are highly correlated with yield under both stress and non-stress conditions are considered as the best indices. Because these indices are capable of identifying high yield genotypes in both stress and non-stress environments, they can be used to estimate yield stability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare different drought tolerance and susceptibility indices and group hybrids from potato cultivars in Ardabil province based on these indices.

In order to study drought tolerance indices of 12 hybrids obtained from crossover of experimental potato cultivars in a randomized complete block design with three replications at two irrigation levels (100 and 65% of plant water requirement) in Zareh Agricultural Company greenhouse Gostar Arta was performed. The first year was for genetic variation, and the second year was for greenhouse cultivation. Drought tolerance indices were also calculated for the studied genotypes in order to determine the tolerance of cultivars to different water deficit conditions. The susceptibility and stress tolerance indices (GMP, MP, STI, SSI and TOL) were used to evaluate drought tolerance and drought resistance of potato genotypes.Drought tolerance indices were calculated and after computing the indices, these indices were analyzed and compared with 100% and 65% water requirement using SPSS-22 software. Relationship between gland function in two environments and calculated tolerance indices were performed and three-dimensional graphs were plotted using SPSS-22 software. Minitab15 software was used for better evaluation of relationships by principal component analysis and biplot charts. Also, WARD method was used to select the desired hybrids for hybridization and the obtained results were obtained. A dendrogram chart form was provided. The dendrogram was plotted by Minitab15 software.

Results of analysis of variance of yield under normal conditions and 65% water use and stress tolerance indices showed variation among 12 hybrids from crosses. Under normal conditions (100% plant water requirement) the highest yield of tuber with average of 53.55 ton /h belonged to R12 hybrid (♀Luca×Esprit♂). The highest tuber yield under drought stress conditions (65% plant water requirement) was observed in S13 (♂Luca×Esprit♀) and S14 (♂Luca × Esprit♀) hybrids with 34.41 and 35.47 ton / ha, respectively. In stress conditions (65% plant water requirement) the highest tuber yield and the highest harmonic mean, geometric mean yield and stress tolerance index belonged to hybrid R14 (♀Luca × Esprit♂). The results of correlation analysis showed tuber yield under normal and stress conditions (65% of available water) and drought tolerance index, Geometric mean productivity index and average productivity index are the most appropriate indices for determining potato-tolerant hybrids. Multivariate biplot charts showed that the two hybrids R14 (♀Luca × Esprit♂) and S13 (♂Luca × Esprit♀) were adjacent to vectors related to important drought tolerance indices namely productivity mean, geometric mean productivity And stress tolerance. Also distribution of hybrids in biplot showed genetic variation among hybrids relative to drought stress. Cluster analysis showed that the highest genetic distance was between R14 (♀Luca × Esprit♂) and R12 (♀Luca×Esprit♂) hybrids and S12 (♂Luca × Esprit♀) susceptible hybrids.

Based on the results, it can be concluded that the ability of separation of drought tolerant hybrids from potato cultivars by geometric mean productivity and average productivity index and tolerance index is more appropriate and two hybrids R14 and S13 can be used as stress tolerant hybrids.

An experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in the greenhouse of Zar Gostar Arta Agricultural Company for 2 years in order to determine the tolerance of hybrids from combination of potato cultivars to different dehydration conditions in Ardebil province. The main factor included three levels of irrigation (100, 85 and 70% of plant water requirement) and the sub factor included 12 potato cultivars. The results showed that there was a significant difference between irrigation levels, genotypes and the interaction of irrigation levels on genotype in terms of tuber yield at 1 and 5% probability levels. In this study, under normal irrigation conditions, R12 (Luca × Esprit) had the highest average of tuber yield by (53.6 ton/ha) and S34 (Esprit × Agria) and had the lowest average of tuber yield by 28.9 ton / ha. S14 (Luca × Esprit) had the highest average of tuber yield by 40.3 and 35.5 (ton/ha) respectively, in the stress condition of 85 and 70% of usable water and S34 (Esprit × Agria) had the lowest average of tuber yield by 40.3 and 35.5 (ton/ha) respectively, under irrigation levels of 85 and 70% of usable water. There was a significant and positive correlation between tuber yield under normal irrigation condition (100% usable water) and mild and severe water dehydration stress (85 and 70% usable water) with MP, GMP, TOL and STI indicator. However, there was a negative and significant correlation between tuber yield and indicator of sensitivity to stress (SSI) under mild and severe stress conditions (85 and 70% of usable water). There was a positive and significant correlation between SSI index and TOL at 5% probability level. Factor coefficients in the studied traits for the studied treatments between quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids obtained from potato cultivars composition showed that four factors explained 86.508% of total changes under normal stress conditions (85% of usable water) and S24 (Banba × Agria)، S14 (Luca × Esprit)، R24 (Banba × Agria)and S23 (Banba × Esprit) were more valuable than other hybrids in terms of effective traits on yield factor and structural factor.

Solutions to reduce the vulnerability of farmers and beneficiaries to climate change in Khuzestan province will be discussed.

The present study was performed in three stages of qualitative study and one stage of quantitative study. The statistical population of the qualitative section consisted of 83 highly experienced farmers and those suffering from climate change, 18exemplary farmers introduced by the Jihad Agricultural Organization of Khuzestan province, 33PhDand237M.A. students in agriculture from various universities in the province as well as100agricultural experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization. The research variables were also categorized into six solutions and three barriers (challenges) in the third stage of the qualitative investigation, and introduced for a quantitative stage. The fourth stage of the study was a quantitative stage in which the statistical population consisted of 384 farmers and farming beneficiaries in Khuzestan province. The tool for data collection in the quantitative stage of the questionnaire was based on a Likert scale. As well, the sample in the quantitative and qualitative stages was selected via convenience method.

Economic losses has been affected by various such solutions as economic-financial-support by the government, as well as training-promotional, technical-agricultural and social issues. Also, environmental damages have been affected by economic-financial as well as supportive solutions by the government, training- promotional and institutional-infrastructure issues, and finally psychological-social ills and technical-agricultural damages have been affected by managerial and technical-agricultural solutions, respectively. The solutions stated in the practical dimension face barriers or challenges. Suggestions have been made to address these barriers.

The purpose of this study was to explain the economic, social and political structure of poverty in the village of Shamshir with a fundamental theory approach. The main question of the research was what factors explain the economic, social and political structure of poverty in Shamshir village? Research in terms of applied purpose, qualitative research method, methods used to collect data; Observation, unstructured interview, note-taking and focus group and data analysis method is the foundation of data theory. The research sampling was done using purposive sampling approach and theoretical sampling method and rural poor were interviewed under the auspices of the Imam Relief Committee and the Welfare Department of Paveh city. Interview data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding to classify concepts and categories. Open codes containing 70 concepts and central codes including 24 categories were identified in the form of six dimensions of paradigm model including causal conditions, contextual conditions, main phenomenon, implicit conditions, strategies and consequences. Finally, government support, private and cooperative companies, and the economic policies of the government and other institutions are strategies to reduce poverty in Shamshir village.

The Zizyphus jujuba Mill from Rhamnaceae family is a laxative, a blood purifier, and a nerves relaxant. The study was performed to evaluate the morphological traits and the phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid compounds of Ziziphus jujuba Mill's ecotypes to achieve superior ecotype. 14 Ziziphus jujuba Mill's ecotypes from collection of ACECR in Southern Khorasan which had been obtained from flower and leaves in flowering stage and from fruit in fructifying stage, from different regions, in spring 2017. The Total amount of tannin and phenolic compounds were determined by Makar method the total amount of flavonoid was obtained using a high performance liquid chromatography apparatus. Grouping the ecotypes was carried out based on morphological and phytochemical traits, through cluster analysis. And correlation of quantitative traits was performed by Pearson method. The results showed that flavonoids yield had a significant positive correlation with fruit's length and width and length/width ratio. Phenol yield had a significant positive correlation with fruit's length and width. And tannin yield showed a significant positive correlation with phenol. The results of variance analysis, morphological traits including leaf's length and width and length/width ratio, fruit's length and width and length/width ratio, and thousand-seed weight showed a variety of germplasms of Ziziphus jujuba Mill in Iran. In terms of morphological traits, the coarse ecotype had the maximum effective ingredient. showed a statistically significant difference in phytochemicals. Based on cluster analysis, 14 ecotypes were divided into two separate groups. The evaluation of morphological and phytochemical traits among ecotypes a high variation.

Recognition of the Zaydis’ beliefs in Mahdi in the third century (A.H.) is the topic of the current paper. The authors attempt to discuss and analyze the most important aspects of the beliefs in Mahdi among the Zaydis in this period. The belief in Mahdi was especially useful in Zaydi revolts and in the conception of some key concepts in the Mahdaviyat field. It seems that with the appearance of some characters like Muhammad Ibn-Qasim (219 A.H.) and Yahya Ibn-Omar (250 A.H.), the school of Mahdaviyat thought experienced a new era among the Zaydis. Believing in occultation, specifically the long-term one, and paying special attention to the signs of his return are prominent characteristics of this period. By using different credible sources and presenting evidence-based analyses, this study attempts to portray an image of the elements of Zaydis’ beliefs in Mahdi in the third century (A.H.). The interactions of the Zaydis with other groups believing in the promised day of return (Mo’ud) can be a topic for further valuable researches.

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental abiotic stress causes a decrease in crop yield, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Millet is a traditional cereal cultivating in arid and semi- arid zones, tolerant to drought and salinity. The application of water stress, especially in the millet development stages (from stem elongation to later), reduced plant height and resulted in decreased production and storage of photosynthetic materials (Khazaee et al., 2005). In arid and semi-arid areas, not only water scarcity but also absorbable nutrient elements deficiency in soil always restricts plant growth. Micronutrients are essential for natural growth of plants and in addition to their cooperation in the structure of some organelles they are involved in many chemical reactions. The shortage of these elements may sometimes act as limiting factor of absorption of other nutrient elements and growth.spraying Manganese and Zn combining with the other spray treatments resulted in the highest growth parameters of the Setaria italica. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of drought stress and spraying manganese and zinc micronutrients and their interactions on morphological traits, harvest index, seed per panicle and seed yield of common millet. To investigate the effects of different irrigation intervals and foliar application of micronutrients on Panicum miliaceum, an experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Sarbisheh agricultural research farm in south Khorasan province on 2012. Each replication included three main plot factors based on irrigation levels (7, 14 and 21 days irrigation intervals). Each main plot had four sub plot factors which treatment of foliar application with micronutrients were conducted on them (foliar application treatment with manganese, zinc, manganese and zinc without foliar application). Plant height, the number of leaves per plant, flag leaf area, peduncle length, panicle length, harvest index of seed in the panicle and seed yield was measured. Drought stress cause significant differences on plant height, the number of leaves per plant, flag leaf area and peduncle length at 5% significance level and on panicle length and seed yield at 1% significance level. Drought stress decreases morphological traits by reducing photosynthesis, growth period length and material partitioning to organs. The effect of foliar application on plant height, panicle length, peduncle length and the number of leaves in plant and seed yield was significant at 0.01 probability. Foliar application had not significant effect on flag leaf area. Drought stress caused a significant difference at significance level of 5% on harvest index. The highest harvest index (53/46) was related to 7-day irrigation interval treatment. In the absence of sufficient water, material partitioning to reproductive organs and especially seed would be decreased which causes the reduction of harvest index. The effect of Zinc and Manganese foliar application on harvest index was significant at the significance level of 1%. The highest harvest index with 14.1% increase in compare to the control treatment was related to Zinc and Manganese foliar application treatment. Increasing morphological traits produced seed with higher power and finally harvest index of seed in panicle increased. Considering achieved results, the decrease of irrigation interval can increase the photosynthetic surface and consequently seed yield. Micronutrients foliar application also causes an increase in morphological traits and seed yield. Spraying micronutrients increased seed weight, number of seed per panicle and seed yield. The interaction of irrigation interval and micronutrients foliar application was significant too. The highest seed yield was related to 7-day irrigation interval and manganese and zinc foliar application with 222.6 grams per square meter.

In order to study the effects of biological nutrition and irrigation managements on qualitative indices of fenugreek, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and 15 treatments at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University, Birjand, Iran, during growing season of 2010-2011. Experimental treatments included irrigation interval (in three levels including irrigation every 6, 9 and 12 days) and biofertilizer (in five levels including nitroxin, biosphere, and micorhyza fungi of G. mosseae, G. intraradices and control treatment or none fertilizer). Results of statistical analysis showed that irrigation treatments had a significant effect on physiological indices like carbohydrate, chlorophyll a, ash, Na, K and proline. The effect of biofertilizer was significant on carbohydrate, chlorophyll a, and on ash. Results showed that proline, carbohydrate, Na, chlorophyll b and ash improved by increasing irrigation interval to every 12 days but K and chlorophyll a decreased. The highest content of carbohydrate, chlorophyll and ashwere observed in G. mosseae, biosphere and G. intraradices, respectively. Overall, results showed that application of biofertilizers had positive effects on qualitative indices of fenugreek and created type of plant adaptation to drought stress.

In this decade, plants with low requirements which may contribute to human health have been increasingly considered. To investigate the effect of irrigation interval and foliar application of micronutrients on Panicum miliaceum, an experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Sarbisheh agricultural research farm in 2012. Treatments including irrigation interval (7, 14 and 21 days) and foliar application of micronutrients in four levels (foliar application of manganese, zinc, zinc manganese and without foliar application) were assigned to main plot and sub plot, respectively. By decreasing irrigation interval to 7 days, the grain yield was increased mainly through increasing the number of grains per panicle (28% towards 21 day irrigation interval) and increasing the number of panicles per plant (25/68% towards 21 day irrigation interval). The foliar application of micronutrients improved the grain yield through enhancing grain number per panicle (23/29% towards treatment without foliar application) and enhancing panicle number per plant (15/17% towards treatment without foliar application). Findings showed that decreasing irrigation interval to 7 days and foliar application of micronutrients increased the yield and yield components of Panicum miliaceum. The maximum grain yield (222/6 grams per square meter) was under 7 day irrigation conditions and foliar application of manganese and zinc.

Kaysanites were among the first groups who indicated a definite person, Muhammad b. Hanafiyya, as the promised man to be reappeared which has been mentioned in the hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (s). They were among the first groups in Islamic sects who paid enormous attention to Mahdiism. As a result, analyzing and reassessing believing in Mahdi (a) and Mahdiism in Kaysanites in the aspect of process and evolution would generally help improving evolutionary studies in the history of Shiism. The goal of the present paper is describing the situation of believing in Mahdiism among Kaysanites from the demise of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya in 81 A.H. until the demise of his son, 'Abd Allah, known as Abu Hashim in 98 A.H. This paper will use the remained books of Kaysanites as well as historical and religious books related to the mentioned topic. Then after analyzing the collected data from reliable and acceptable historical quotations and narrations together with presenting logical analysis, believing in Mahdiism among.

Recognition of the components of Mahdiism contemporary with the advent of Muhammad Abdullah ibn al-Hasan Musanna known as Nafs-e-Zakiyyah (100-145) among some of the Zaydis is the subject of this study. In this article, an analytical review is made on the elements of similarity between Nafs-e-Zakiyyah and Mahdi which have specific functions in the uprising of Muhammad, as well as the explanation of the belief in Mahdiism among the followers of Zaidiyyah. It seems that the name, genealogy and apparent characteristics were the reasons to identify Zakiyyah as Mahdi. The signs of the emergence of Mahdi were also among the other indicators. Moreover, the role of some special people and exaggerated movements could not be ignored. Therefore, the present study, using valid historical, traditional, sectarian and intra-group sources, analyses the information obtained from the early sources and provides a documentary analysis to draw a clear picture of the elements which identify Muhammad as Mahdi.

“Kaysanites” is one of the first sects¡ which separated from the main body of Shiite with the imamate and messianic allegation of Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya. Mahdism among the Kaysanites can be traced in the two groups of Mahdi-believers and extremist after the death of Abu Hashem (the son of ibn Hanafiyya); in the sense that¡ a group of Kaysanites continued its life in the second century by remaining faithful to the family of Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya and believing him as the Messiah and separating themselves from the extremist. Using the historical sources¡ knowledge of sects and theological and traditional resources and by profiting the analysis and examination of the obtained data from the earliest sources¡ the writer has tried to present a clear image of Mahdism in the messianic Kaysanites at the time when they would get entangled with the challenges like the lack of powerful leaders¡ empowerment of the opposite flows and the prolonged absence of Muhammad ibn Hanafiyye that this approach eventually led to the sharp decline of the fans in the late second and perhaps early third century and led to their annihilation.

“Kaysanyan” as the first Shite group, who have chosen an objective instance for the Promised in the prophetic Hadiths, are the pioneers of attention to Mahdism amongst other Islamic denominations. Therefore, analyzing the belief in Mahdi and Mahdism among them, with a procedural approach, in a macro view helps the promotion of the evolutionary discussion and studies in Shi’a history. Setting a target for the the current research is drawing the position of believing Mahdi in the thought of Kaysanyan from the beginning to the death of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, by using the remnants of inter-group works and also the books on history and denominations related to the mentioned subject. The writing ahead examines the belief in Mahdism among this destroyed denomination within this time interval by using the analysis and explication of the obtained data from the most accepted accounts of history and by exploiting the accepted principles in the studies on history and denominations and also providing the rational documented analysis. As we will say Mukhtār was the first person who introduced Muhammad ibn Hanafiyyah as the Shi’a Imam and called him Mahdi. This term later faced a tangible evolution and its literal meaning changed from the guided to Messianism rooted in the traditions by the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Although one cannot attribute all later Kaysanyan’s beliefs to this period; during this period, by paving the way for the Messianic claim about Muhammad ibn Hanafiyyah, the secret organization of Kaysanites emerged, such an organization that the murder of Mukhtār and the allegiance of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah with Abdul Mālik ibn Marwān did not led to its elimination.

To obtain information related to the knowledge and clinical practice of general practitioners (GPs) in management of people with type 2 diabetes, and to explore the impact of formal continuous medical education (CME) programs. A total of 1104 GPs participated in a cross sectional survey related to diabetes management considering ADA/EASD consensus 2011 focused on demographic and background characteristics, diabetes related knowledge, and patient care. Fisher’s Exact and Chi-square tests were used in the analysis of contingency tables. The majority of the participants (83.9%) worked in large cities and 39.8% had taken part in CME programs in diabetes management. Overall, 52% of the GPs knew the treatment goal for HbA1c. The rate was slightly higher for those taken part in CME (P = 0.003). Considering patient care, slightly more than half of the participants answered correctly to the questions on duration and distribution of physical activity, with no difference by taking part in CME programs. On average, 41.5% of the physicians selected metformin as the first OGLD for treatment of type 2 diabetes, and only 27.9% stated that they add basal insulin to OGLD if treatment failed. The results of this study provide the evidence that the knowledge and clinical practice of Iranian GPs in management of type 2 diabetes were not satisfactory. Furthermore, traditional CME programs in diabetes management were not effective in changing the GPs’ clinical practice. Consequently, designing and implementing more effective strategies are necessary for improving patient health related outcomes.