sahar mohammadi

Nurses play a key role in providing healthcare, and their professional competence directly affects the quality of services and patients' health. The aim of the present study was to design and validate a self-care-based professional competence model for nurses in educational centers of Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences.

The research is of mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and applied type. In the qualitative part, data were collected through a systematic review of research history and semi-structured interviews with 16 nurses and 16 experts, and processed using the content analysis method and MAXQDA software. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed based on the extracted components and distributed among 338 nurses, and the data were analyzed using SPSS and PLS software.

The results of the path analysis showed that personal and self-care competence have the greatest impact on other competence dimensions and have a correlation coefficient of 0.9256 with professional and specialized competence. Other components including ethical and behavioral competence, inter professional and global competence, educational and research competence, and social and cultural competence also have a significant correlation with each other. Personal and self-care competence was identified as the main axis of improving the quality of professional, ethical, educational, and social performance of nurses.

Designing a six-component model including professional and specialized competence, personal and self-care competence, ethical and behavioral competence, inter professional and global competence, educational and research competence.

Nurses are the largest professional group in the healthcare system and can be an ideal model for improving patient health. Nurses' professional competence and self-care model are two key factors in improving the quality of nursing services. This article examines these two concepts and their relationship with each other and analyzes their effects on the quality of services provided by nurses.

In order to find studies and resources related to nurses' professional competence and the effect of self-care model on the quality of nursing services, databases available in the National Digital Library of Iran (Elsevier, Nursing index, Nursing consult, ProQuest, Scopus, etc.) and Google scholar and Persian databases including Irandoc, Iran Medex, Magiran, SID, and Medlib were used.

Nurses' professional competence and self-care model play an important role in the quality of nursing services. Strengthening these two factors can lead to improved patient outcomes and increased nurses' job satisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary that educational programs and organizational policies focus on developing these two aspects.

The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of organizational capital and psychological capital in the relationship between servant leadership and well-being-oriented human resource management in education. This descriptive-correlational study employed structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of principals, vice-principals, and teachers of lower and upper secondary schools in Khorramabad during the 2024–2025 academic year, from which 285 individuals were selected through simple random sampling. The research instruments included the Well-Being-Oriented Human Resource Management Questionnaire (WBO-HRM; Cooper, 2019), the Servant Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ; Gholipour & Hazrati, 2009), the Intellectual Capital Questionnaire (ICQ; Bontis, 1998), and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ; Luthans, 2007). Data were analyzed using SEM. The results indicated a good fit of the model. The results revealed that servant leadership, organizational capital, and psychological capital could directly predict well-being-oriented human resource management (p<0.05). In addition, servant leadership could directly predict organizational capital and psychological capital (p<0.05). Furthermore, servant leadership could also indirectly predict well-being-oriented human resource management through organizational and psychological capital (p<0.05). These findings suggest that servant leadership, concerning the significant role of organizational and psychological capital, can be an explanatory factor for well-being-oriented human resource management. Therefore, paying attention to these factors in their interactions is essential.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between high-risk behaviors and alexithymia with the mediation role of reflective functioning. The research method was correlational. The statistical population included high school students in Hamedan a sample of 386 people was selected using the cluster random sampling method. The research instruments included the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) (1994), and Zadeh Mohammadi et al. Risk-Taking Behavior Scale (RTBS) (2011) and Fonagy et al.'s (2016) Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ). To evaluate the relationships between the variables, structural equation analysis was used by Spss27 and Lisrel8.8 software. The results showed the effect of alexithymia on uncertainty about mental states (p <0.01), certainty in mental states (p <0.01), and tendency to high-risk behaviors (p <0.01). is significant. The effect of uncertainty about mental states (p <0.01) and certainty about mental states (p <0.01) on the tendency to high-risk behaviors is also significant. Also, the indirect effects of alexithymia through uncertainty and certainty about mental states (p <0.01) on the tendency to high-risk behavior were significant. Based on the results alexithymia and reflective functioning are effective on the tendency to high-risk behaviors, and these variables can play a significant role in reducing high-risk behaviors.

The topic of “Legislative Identification of the Right to Differential Self-Defense for Women Victims of Domestic Violence in Iran (Study in Light of Developments in the American Criminal System)” aims to examine and analyze the challenges and opportunities in the Iranian legal system, which seeks to create effective legal responses to the realities of domestic violence against women. The type of present research is descriptive-analytical. The research tool is a survey of library resources. The results of the research indicate that, given the developments in the American criminal system and its effects on the identification of the right to differential self-defense for women victims of domestic violence, it is necessary that serious efforts be made in Iran to review and amend the laws related to the rights of women victims. The first step could include the development and approval of a specific law that explicitly defines the right to self-defense for women under domestic violence and explains its specific conditions and limitations. In addition, establishing support and counseling centers for female victims that help them become aware of their legal rights can play a significant role in encouraging them to report and defend themselves. Finally, promoting cooperation between governmental and non-governmental institutions to support female victims is essential so that legal and social mechanisms can move purposefully towards improving the conditions and ensuring the safety of these women.

The background of this research is the legal and social developments in the field of children's rights and the need to revise the laws related to the criminal responsibility of minors. The purpose of this article is to analyze the concept of criminal capacity, examine the criminal responsibility of minors in the crime of adultery, explain the concept of diminished responsibility and its effective factors, and provide suggestions for improving laws and judicial procedures. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive. This means that first, by referring to library sources, relevant laws and regulations, including the Islamic Penal Code and the Law on the Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents, and related judicial opinions have been collected. Then, using the method of legal analysis, these sources have been reviewed and interpreted. The findings of this research show that minors, due to lack of maturity and sufficient intellectual development, do not have full criminal responsibility. However, in some cases, depending on the laws and specific circumstances, diminished responsibility may be considered for them. In this case, their punishment is also reduced and will be more corrective and educational. The factors affecting the diminished responsibility of minors include age, intellectual and mental development, and their environmental and family conditions. The results of this research indicate that the existing laws and judicial procedures in the field of criminal responsibility of minors need to be reviewed and reformed.

Placing the formalities carried out in the stage of enforcing punishment under the supervision and control of the prosecutor is essential to achieve the legitimacy of the proceedings in order to ensure that the punshment is enforced on the convict in a manner regulated by the laws and regulations and achieves the purposes of punishment. The purpose of the punshment is to refine the convict and return him to society for a normal life, and the general rule in the enforcement of punshments and security and educative measures is that it is not enfrced except by virtue of a binding judgement from a competent court, because the stage of enforcing punishment is an important and dangerous one, because if it is carried out based on the correct legal framework and with regard to the intended purposes, it may lead to the reform and rehabilitation of the convict. If the convict is exposed to all kinds of abuse and injustice, the purpose of the punshment will not be achieved. Thus, the findings of this paper indicate that in the penal system of Iraq and some Islamic countries such as Jordan and Egypt, the prosecutor also plays a fundamental role in ensuring it.

Cybercrimes, due to their transnational nature, technical complexity, and rapid occurrence, have become one of the major challenges for criminal justice systems at the international level. The prosecution and extradition of cybercriminals, especially in a context where domestic and international laws often have serious contradictions, face numerous legal, technological, and political issues. This paper examines the concept and characteristics of cybercrimes, analyzes the challenges involved in the prosecution and extradition of such crimes from legal, technological, and international cooperation perspectives, and evaluates the role of international conventions such as the Budapest Convention and organizations like INTERPOL. In the final section, solutions for strengthening judicial jurisdiction through harmonizing international laws, advancing judicial technologies, and enhancing international cooperation are provided. The findings indicate that achieving justice in the realm of cybercrimes requires an integrated international approach that effectively tackles these challenges through the use of advanced technologies and cross-border cooperation.

This study aimed to design an educational equity model based on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) with a blended learning approach. The study employed a sequential mixed-methods research design, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through in-depth interviews with educators, administrators, and policymakers, which were then analyzed using grounded theory to identify key components of the educational equity model. The quantitative phase involved surveys administered to a diverse sample of teachers and students to validate the findings from the qualitative phase. Statistical analysis, including structural equation modeling, was used to confirm the relationships between the identified components. The analysis revealed several critical components necessary for achieving educational equity through ICT and blended learning. These included comprehensive planning for educational opportunities, designing inclusive virtual curricula, establishing clear standards for virtual education, ensuring equitable distribution of resources, and fostering a flexible, participatory learning environment. The study also highlighted the importance of teacher proficiency in ICT, continuous professional development, and strong institutional support. Empirical evidence from the quantitative phase supported these findings, demonstrating significant improvements in student engagement, motivation, and academic performance. The integration of ICT and blended learning in education significantly enhances educational equity by providing flexible and inclusive learning opportunities. The proposed model addresses key challenges and leverages opportunities associated with blended learning, ensuring that all students have access to quality education.

The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensions and components of professional supervision of primary school principals.

This study was conducted within the framework of a qualitative paradigm utilizing the phenomenological method; for the identification and selection of research participants, both the purposeful sampling method and the snowball technique were employed, and the requisite information for the study was procured through semi-structured interviews.

Data was collected from ten individuals (based on the theoretical saturation of elementary school principals in Bojnord city), and the information gathered from the interviews was subjected to analysis employing a corrective collage approach, revealing three categories: the characteristics of principals, the skills of principals, and the needs serving as foundational factors for professional supervision. Additionally, ten categories emerged regarding supervision practices, inclusive of meetings, classroom observations, effective and appropriate communication, innovation and change, the integration of new technologies, the assurance of school health and safety, the cultivation of motivation for professional development, fostering positive human relations, and the enhancement of student growth and development.

The classification of actions and strategies, alongside three categories concerning the inadequacy of tools and equipment, structural issues within the educational system, and the detrimental attitudes and perceptions of teachers regarding the lack of supervision, were identified as significant obstacles and challenges to professional supervision.

 Many teachers believe that numerous topics cannot be effectively conveyed to students through traditional methods of teaching and learning. Therefore, utilizing a blended learning approach in education is essential. This research aims to provide an educational justice model based on information and communication technology (ICT) with a blended learning approach.

 The research methodology employed in this study is grounded theory. The sampling method was purposive or snowball sampling. Data collection tools included interviews based on the perspectives of university professors, principals, education managers and deputies, and experts in the field of educational justice. The collected interviews were analyzed using ATLAS.ti and MAXQDA software.

 Based on the obtained results, a total of 153 concepts and 21 categories or open codes were identified and extracted. The 21 identified categories were placed into 6 main grounded data categories, and based on these, the model was presented.

 The results indicated that the educational justice model based on ICT with a blended learning approach can combine equal access to technology and educational resources with flexibility and diversity in learning. This model allows students to learn in a highly individualized manner according to their needs and abilities, thereby advancing their personal growth and development.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of situational mobile learning on the academic self-efficacy and academic resilience in girl students of Kermanshah secondary school in the academic year of 2019/2020. This research was conducted experimentally with two groups of experiments and controls. The statistical population included all girl high school students in Kermanshah. The statistical sample was 30 girls who were in two groups of experiments (15 people) and control (15 people). The statistical method was analysis of covariance, which was analyzed using SPSS 23 software. The instruments used were Jinks, & Morgan academic self-efficacy Questionnaire (1999). The results showed that situational mobile learning program has a significant effect on academic self-efficacy, but does not have a positive and significant effect on academic resilience. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the effects of the two groups of students, the experimental group and the control group (p=0.016 and F=6.653 (27 and 1). Based on the results, it can be said that by maximizing the training courses for teachers, it is recommended to use modern technology in teaching in order to improve education for students. situational mobile learning as a teaching and learning tool is always growing and changing in such a way that mobile teaching-learning is revolutionizing the field of learning. It is recommended to pay more attention to teaching through situational mobile teaching in order to promote and improve students' education.interest in learners.

The main subject of this research is the Analysis of environmental inhibitors of Extension worker for activity in production areas of the new system of agricultural extension in the organization of agricultural jihad in Kermanshah province.
Material and

This research was conducted in the form of a qualitative approach, using the Ground Theory method and in the year 2020-2021. The studied population consisted of 16 managers of Dehistan Agricultural Jihad Centers and 32 experts of the production areas of Kermanshah Agricultural Jihad Organization, who were selected using the method of successive targeted sampling of the snowball type. Data collection was done using semi-structured individual interview technique, focused group, field observation and note-taking, and in order to validate the research findings, data collection in the study community was also done from the diversity methods. variety, maximum diversity was used in the selection of samples and control by members.

The results showed factors such as the weaknesses of human resources working in the agricultural extension sector, lack of infrastructure and lack of environmental educational facilities, executive, structural and administrative problems and limitations, lack of evaluation of environmental educational programs, cultural and communication factors, and problems and limitations related to the environmental research sector, has caused the Extension worker to not have the necessary skills, and to improve the skill conditions of the Extension worker and the development of the region, strategies such as strengthening communication and Extension skills, Extension planning, monitoring and evaluation, management, empowerment and knowledge enhancement have been presented.
Discussion and

Since environmental problems have been created by humans, the most effective solution to solve these challenges is to improve the knowledge and awareness of agricultural sector users, to promote public culture and to establish appropriate laws, and to achieve this goal., it requires the development of the training of executives and experts responsible for production areas and improving their role, skills and increasing their general environmental knowledge.

Although Iranian criminal law, similar to other jurisprudential-legal schools, considers minors to lack criminal responsibility, it has explicitly addressed in various legal articles, including Article 88 of the Islamic Penal Code (IPC), the commission of crimes by this age group, and has specified discretionary punishments, Hudud, retribution (Qisas), and blood money (Diyat). However, due to the offender's age and lack of maturity, they are deemed deserving of protective and educational measures rather than punitive sanctions. The aim of this article is to examine the aspects of maturity and its impact on the criminal responsibility of individuals, followed by the type of judicial response within the framework of Iran's modern criminal policy. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and gathering sources and documents through library-based studies, concludes that although the IPC refers to the criminal responsibility of minors in several articles, according to the explicit wording of Article 146 of the IPC, with reference to Article 2 of the IPC, which defines criminal behavior as one that entails a specific punishment, not protective and educational measures, the behavior committed by a minor cannot be considered a crime. Consequently, a minor never bears criminal responsibility, and protective and educational measures are solely for the purpose of discipline, correction, and preventing recidivism in the future.

Social networking refers to a collection of websites and platforms that allow users to create, share, and interact with each other. These platforms somehow help to connect people and groups in different formats. Some famous examples of social networks include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, TikTok, and Pinterest. The current research has examined the interactions between social networks and suicides related to online assaults.

This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and was done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Interactions between social networks and suicides related to online attacks is a complex and sensitive issue that includes various psychological, social and technological factors, and social networks can act as platforms for harassment and providing grounds for suicide.Education and awareness, social and psychological support, reporting to competent authorities and blocking are known as strategies to prevent online suicide.

The purpose of the research was to formulate a model for teaching management skills to the Agricultural Extension Workers of production areas of Kermanshah province according to experts. In terms of practical purpose, this research was a documentary and field data collection method, which was conducted using a qualitative method, and the grounded theory based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin was used. The statistical population was managers and researchers of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Kermanshah Province, who were selected purposefully and by snowball sampling method for qualitative interviews on the subject of the research, and 15 interviews were conducted with 15 people and up to the threshold of usefulness. To calculate the reliability of the interview, the within-subject agreement method of two coders was used, and the reliability between the two coders for the interviews examined in this research was 87.83%, which, considering that the reliability rate is more than 60%, the reliability of the codings was Confirmation. CVR (Content Validity Ratio) and CVI (Content Validity Index) were used to determining the degree of agreement and validity of each index from the experts’ point of view and the calculated values for them were 0.75 and 0.81, respectively. MAXQDA was used for data processing. The findings showed that the categories in the form of 14 categories in the form of six dimensions including causal factors (internal and external factors), main phenomenon, strategy (development of training programs, skill development) communication and practical training),

Previous research has shown that children are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) and blue light emitted from digital screens compared to healthy adults. This paper presents the findings of a cross-sectional study conducted in Yasuj, Iran, to investigate the screen time habits of children and adolescents and its potential impact on their health. A total of 63 participants, including 44 boys and 19 girls, were randomly selected for the study. The results showed that the average daily screen time for the children was 87.38 minutes, with a standard deviation of 49.58. When examining the specific purposes of screen time, it was found that the children spent an average of 17.54 minutes per day on screens for school assignments, 70 minutes per day for recreational purposes, and 23.41 minutes per day for contacting family, friends, and relatives. Our study highlights that a significant portion of the children’s screen time was allocated to recreational activities. We observed some differences in screen time between girls and boys. Boys had a slightly higher overall daily screen time, primarily driven by more recreational screen time. However, girls spent slightly more time on screens for school assignments. The screen time for social interactions was similar for both genders. Our findings on the cognitive performance of children with different levels of screen time will be published in a separate paper.

Stroke is known as a common cause of disability all over the world. Stroke prognosis estimation has always been a topic of interest. In this study, it was tried to investigate the prognostic value of laboratory findings of complete blood count in a systematic review.

In this systematic review, literature from Medline via (PubMed, Ovid) Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest between 1988 and 2020 were included. A combination of Mesh and free terms were included in the search strategy: “Stroke”, “Red Cell Distribution Width”, “Blood Cell Count”, “Mean corpuscular hemoglobin”, and “Mean Corpuscular Volume” and with the abbreviation, in all fields. Data synthesis was achieved using content analysis.

Elevated red blood cell distribution width was associated with stroke, cardiovascular events, and all-cause deaths among patients with prior stroke. Mean platelet volume has not any prognostic significance in ischemic stroke. There was a poor association between mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and stroke prognosis. Globulin and hemoglobin level predicted short-term mortality following acute ischemic stroke.

Complete blood count as a routine and efficient test performed in health care centers can be used to estimate the prognosis of stroke.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical modification with adipic acid/acetic anhydride mixture (1:30) on the physicochemical and functional properties of amaranth starch and also to determine the optimal conditions for amaranth starch chemical modification with the mentioned mixture. Amaranth starch was isolated and then modified under nine different treatments designed by the Taguchi method using three main chemical modification factors, including the mixture of adipic acid /acetic anhydride concentration (4%, 6%, and 8%), reaction time (60, 90 and 120 min) and suspension pH (8, 8.5 and 9). Swelling power, solubility, color, paste clarity, thermal properties, freeze-thaw stability, and apparent viscosity of starch samples were investigated. Modification optimal conditions were determined using Taguchi analysis and the related percentage deviation (RPD) method. The result obtained from this study showed that the chemical modification significantly changed the physicochemical and functional properties of amaranth starch. Adipic acid/ acetic anhydride mixture improved the swelling power, solubility, viscosity, and paste clarity of modified starch than native. Modified starch powders showed more lightness, less yellowness, and redness in color. Chemical modification reduced gelatinization temperatures, gelatinization enthalpy, and freeze-thaw stability. However, since other food components such as sugars, salt, hydrocolloids, etc., influence the freeze-thaw stability of starch, the possibility of modified amaranth starch utilization as a stabilizer, thickener, or fat replacer in food products with the mentioned mixture needs additional research is required to be conducted. The optimum modification conditions were a concentration of 6%, a reaction time of 120 minutes, and a pH of 9.

The purpose of this study is to identify challenges and propose solutions to improve the e-learning system of our Azad University in the evaluation department based on the experiences and views of professors active in this learning system. The research approach is qualitative and the phenomenological design strategy has been used. The research population includes all faculty members of Iran Azad University, and 12 of them have been selected by purposive sampling method until the theoretical saturation of the data. The required data were collected using a semi-structured interview, with Confirmed validity and reliability, and analyzed using the Corbin and Strauss method and the Max Qudai 16 software. The results of the study led to the identification of 28 appropriate strategies in 8 evaluation dimensions in the e-learning system of Azad University. Future research can lead to the quality of this e-learning system by designing plugins related to these solutions in a practical way. Also, the results of this research can be used by other researchers as new topics for the development of the e-learning system of our country's Azad University.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of education through augmented reality system on students' academic performance and academic self-efficacy. The statistical population of this study was all male students in the third grade of Qasr Shirin city. Sampling method was available by sampling and among the third grade students of the two classes in the literary primary school of Qasr Shirin, 30 people were divided into two groups of 15 controls and experiments. Then the Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (CASES) and Pham and Taylor (1999) Academic Performance Questionnaire were distributed to the groups. Training sessions through augmented reality system were also held for the experimental group. Univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 24 were used to analyze the data. The results showed that education through augmented reality system has an effect on academic self-efficacy. Education through augmented reality system also affects academic performance.

The study aims to study the effect of architectural design parameters on IEQ in accomplishing school smartification. The research was conducted in school buildings located in Tabriz, Iran. The indicators chosen to represent IEQ are the adaptive PMV model used for thermal comfort, imageless daylight glare probability used for visual comfort, and CO2 concentration used for IAQ assessment. The simulation technique was used to collect data for a generative parametric school model. The method of data analysis includes a multivariate linear regression algorithm, t-test statistic, and one-way analysis of variance. The studied variables are dimensions of classrooms with the fixed area, Percentage of window area on a wall, window height, Shading, and protrusions in plan design. The stepwise method for multivariate linear regression in SPSS was used to assess the vital IEQ indicator in terms of thermal and visual comfort and CO2 concentration. The study found that among studied indicators, the south facade window ratio significantly correlates with IEQ. The other CRI parameters are the north window ratio and north window height. the findings revealed that to increase the IEQ in schools, facade design is more critical than the plan. The higher the window surface on the south, north, west, and east faces, the greater the thermal comfort and glare probability is. However, increasing the height of the windows can reduce glare and also increase thermal comfort. Thermal comfort improves as the length of the southern classrooms rises. On the bright side, it has no noticeable glare effect.

The current research aimed to test the proposed model of prosocial behaviors based on basic needs with the mediating role of online game addiction. The research method was correlation and path analysis type. The statistical population included the students of Bu Ali-Sina University in Hamadan in the academic year of 2021-2022, and a sample of 388 people was selected using the cluster random method. The research tools included the basic psychological needs of LaGuardia et al. (2000), the prosocial behaviors of Caprara et al. (2005), and addiction to online game addiction of Khazal et al. (2007) scales. To analyze the data, the path analysis method was used using SPSS version 22 and LISREL version 8.8 software. The results showed that the proposed research model had a good fit with the data. The results showed that the direct effect of basic psychological needs on game addiction was negative and significant and on prosocial behaviors was positive and significant (p<0.01). The effect of game addiction on prosocial behaviors was negative and significant (p<0.01). Also, the results showed that game addiction had a significant mediating role in the relationship between basic psychological needs and prosocial behavior (p<0.01). According to the results of the research, basic needs can play a role in reducing addiction to online games, and reducing the amount of reliance on games is effective in improving prosocial behaviors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of problem solving skills in self-efficacy and social adjustment of female high school students.

The present study was applied research in terms of purpose, quantitative in terms of data type, and descriptive-correlational in terms of survey method. The statistical population of the present study included all female high school students in Kermanshah in the academic year 1401-1400 in the number of 4100 people. Based on Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample of 350 people was selected by one-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using three problem-solving skills questionnaires by Hepner and Peterson (1982) 35 items, Scherer self-efficacy questionnaire (1982) 17 items, and Sinha and Singh (1993) 20-item social adjustment questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaires was verified by experimental implementation among 30 students and the content validity of the questionnaires was evaluated and confirmed by expert judgment and comprehensive literature review. Self-efficacy was 0.82 and social adjustment was 0.87. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K_S) was used to analyze the data to determine the normality of data distribution, Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the correlation coefficient, and regression analysis to determine the coefficient of explanation using SPSS statistical software.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between problem solving skills with self-efficacy and social adjustment at the alpha level of 0.01 (p <0.01).

Based on this, it is concluded that students who have higher problem solving skills have more self-efficacy and social adjustment.

Job involvement is one of the most important ways to increase employee effectiveness by improving ethical climate and reducing social undermining. On the other hand, job involvement helps employees to be more committed to their work. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ethical climate and social undermining on job involvement of employees.

Research method is applicable in terms of practical purpose and type of descriptive–correlation and stepwise regression. Among 292 employees of the general department of education of Lorestan Province, 169 were selected by relative stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, from three questionnaires of ethical climate, social undermining was used in job and job involvement. SPSS software was used to analyze data from descriptive statistical methods and Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression.

The results showed that ethical climate and its dimensions have a significant positive relationship with job involvement. 21.3% of the changes in job involvement of employees are influenced by 3 aspects independence and instrumental and regulation. Also, social undermining and its dimensions have a significant negative relationship with job involvement. 4.8% of job involvement changes are affected by the aspect coworker undermining.

Based on research results of ethical climate and social undermining have an impact on job involvement and are considered as important variables associated with it.