فهرست مطالب sakineh varmazyar

Neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders among office workers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of strengthening the neck muscles on pain prevalence and neck disability among office workers.

This interventional study was performed among 85 University office workers (female=50 and male=35). Participants were randomly divided into the two groups (exercise group=42 subjects and control group=43 subjects). The exercise intervention was performed for 12 weeks, five sessions per week, and each session lasted approximately 15 minutes in the experimental group. Evaluations were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks: demographic questionnaire, Nordic questionnaire for measuring neck pain prevalence, and Neck Disability Index (NDI) for measuring functional disability were applied. The neck pain prevalence and NDI were compared before and after the intervention using McNemar and paired t-tests.

47.05% and 40% of all participants reported neck pain during the last 12 months and the last seven days, respectively. The neck pain prevalence during the last seven days (P<0.05) and NDI (P<0.01) after exercise were significantly decreased comparing to the other group.

About half of the office workers suffer from neck pain, and exercise intervention can improve and reduce the prevalence of neck pain and NDI by strengthening neck muscles.

This study aimed to evaluate the ergonomics of the office workplace and determine the cut-off point of the workstation layout checklist (WSLC) and the work posture checklist (WPC) of computer users.

The descriptive-analytical was performed among 200 office staff willing to cooperate at the university. To collect data and evaluate workstations and the posture of employees, the WSLC and WPC were used, respectively. The ROC curve was used to determine the cut point of the final score of the checklists.

The optimal cut-off point value for the WSLC was 14.5 (sensitivity = 91.2, specificity = 77.8, and area under the curve = 0.89). Similarly, the best cut-off point value for the WPC was identified as 8.5, with a sensitivity of 93.9, specificity of 71.8, and area under the curve of 0.88. The evaluation results showed that 25 % of the workstations and 32 % of the working postures of the employees were at an undesirable level.

Determining the cut-off point for valid WSLC and WPC plays a crucial role in evaluating the cost, facilitation, speed, and repetition associated with office workplaces, thereby categorizing them as either desirable or undesirable. A quarter of the workstations and a third of the working postures of the employees were evaluated as undesirable.

The use of electronic devices (e-devices/ED) in online classrooms by students during the COVID-19 pandemic has been reported as one of the factors contributing to eye fatigue. The aim of this scoping review was to identify the risk factors (ergonomics and environmental conditions) for eye fatigue among students.

A scoping review was conducted on databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, etc. with keywords including eye strain, students, online learning, ergonomics, and environmental factors along the COVID-19 pandemic during the years 2020-2022. Initially, 106 articles were identified. Then, 29 articles were assessed by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 18 articles were selected.

Students used e-devices for ≥4-6 hours/day, so the mean score of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) was determined to be 30, and the range of eye strain was reported 13.0-94.5%. The review results indicated that use of e-devices due to improper ergonomics (wrong posture, duration of screens usage, screen distance<50 cm computer and<12-inch mobile phone, no breaks, viewing angle, number and duration of online classes/day, diminished blinking rate) and environmental conditions (fatigue 1.728 times in low lighting, relative humidity<40%, air quality/conditioner, high temperature) had significant effects on the eye fatigue of students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Raising awareness of DES among parents and students, proper postures, reducing duration on a screen (<6 hours/day online class), a suitable distance to screen, adjusting the workplace/screen lighting, viewing angle≤15°, usage of software screen time limit, frequent blinking, eyes’ examination, using wetting drops, 15-minute breaks after 2 hours work, and eye exercises can be effective in reducing eye fatigue in students.

Shiftwork among industrial workers can lead to poor sleep quality, which in turn is related to occupational fatigue. This study aimed to predict the sleep quality of industrial workers with rotating shifts based on occupational fatigue using structural equation modeling.

This descriptive study was conducted among 208 production line workers in a food industry of Alborz province, Iran, in the year 2022. Participants were selected by the census method. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI), and occupational recovery (OFER-15). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to investigate the association between the latent variables of occupation fatigue and sleep quality.

About 74% of workers in all three subscales (chronic, acute, and recovery) reported moderate or high fatigue. In seven subscales related to sleep quality, approximately 22.6-32.2% of workers in the subscales of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, and daytime dysfunction reported poor or very poor quality. The results indicated a significant and negative association between occupational fatigue and the sleep quality of workers. The model presented in this study indicated that occupational fatigue could predict 22% of sleep quality among industrial workers (R2=0.22, β=-0.47, t-value=-4.37).

According to the results of structural association between latent variables, decreasing occupational fatigue could improve sleep quality among one-fifth of industrial workers. Therefore, identifying effective factors and corrective strategies for removing occupational fatigue plays an important role in promoting the sleep quality of rotating shift workers.

 Shift work among industrial workers can lead to poor sleep quality, which instead is associated with stress, anxiety, and depression. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and stress, anxiety, and depression in shift workers in one of the food industries.

 The participants in this descriptive-analytical study were 208 production line workers in one of the food industries. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI), and depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21). Spearman's statistical test was used to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and depression, anxiety, and stress. The data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software.

 About 42% of workers reported undesirable sleep quality (score more than 5). Almost half of the workers reported a level of normal stress, anxiety, and depression. The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between sleep quality and stress (r=0.20, P<0.01) and sleep quality and depression (r=0.172, P≤0.01) so that the quality of sleep, stress, and depression interact with each other and have a mutual effect.

 According to the results of this study, reducing stress and depression can improve the sleep quality of workers, and in turn, good sleep quality can lead to reducing stress and depression in shift workers. Therefore, identifying the influencing factors and corrective strategies to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression can play an important role in improving the sleep quality of shift workers.

 During the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent lockdown, students have been forced to stay at home and use electronic devices in online classrooms. This scoping review aimed to examine the effects of incorrect ergonomics on musculoskeletal pain among students receiving distance education using e-devices during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

 A scoping review was performed on some databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, BMJ Learning, Springer, and ProQuest, during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020-2021. Firstly, a total of 75 articles were identified. Next, 15 articles were assessed by inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 9 articles were selected. 

 Only 5% or less of the students and parents were informed of the principles of working ergonomics while using e-devices. Accordingly, risk factors associated with using e-devices, including prolonged sitting in awkward postures, number and duration of online classes per day (>6 hours/day), and lack of breaks between online classes had significant effects on ergonomics, postures, and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our review showed the prevalence of a range of MSDs in the neck (24.8-69.9%), shoulders (17.5-25.3%), upper and lower back (18-63.4%), and wrists (30.7%) among the students. 

 Increasing students’ knowledge, using ergonomic tables and chairs, designing correct workplace layouts, using stands for smartphones and tablets, reducing training durations, proving suitable environmental conditions, maintaining ideal distances, installing brake reminding software, and effectively taking exercise reduced musculoskeletal pain among the students. 

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are major causes of absenteeism, increased costs, and human injuries among computer users. This study aimed to examine the effects of ergonomics training and corrective exercises on musculoskeletal disorders among a gas company computer users.

This experimental study was conducted on 19 office computer users who participated in training programs, including correct sitting postures, workplace layouts, and corrective exercises. For this purpose, training programs and corrective exercises were employed in four one-hour sessions in one week and 16 one-hour sessions in eight weeks.

Musculoskeletal disorder prevalence, postures, and workplace layouts were assessed using the Nordic Questionnaire and a researcher-made checklist. Accordingly, the highest prevalence was observed in the lower back (63.2%), neck (52.6%), and knees (42.1%). Differences in the rates of proper postures and workplace layouts were statistically significant before and after the ergonomic training so that 81.25% of postures and 47.8% of workplace layouts were improved. The results showed that training programs on ergonomics principles and corrective movements reduced musculoskeletal disorders among office computer users within the range of 10.5 to 52.6%.

Increasing employee awareness of appropriate postures, workplace layouts, and corrective movements effectively reduced musculoskeletal disorders in computer users.

Awkward posture during work is one of the most critical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. A laptop desk fitting with users’ body dimensions plays a crucial role in maintaining proper posture and reducing musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to redesign and fabricate a folding ergonomic laptop desk for college students. In this experimental applied study, two hundred and seven college students were considered participants to design an ergonomic laptop desk and fifty students for posture evaluation. Six anthropometric dimensions were measured: height, the height of elbows in the sitting position, elbow-elbow breadth, the length and height of both knees in the cross-legged sitting posture, and the length of the elbow-fingers. Then, two best selling laptop desks were selected and the RULA method assessed laptop users’ posture. Finally, using students’ anthropometric dimensions (n=207), a new laptop desk was designed and built in 2017. The height of our designed laptop desk is adjustable (range of 20-28 cm), with a variable inclination of the desk (0- 34 degrees). It is possible to shorten or lengthen desk legs (48-72 cm), and a special plate of the mouse (19×46 cm) supports both elbows on the sides of the desk. RULA method showed action level 3, which required early change in desks 1 and 2. Applying user›s and expert opinions, measuring users› body dimensions, and applying those dimensions in design and construction can play a significant role in improving and correcting the laptop›s desks so that it could result in suitable posture in students.

Long-term computer use as an ergonomics risk factor can generate musculoskeletal disorders, especially in the neck. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a self-management exercises intervention on both neck pain, and head and neck angles among university employees in 2021.

This experimental study was performed on 85 university staff (experimental group (N=42) and control group (N=43)) who were randomly selected based on inclusion criteria from the list of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (Iran) employees. The experimental group did the exercises for 12 weeks with five 15-minute sessions per week. The severity of neck pain was determined using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Head and neck angles were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks using photogrammetry and Kinovea software in two postures (reading and typing).

About 60% of the participants in the experimental group reported moderate and severe neck pain, decreasing to 26.2% after the intervention. The score of neck pain intensity in the experimental group decreased in the range of 1.15-1.75. The head and gaze tilt angles and head forward position after the intervention in the experimental group showed a significant decrease. Also, the head tilt angle was significantly increased after the intervention.

The results showed that exercises could be beneficial in improving the posture of the head and neck, which caused reducing the severity of neck pain among computer users.

Using backpacks has arisen complaints regarding musculoskeletal pains among students. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between demographic information and bag weight with Neck Disability Index (NDI), angles and head and neck postures among students.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 students who were selected randomly. Demographic information and NDI questionnaires were used for data collection. The head and neck tilt angles and the amount of change in the forward head posture were determined using the photogrammetry method and Kinovea software.

A negative and significant correlation was observed between head tilt angle with age (r = - 0.27) and neck tilt angle with body mass index (r = - 0.37). Also, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the amount of change in the forward head posture and body weight (r = 0.24). The head tilt angle was significantly different in male and female students at different educational levels. NDI (r = 0.23) and neck tilt angle (r = 0.26) also increased significantly with increasing bag weight.

Reviewing the standard weight of bag and changing the lifestyle can play an important role in improving the head and neck angles and postures.

The purpose of the current study was to predict the percentage of the sway index from the static balance point based on the anthropometric dimensions of construction workers.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 114 construction workers. First, the construction workers were asked to complete the demographic questionnaire and the inclusion criteria were determined. Then, the anthropometric dimensions were measured. Afterward, the static balance of participants was assessed with their open eyes and standing position using a Stabilometer device. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression.

29.8% of construction workers were in weak and very weak classes in terms of static balance. The Pearson and spearman’s correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between age, weight, and sway index of individuals. In addition, multiple linear regression showed that age, weight, and foot surface of construction workers can predict the percentage of the sway index from the static balance point among construction workers.

The results of the current study indicated that demographic information such as age, anthropometric parameters of weight, and foot surface are effective factors on static balance in a healthy construction workers’ community with a normal body mass index.

To investigate whether neuroticism and extraversion predicted job-related affective wellbeing of people working under stressful conditions, notably emergency room nurses. Also, to investigate whether perceived job stress mediated the relationship between neuroticism, extraversion and job-related affective well-being. A cross-sectional survey design was administered to 242 nurses working at an emergency room in Tehran, Iran, recruited through census sampling, including two sub-scales of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale, and the Job Stress Questionnaire. Structural Equation Modelling was deployed for data analysis using SPSS Amos v22.0 and PROCESS macro for SPSS, setting significance threshold at p<.05. Direct and statistically significant effects of neuroticism (β = -.17, p<.005) and extraversion (β = .41, p<.001) on perceived job stress were found, as well as a negative effect of extraversion on job-related affective well-being (β = -.27, p<.001). Perceived job stress was found to negatively predict job-related affective well-being (β = -0.60, p<.001). There was no significant relationship between neuroticism and job-related affective well-being. The mediating effect of perceived job stress was supported (p<.001). Results have theoretical implications for research about the relationship between personality traits and job-related well-being of employees working under stressful conditions. As for practical implications, hospital managers might implement workplace interventions to enhance nurses’ job-related affective well-being and reduce nurses’ job stress. In this context, extraversion and job stress should be understood as psychosocial risk factors, whereas neuroticism should be conceived as a protective factor against job stress.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the most important causes of absenteeism, increased costs and human injuries, which are very common in computer users. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of corrective exercise on reducing the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in computer users working in a gas company.

This cross-analytical study was conducted on 101 computer users working in a Gas Company in Qazvin city in 2019. Fourteen people participated in 8 weeks correction training intervention program (16 sessions in 1 hour and 2 times a week). Nordic questionnaire and body map were used in order to investigate the prevalence and severity of MSDs. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer V, McNamar, Paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon tests in SPSS version 23 software.

The most common disorders were shoulder (64.3%), waist (42.9%) and neck (35.7%) regions among computer users during the last week before intervention. The prevalence of MSDsby strength and flexion exercises in neck and shoulder regions with 95% and 99% confidence showed a significant decrease before and after intervention. The incidence of discomfort in the waist region decreased by 35.8% after intervention and in other regions decreased by at least 7.1%.

The results of this study showed that implementation of corrective training intervention program by exercise specialists can increase muscle stretch and consequently decrease the prevalence of MSDs7.1%- 64.3%.

Assembly lines are associated with health risk and musculoskeletal disorders, particularly in the upper limbs. The aim of this study was to analyze three risk factors of posture, duration and force by using the postural ergonomic risk assessment (PERA) method in the workers of the assembly unit of automobile parts.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the assembly unit of one of the auto parts manufacturing industries. Using the occupational task analysis method, task identified in one hierarchical task analysis (HTA) was divided into a set of sub-tasks. Risk factors of posture, duration and force were assessed by PERA method for each task.

Based on hierarchical task analysis, the vehicle assembly task included four sub-tasks of deburring, washing, vacuum testing and packaging which consisted of a total of 15 operations. Based on the risk factor analysis, we found the greatest risk of force in loading operations and the most awkward posture in sub-task of deburring and packaging. The risk level was estimated high and unacceptable in all three sub-tasks of washing, vacuum testing, and packaging.

Factors of force, posture and duration of work contributed to unacceptable risk in the loading operations of the cylinder head on the pallet and placing it inside the carton. Using tables with adjustable height (reducing the vertical distance between origin and destination) and rotating plates at all angles, together with reducing the exposure time to risk factors by rotation programs for workforces can prevent forward and lateral trunk and neck bending and reduce unacceptable risk levels.

Global Harmonized System (GHS), is a system for labeling chemicals. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of rapid training intervention on student’s awareness toward Global Harmonized System.
Material and This research was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study conducted among 317 students of Public Health and Allied Medical Sciences faculties of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2016 year. Sampling was done in a random base among the study population. A general demographic and a global system labeling questionnaires were used for data collection. Training intervention for familiarization with the chemical safety labels, types of chemicals hazardous was implemented using a rapid training method and PowerPoint tool. Data analysis was performed by T-Tests, ANOVA and T-Paired using the SPSS version 18. Allied medical sciences students with an average of 48.31% before training and occupational health students with an average of 94.44% correct answers after the training have the highest awareness on global harmonized system (GHS). The findings also showed that training has a significant effect on the awareness on the international labeling system. The present study showed that initial awareness of the students is low concerning the global harmonized system. So, the prevention of serious accidents in the laboratory environment, the implementation of a short training course would play a significant role in raising students’ awareness about chemical hazards and will control unsafe behaviors during laboratory works.

In the household appliances industry, due to doing such work operations as manually moving pieces, there is the probability of occurring musculoskeletal disorders and muscle fatigue. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate muscle fatigue and its relationship with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among personnel of a household appliances factory. Data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistical and logistic regression tests. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, including 150 employees of a household appliances factory, was conducted in 2016. Data about the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and muscle fatigue were collected using a standard Nordic and muscle fatigue assessment (MFA) questionnaire, respectively, and analyzed using the logistic regression test. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the lumbar region, knees and neck was 33.3%, 25.3%, and 21.3%, respectively. In addition, the results of MFA showed that reduction of the risk of muscle fatigue in the shoulders, wrists and arms needs corrective action as a top priority in 28.7%, 28%, and 26.7% of the employees, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between muscle fatigue and the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders. Considering disorders in the lumbar region and risk of fatigue in the shoulder region, the risk can be reduced by proper corrective actions, such as increasing the height of pallets, using tables with adjustable heights, and layout of the parts in a normal access range.

Chair's design based on ergonomic in addition to increase productivity and quality education, leading to the satisfaction and comfort of the people. Given that identify chairs' problems and correct them, can prevent the occurrence of discomfort in users, the aim of this study was to measure student satisfaction from teaching chairs and their impact on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in 1395 among 180 students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Researchers designed satisfaction questionnaire used to assess the satisfaction from the 6 chair questionnaire and Nordic questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Collected data were analyzed by Chi square and Kruskal-wallis tests in SPSS20 software. The highest satisfaction was allocated to chair 4 and 6 as well as the highest prevalence of disorders was observed in back. A significant relationship was between overall satisfaction and the prevalence of discomfort in back (p=0.004) and hips (p=0.043) and there was a significant relationship between the chair type and the overall satisfaction of them. A significant relationship was observed between the chair type and prevalence of disorders in any areas of the body (P>0.05). Adjustability, material, flexibility of backrest and back support, good appearance and strength of chair are from effective factors on satisfaction. With training ergonomics principles and correct sitting style to students and modify their postures can be prevented the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders and consequently, increased levels of satisfaction

Proper designing of chairs based on ergonomics increases efficiency, promotes quality of education, leads to correct posture in students, and reduces risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to design and develop an ergonomic chair, based on anthropometric data of students in educational settings. Anthropometric parameters were obtained from a stratified-random sample of 207 students. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 20 software, and the results were extracted as mean, standard deviation, and percentiles. The chair was planned in the CATIA software and developed by a three-dimensional print. In this study, an ergonomic chair was designed based on anthropometric data from students. The seat height, depth, and width of the chair were determined as 44 cm, 42 cm, and 42.15 cm, respectively. The height of the desk was adjustable in 19 to 29 cm, and the depth and length of the desk were considered as 51 cm and 65 cm. The width and height of the backrest were also 54 cm and 44 cm, and the backrest angle was adjustable in 95° to 105°. An ergonomic chair with adjustable parts was designed to achieve a well-match between anthropometric characteristics of students and the furniture. Such chair can reduce musculoskeletal disorders in students. Some ergonomic characteristics of this chair include adjustability of footrest, backrest, armrests, and desk. A chair with such characteristic can be used by many students with different body sizes.

The fitness of laptop desks (sitting cross-legged) with physical dimensions of users have important role in using with correct posture and reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fitness of anthropometric dimensions of students with best-selling laptop desks. In this study, 207 students (girls and boys) from Qazvin University of Medical Sciences were investigated. In addition to height and weight, anthropometric dimensions including; elbow height (sitting), elbow-elbow breadth, two knee length and height (sitting position cross-legged) and elbow-fingertips length were measured. Then percent of the fitness between the laptop desks with anthropometric dimensions obtained. Findings: The results showed that the two types of laptops desks fit only in the length of the desk. Two knee length and height (sitting position cross-legged), elbow - fingertips length and elbow height (sitting) fit in the desk number one 32.4, 98.5, 0, and 93.7% and in the desk number two 61.8, 0.96, 0.5, and 78.3% respectively. It had a 100% fitness only in length of the table with anthropometric dimensions of students between two types of laptop desks. However in terms of fitness, the desk number one with the highest percentage in three anthropometric dimensions was better than the desk number two.

Job stress and satisfaction and factors affecting on them are from important social issues and since the unexpected risks that cause job stress in military personnel is more than other activities, so the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between job stress and satisfaction in military personnel with structural equation modeling. In this analytical and cross-sectional study, 55 military personnel were recruited randomly. Data were collected using two questionnaires HSE job stress and police job satisfaction. Data after importing to software Spss20 were entered to software LISREL version 8.8 to modeling. In this study, the highest percentage of stress (65.5%) was observed in low-level and the highest percentage of satisfaction (89.1%) was in satisfied level. Age, marriage, educational level and job type were reported from the factors that effect on job stress and satisfaction. Also, based on model, job stress can predict 47% of job satisfaction in military personnel. support of officials, proper relation between competitors and clearly the responsibility of staff have an important role in reducing job stress and also job promotion, empowerment, participation of employees, facilities and services, appreciation and salary and benefits are including the most important factors in satisfaction of the military personnel

The study of human error is very important because many decisions in medical emergencies are taken in a shift. In work with patient, medical error is a serious and inevitable threat for patient safety. Therefore, the aim of this study is identification and evaluation of human errors among Qazvin emergency medical personnel by using Cognitive Reliability & Error Analysis Method (CREAM) technique. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using CREAM technique in 2017. In this study, after hierarchical task analysis of medical emergency duties, the work sheet of CREAM technique was completed through observation and interviews with the medical emergencies. Data were analyzed using SPSS-20. In this study, 4 main tasks and 24 sub-tasks were analyzed. However, the highest probability of general error was predicted in technician task (0.01771). Also from the errors detected, execution cognitive function with 39.69% and interpretation error with 33.33% had the highest values relative to other cognitive functions. False recognition in physical examination and taking and presenting history to doctor via wireless with 0.03169 had the highest cognitive error probability. According to the results, time to do work, empowerment, work condition and perform two or more task simultaneously factors affecting performance reduction. Therefore, solutions for improving conditions and more productivity of emergency medical staff and reducing human error in this group is suggested: improvement of work conditions, increase empowerment, perform two or more work simultaneously by high-ability people, set up regular shifts and work schedule for personnel, educational programs based on personnel needs and joint meeting to increase efficiency.

Body anthropometric dimensions are among the factors affecting the maximum oxygen consumption. This study aimed to predict maximum oxygen consumption based on anthropometric dimensions in medical emergency students.
This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 56 medical emergency students from Qazvin University of medical sciences. Initially, physical activity readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) was applied to ensure the full health of participants to inter the study. Maximum oxygen consumption measured using Gerkin treadmill test. Anthropometric dimensions were measured by tape measure, anthropometer and kolis. Obtain data was analyzed by Pearson product moment correlation and multiple linear regressions in SPSS 19 software.
The mean age of participants was 21.69 years. The mean of maximum oxygen consumption and mean of foot length estimated 4.17 L/min and 96.35 cm, respectively. There was significant correlation between the maximum oxygen with the anthropometric dimensions. Variables of dimensions of abdomen circumstance, foot length and leg circumstance predicted 63.7 percent of the maximum oxygen consumption.
The results indicated that the anthropometric dimensions are the factors affecting the maximum oxygen consumption among medical emergency student. So, it is necessary to be paid attention to anthropometric dimension in selection of students and matching between person capabilities with energy.

Although the expansion of innovation in the industry has led to an increase in the fast of works, production and productivity, it has also imposed an increase in the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. So, the aim of this study was determination the risk level of work posture by REBA and RULA method among workers of assembly line of a cosmetic manufacturing factory.
This study descriptive was carried out among the assembly line workers of a cosmetic manufacturing factory in 2016. Six tasks (including 28 work postures) were selected due to the most risk of inappropriate work posture factor. 18 postures were evaluated by REBA method and 10 postures by RULA method.
The results showed that the highest REBA score (score10) in the hair color manufacturing section and the highest RULA score (score 7) related to the oxidant and powder parts. The minimum score obtained by the REBA and RULA method was 5 and 4 (minimum 2 corrective action level), respectively.
To prevent musculoskeletal disorders and reduce the staff posture score in pouring materials into the mixer or reservoir of manufacturing hair color, oxidant and powder sections, corrective actions such as the use of a pump system for transferring materials to the reservoir and the use of an footrest to avoid lifting the load to a height above the shoulder are recommended.

Background & Objectives The Endodontic unit in dentistry occupation has a high sensitivity and any obvious or hidden human error can endanger the health of both the patient and the dentist.The aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate human errors using SHERPA technique in the Endodontic Department of Clinic of Dentistry Faculty in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted from 26/4/2017 to 21/8/2017. The number of error per task was obtained using worksheet of SHERPA including: task code, job task, error type, error description, error consequence and risk level. At first, using hierarchical task analysis, steps of doing work in the unit were divided into tasks and sub-tasks and nine critical tasks were determined. Then, using SHERPA technique, types of errors were identified and their risk was evaluated.
A total of 148 human errors were identified in the Endodontic Department of Clinic. The highest error rate was in the tasks of examination and history taking with 35 errors, and the lowest error rate was on the task of anesthetizing with 7 errors. Among all the main tasks, the most frequent errors were of functional type at the task of the treatment plan (9.45%). Also, 52.63% of errors were related to the functional errors with an undesirable risk level.
The results of this study indicate that in order to reduce the occurrence of errors in the dentistry profession, it is necessary to take control measures such as using competent people, adjusting the number of patients with the number of specialists, balancing work hours and rest, and developing guidelines.

Greenhouse workers are exposed to a variety of biomechanical risks, repetitive movements, and awkward posture. This study aimed to assess the risk of upper limb injuries in greenhouse workers and its relationship with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This descriptive, analytic, cross-sectional study was conducted among 50 greenhouse workers. The data related to MSDs were collected using a body map and interview. The OCRA and ACGIHHAL methods were used to assess the risk factors of the upper limb disorders in six repetitive tasks. The data were analyzed by univariate logistic regression. The results showed that 62% of the workers had MSDs in the upper limbs over the last year. Grafting task had the highest OCRA index and HAL-TLV (8.3 and 0.59). The highest percentage of pain was in the fingers (75%). Univariate regression test showed a significant relationship between the three parts of the upper limb (wrist, palm, and fingers) and the OCRA index (OR=0.30, 95%CI=0.15-0.61; OR=0.26, 95%CI=0.11–0.59; OR=0.21, 95%CI=0.08–0.51; respectively). The prevalence of MSDs was one-third in the wrist. Grafting task was the most dangerous activity, and tasks such as pruning, weeding, and transplanting had a medium risk. Use of ergonomic tools in tasks such as grafting, pruning, and harvesting is recommended. In weeding task, in which repetitive work is done for a long time, management measures such as training, job rotation, and increasing rest time could reduce MSDs.