shahramebrahimi

In the field of criminal sciences individualization can be observed as a multi-layered process comprising distinct stages. The first stage involves legal individualization, wherein legislators prescribe punishments proportionate to crime severity. But, due to the generic and impersonal nature of laws, the personal characteristics of offenders receive limited consideration. The subsequent stage entails judicial individualization, wherein the judge through examination of the defendant's personality traits, psychological profile, and social circumstances seeks to impose a sentence tailored to their individual conditions Furthermore, individualization remains vital during punishment execution—particularly in systems where sentence enforcement retains judicial oversight. At this stage, adjustments to the execution modality may be made based on the prisoner’s evolving circumstances. Beyond these tiers, rehabilitative individualization takes effect, aiming to reform and reintegrate offenders while preventing recidivism. This process requires the design of person-centered rehabilitation programs based on existing correctional models, ensuring each individual receives tailored educational, therapeutic, and vocational training—adapted to their specific needs and circumstances—to facilitate their reintegration into society. The Cognitive-Behavioral Model facilitates offender rehabilitation by targeting cognitive and behavioral patterns to induce intrinsic change The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model identifies and addresses individual-specific needs to mitigate recidivism risks. The Good Lives Model (GLM)—emphasizing creating opportunities for healthy, purpose-driven living helps offenders redirect their paths from criminal behavior toward personal growth and rehabilitation. Integrated implementation of these three models could significantly enhance personal rehabilitation of offenders, reduce recidivism rates, and facilitate successful societal reintegration.

The criminal phenomenon has always disrupted the public order of human societies and endangered the financial, moral, economic, and political security of individuals and states. Societal reactions to this phenomenon are manifested through the development and implementation of criminal policies. These measures sometimes take the form of criminalization or decriminalization and sometimes involve responses and various treatment methods.The development and implementation of criminal policies are carried out by various governmental and non-governmental actors and, like other policies, rely on research outcomes and data from criminological studies on delinquency and criminals. This allows these actors to act with knowledge and competence in various aspects of crime, for planning and legislation. However, after sending a text resulting from scientific research to Parliament, individuals and institutions find their place in the appropriate legislative process, where they introduce their own political, ideological, and legal or professional interpretations of individual rights and freedoms into the bill and ultimately into the text of the law, thus altering the initial nature of the text. This ultimately leads to a certain apathy among non-governmental actors in participating in the drafting of bills

The resolution of disputes and the imposition of punishment are judicial matters exclusively within the jurisdiction of the judiciary. Following the issuance of a verdict, the execution of the criminal sentence takes place, which is distinct from the adjudication itself. Given that adjudication appears to be confined to resolving disputes and issuing judgments, there is a debate regarding whether the nature of sentence execution is administrative or judicial. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources, seeks to answer the question: Is the execution of criminal sentences judicial or administrative in nature? And what are the consequences of this classification? The research findings indicate that, in addition to some jurisprudential perspectives defining adjudication as the establishment and enforcement of rights, the logical value of a judge’s decision lies in resolving disputes, which is inherently contingent upon enforcement and execution. Therefore, execution is an integral part of adjudication, as the enforcement of a ruling gives meaning to the concept of dispute resolution. This is precisely why, in contrast to civil cases, the enforcement of punishment—even in offenses subject to private prosecution—does not require the victim’s consent for implementation. By accepting the judicial nature of sentence execution, the presence of a judge in the execution process, an organized and structured system for enforcement, and the application of fair trial principles—including judicial independence, legality, and judicial impartiality—at this stage become necessary.

Punishment and its implementation reflect the nature and strategies of each government's criminal policy. Deprivation of liberty, which has become the most common sanction after the legal and practical abolition of corporal punishment, leads to undesirable effects and costs for the State, society, the offender and his family. Criminologists and criminal law experts have long highlighted the harmful consequences of prisons on health, criminal cognition, ethics and the social fabric.Nowadays, governments, aware of these costs and the undesirable effects of prisons, as well as with the aim of preventing the phenomenon of social exclusion, the alienation of prisoners from society and the breakdown of ties social and family, have adopted a policy of extrication. Using criminological and criminological studies as well as advances in information technology, they reduced the violence of sanctions and provided in their regulations a new way of applying the prison sentence with the aim of mitigating criminal rights .“Electronic monitoring” as one of the methods of serving the prison sentence, although provided for since Article 62 of the Islamic Penal Code, was less reflected in criminal sentences due to the lack of infrastructure necessary for its implementation. However, with its expansion in law and the gradual reduction of prison sentences with the gradual establishment of the necessary infrastructure, it has become one of the priorities of criminal policy. Today, it has become an inevitable measure, showing that the direction of prison management focuses on the future of prisoners rather than their past. It is expected that, taking into account this change of perspective, the legislator will also develop and approve precise and comprehensive rules for the optimal use of this method of serving the prison sentence.

Regarding the Cyberspace, as much as mere opportunistic views can be harmful, the threatening perception of this space also brings unwanted consequences. The main reason for adopting the above two extreme approaches is the lack of specific Criminal policy-making. In the light of public policy literature, the present research explores and presents the principles of Criminal policy-making and its manifestations (criminal policy and penal policy) with a descriptive-analytical method.The ten research findings suggest; First, the principles of "the stability of the fundamentals of the real and cyber world", "necessity of maintaining privacy security", "sustainability and sustainable development" and "creating a balance between values" should be the headlines of Criminal policy-making, and then regarding the participation of society in the field of criminal policy, the principles "Justice-oriented", "transparency" and "maintaining social cohesion and acceptance of cultural diversity" should be used, and finally, to achieve the desired penal policy, the principles of "gradual criminalization ", "needs-oriented" and " Timeliness and changeability" should be on the agenda.

Nowadays, most Western countries are facing a significant decline in organ donation from brain-dead individuals due to the decreasing trend of fatal traffic accidents. This issue has largely created an environment conducive to organ trafficking under the guise of transplant tourism. Notably, the phenomenon of organ trafficking, especially since the mid-1990s, has intensified due to the shortage of transplantable organs, advancements in transplantation technology, ease of communication and transportation, increasing poverty and the vulnerability of organ donors on the one hand and the absence or insufficiency of regulations governing organ donation on the other.

The research method employed in this study is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, credible library resources have been used for data collection.

Ethical Considerations:

 Ethical principles and academic integrity were adhered to in this study.

In response to the situation, various countries have intervened in two areas—live organ donation and posthumous organ donation by enacting legislation and defining conditions for each within the framework of European legal documents to prevent organ trafficking and protect vulnerable organ donation volunteers from exploitation.

Institutionalizing ethical principles in this field, such as the fair distribution of organs, prohibition of organ trade and requiring ordinary legislation to conform to human dignity, is an essential and inevitable priority.

With the passage of classical approaches and its achievements, criminal law was gradually influenced by the theory of subjectivism, and the subjective criteria used in obstruction crimes, while negating the principle of harm, considered the mental relationship of the criminal with the criminal and his criminal intent. It is as if criminal law, in an early judgement, has started to criminalize mental crime, the manifestation of this mentalism is the special attention to the psychological element of the crime. These rights are more concerned with fault than harm, because the survival of a society is always dependent on security. And it is the mental and psychological peace of the citizens, and guaranteeing a safe space, life is the need of every healthy society; The direction of the current research is to formulate a comprehensive criminal policy regarding unintentional behaviors and ultimately to protect the health and safety of the people in the society and prevent behaviors that are a threat to the aforementioned cases from going unanswered.

The present research is written in a descriptive, analytical and documentary method, using written works, including articles and books related to the subject.

Modern criminal law is largely subjective rather than objective; That is, instead of using the objective criterion, the subjective rule is used; the objective criterion means paying attention to the harm in criminalization; based on this principle, only behaviors are criminalized that result in an objective and concrete harmful result; the tendency towards The basis of the principle of harm is the legacy of classical criminology, which tried to measure behaviors according to their effects, but, according to this, the psychological element is between a maximum, that is, criminal intent and a minimum, that is, recklessness. In fact, the Penal Code over the years, according to social developments, gave a classification between types of faults

French criminal law has a wide concept and scope of fault and its types and the preventive concern of protecting the safety of possible victims in accidents against physical integrity, an idea that can be useful for our legislator.

In this article, on the one hand, we seek to examine to what extent the management of child and adolescent delinquency has been affected by dominant models, and on the other hand, to answer the question of why the field of children's rights is still subject to the most formal and substantial reforms.This research, which analyzed the development of children's criminal law with the descriptive-analytical method, came to the conclusion that the position of the child in the support model is that of a psychologically weak, legally incompetent and socially incompatible. But gradually and under the influence of international documents, a new image of the child arose, according to which the child became the subject of rights and became the holder of rights and became an activist, whereas before that he was a tool for the benefit of adults. Research findings show that these changes have completely or partially altered the criminal justice system for children and youth. In France, the only area which, after the rights of foreigners, has undergone the most changes, both criminally and substantively, is that of childhood. The legal decree of February 2, 1945 concerning delinquent children and adolescents, after numerous modifications, was replaced in 2021 by the repeal of the Code of Criminal Justice for Children and Adolescents, considered the new charter for delinquent children and adolescents. The evolution of models as well as the substantial and formal innovations of the new law constitute the subject of this article.

Iranian National Tax Administration (INTA) made the prosecution of tax crimes subject to the implementation of the internal bylaws (by-law or code of conduct) of the implementation of article 274 of the Direct Tax Code in 2018. Accordingly, the prosecuting of these crimes requires a complaint by the Tax Administration after obtaining a favorable opinion of the Tax Crimes Task Force (TFTC). In fact, the authority of the prosecutor’s office in evaluating the prosecution is limited and, in some way, limited to the previous assessment and opinion of the tax office. The by-law simulates the “Commission on Tax Crimes” in French law which was approved and enacted by the French parliament nearly half a century ago. One of the justifications for establishing this mechanism is the principle of proportionality in prosecution according to which only severe tax fraud cases are pursued in the criminal authorities (institutes) after the administrative process in the tax administration and lack of results. This policy of selecting severe cases is in line with the thought of criminal response deterrence and public prevention. In fact, the tax administration prefers to respond to failure to fulfill tax obligations with administrative-financial reactive responses and allocate criminal responses to severe tax frauds and fraudulent design. This mechanism definitely faced serious reforms in 2018. Unlike French law, which both the anticipation of the Tax Crimes Commission and its reforms, aimed at clarification, were made by the Parliament, in Iran, the by-law is approved by the Tax Administration and not the legislature.

The concepts of ta'zir preaching in Islamic criminal procedure and caution in the English law share fundamental similarities. These similarities include diverting cases from the formal process of criminal justice, reducing the economic costs of the criminal justice system, preventing stigmatization of offenders, warning the perpetrator about past behavior, cautioning against future conduct, shaming the rehabilitator, etc. Despite the positive effects of preaching in Islamic judicial proceedings, which are based on judicial expediency in the field of penalties and the principle of ta'zir as guided by the Imam, and despite the abundant advantages of caution in English judicial proceedings, the Iranian legislature has neglected these two approaches. Although the notion of preaching as one of the degrees of ta'zir punishment has been mentioned in scattered laws enacted before the Islamic Penal Code and subsequent Criminal Procedure Code of 2013, this institution has been neglected in the aforementioned two laws and has never had a place in Iranian judicial practice. The utilization of this institution in the Iranian judicial system, which is faced with an inflation of criminal cases, especially in less significant offenses, can bring about the realization of the aforementioned effects and enable the judicial system to focus on more important cases. In this article, through a descriptive and analytical method of collecting library data, we first describe the status of admonition and caution and then provide the necessary conclusions.

 Complementary punishment, as the name suggests, is a form of criminal response to a criminal act that basically, it is determined and applied to the perpetrator of the crime based on the law and from among the restricted list, with the purpose of prevention-sazadeh or correction and rehabilitation.

The present research is descriptive-analytical.

Iran's legislator in 2013, although by expanding the scope of supplementary punishments other than punishment, increased the judge's maneuvering power in providing an appropriate response to criminal behavior, but from determining the conditions for the implementation of different types of these punishments in the light of the legal principle The presence and quality of crimes and punishments were neglected. Considering the shortcomings of the implementation of this type of punishment in practice, the French legislator tried to act in a different way in various reforms so that the issuing judges on the one hand, as well as the offenders and victims on the other hand, faced with its implementation with difficulty and In the end, do not face reluctance. The study of these comparative developments in French law can in some cases open the way to the obstacles of resorting to this type of guarantee of criminal execution in Iranian law.

Background and Identity theft is a criminal operation, in the cyberspace, where identity thieves commit crimes by obtaining the identity information of people in an unauthorized manner and in order to misuse this information. This crime is the basis for similar crimes such as identity fraud and forgery. This research has been done with the aim of finding the pattern of criminalization of identity theft in cyberspace. This research was conducted in terms of practical purpose and qualitative method. The statistical population of this research includes organizational documents: notices and instructions and identity theft cases in 2018 and 2019. In data analysis, using the thematic analysis, the coding process related to this type of analysis was extracted from the content of the files, categorized and categorized.  After extracting the codes, concepts and categories from the documents, the most important categories are: the contexts and causes of identity theft, the methods and tactics of identity thieves, and the methods of detecting identity theft, which are introduced as the dimensions of the analytical model of identifying identity theft. became According to the findings of this research, the final pattern of identity theft criminalization was drawn. This model can increase the ability of FATA police experts to detect identity theft and create a single procedure to detect identity theft. The main suggestion of this research is to organize and intelligentize databases to find identity thieves and secure cyber space infrastructure to prevent identity theft.

The authority to respond to crime by police authorities has a long history in countries with a common law legal system, especially in England. This authority is referred to as "police out-of-court responses"; Iran's legislator has paid attention to such powers in the police phase by foreseeing the institution of warning among the special powers of the police for children and adolescents, for the first time in the Law on Protection of Children and Adolescents approved in 2019. This research intends to examine the nature and ambiguities of the warning institution in the police phase with a comparative view.

This research was done in a descriptive-analytical way and its findings were collected using library studies, internet resources, articles and Latin studies.

A comparative study of the issue in England shows that the need for the efficiency, productivity and effectiveness of the institution of warning by the police for children and adolescents, the precise description of the nature of this institution, the development of examples of its actions against other petty and light crimes, as well as the separation of the conditions of its application in It is against adult and juvenile criminals.

Considering the emergence of the police warning institution in Iran's criminal justice system, the results of the research show that granting some powers to the police in order to deal with petty crimes, while maintaining the interaction between the police and the judicial system, will strengthen the position of the police in the criminal proceedings process. Will end at. According to the results of this research, the application of the warning institution will be provided on the condition that it is applied at the beginning of the prosecution of the criminal process. Although the legislator has for the first time in Iranian law provided for this authority in the police phase; However, the failure to specify its nature and scope has led to ambiguities.

Climatic changes, especially in developing countries, during the past few decades, have caused large populations of people to migrate from arid areas to semi-arid and temperate areas, and this issue provides grounds for committing all kinds of crimes and violating human rights. has constructed . This is despite the fact that in various reports, including the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, policymakers and decision-makers at domestic levels were requested to somehow manage climate change so that the temperature rises to less than 1.5 degrees by 2030. slow The management of climate change and its effect on reducing the commission of crimes becomes more noticeable when it is known that the lack of management of climate change has negative economic, social and security effects. The main question that is considered in this research is what are the effects of climate change management on committing crimes at the level of the United Nations and the Islamic Republic of Iran? The conclusion obtained from this research is that climate change management at the United Nations level is trying to function by emphasizing restorative justice and sharing responsibilities in the field of prevention and combating crimes affected by climate change. While at the level of the Islamic Republic, there is no special and necessary management in this area.

le 30 septembre 2021 est entré en vigueur le nouveau code de justice des mineurs en place de l'ordonnance n° 45-174 du 2 févr. 1945 sur l'enfance délinquante Modifiée près de 75 fois.Le processus d’adoptiondu code de justice des mineurs n’a eu de cesse d’être critiqué.Avec lui, un nouveau droit pénal des mineurs est sur le point de voir le jour.D’un point de vue substantiel, la réforme entend apporter plus de clarté à la question de la responsabilité pénale du mineur et plus de lisibilité quant à la réponse pénale qui s’ensuit.D’un point de vue procédural, la réforme s’efforce d’accélérer le procès pénal du mineur tout en veillant à lui garantir le respect du droit à un procès équitable.L’objectif de ce code : réécrire de façon plus lisible les dispositions relatives aux mineurs, retouchées à maintes reprises, tout en redonnant un sens à la justice pénale des mineurs.

Rapid antigen tests have gained importance during the COVID-19 pandemic due to low prices and availability. The present study investigated the performance of the SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic test in diagnosing patients with COVID-19 referred to the emergency department.

In this diagnostic accuracy study, patients with suspected COVID-19 referred to Imam Hossein and Shohadaye Tajrish Hospitals, Tehran, Iran, were examined. All patients were subjected to a rapid corona test according to the manufacturer’s guide and a chest computed tomography (CT) scan as the standard test. The screening characteristics of the rapid test compared to CT scan were calculated and reported.

183 people with an average age of 46.83 ± 14.26 (range: 21-83) years entered the study. 141 suspected cases of COVID-19 (77%) had evidence of lung involvement in CT, and the rapid test was positive in 83 (45%) cases. Out of 83 patients who tested positive for COVID-19, all (100%) had positive chest CT findings. Out of the 100 patients who tested negative, 42 patients (42%) had negative chest CT findings, and 58 patients (58%) had positive CT scans. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the mentioned test were 58.86, 100.00, and 68.30 percent, respectively.

Due to the relatively low sensitivity, the Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen test fails to screen for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it can be used to confirmthe presence of the disease in symptomatic individuals and reduce virus transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Until the 19th century, most lawyers considered imprisonment to be the best way of punishing offenders. However, this approach, which was based on correction and rehabilitation, gradually led to the development of incarceration-oriented institutions favoring punishment and preventive and educative measures. Therefore, less emphasis was placed on the punishment of imprisonment, and the concept of social penalties (community-oriented) and imprisonment alternatives became increasingly dominant. Influenced by these developments, the Iranian criminal system moved towards decarceration and accepted the decarceration policy as a general policy. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the developments and the theoretical framework of this policy, and the criminal policy of iran towards decarceration should be based on a specific theoretical framework. Models of welfare, high quality of regulations, and participatory and restorative justice can be offered in this regard. This is an applied study conducted using the descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected using desk-based, documentary and field studies through note taking and were then analyzed.

indicators of the crime detection in a qualitative experiment with the case number of the 17 cyber police specialists as a target sample. They were asked about criminal identification. In the first step, after identifying some components through content analysis of documents and open interviews with relevant experts, the main components were identified, and then, in the second step, data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire tool. superficial validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were respectively used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the measurement. After evaluating the results of the third step, Kendall's correlation coefficient was also above 0.7. The implementation of Delphi in the next steps was stopped and the results were summarized in this section.

The findings and results of this research indicate the concepts and implementing various steps of the Delphi technique, prioritization of dimensions, indicators and components of identity indicators of the theft criminalization was extracted. According to Friedman's table, in determining the prioritization of identity the theft dimensions, the causes and contexts are the first priority, the identity of the theft detection methods are the second priority, and the methods and tactics of identity the thieves are the third priority, respectively which were indicated as the most important dimensions in the cyber space for this subject.

The introduction of the philosophical concept of "algebra" into the field of criminal law due to the changes resulting from the school of research along with "authority" led to "punishment" as the most traditional type of guarantee of criminal execution, "social defense measures" and "measures". "Security" should also be included in the vocabulary of this field of law as one of the new facilities of criminal law. This challenge, which was accompanied by a spark of political opinion, created a difference in the choice of the type of criminal response, which is later referred to as the "unity of the penal system" and the "duality of the penal system." In the legislative sphere, in the Islamic Penal Code of 1392, the legislator, on the one hand, by repealing the Law on Security and Educational Measures of 1339 and allocating these measures to the crimes of children, adolescents and the free, and on the other hand, expanding additional punishments that sometimes have the nature of security measures. Has complied with the procedure of the French Penal Code 2005. This action has created the scandal of creating a unified penal system and related criminal policy; This means that the legislature has placed criminals under a system of punishment by limiting the scope of security measures to control them. The issue is different in the penitentiary system, which allows the reaction against criminal talent. Depending on the act, the degree of severity, the heinousness and the manner in which it was committed,

Criminologists have long used every opportunity to warn criminal policymakers about the adverse health, criminological, moral and social consequences of incarceration. In our country, however, considering the abovementioned costs and adverse effects, decarceration has been given priority, especially for minor crimes and criminals without a criminal record; but its implementation in practice faces several judicial and operational challenges. In this paper, the judicial and operational challenges of decarceration are examined in the light of court rulings, using an analytical-descriptive method.The obtained findings indicate that the most important identified challenges are frequency of criminal cases, sustainable incarceration oriented culture among judges, lack of proper infrastructure, unprepared accepting bodies and the society incarceration-centered public culture, respectively. Some of the proposed solutions to cope with the current situation are: changing the culture of incarceration among judges by providing proportionate execution guarantee; increasing the supreme judicial authority’s attention to the equipment needed to implement this policy in such a way that the statistics oriented procedure of the judiciary do not distort the decarceration policy; monitoring the performance of judges in terms of adherence to macro-judicial policies in the field of community-based punishments; real and continuous monitoring of how to file Personality Record; improving the level of knowledge of judges by holding continuous training courses; upgrading the level of hardware and software facilities for applying non-custodial sentences and increasing the awareness of relevant institutions, regarding their rights and duties and reforming the culture of public punishment.

The astounding growth of the use of artificial intelligence in the fields of transportation, health and etc. is not hidden from anyone. Nowadays, the criminal justice system is also looking at this technological tool to solve some of its issues and problems in preventing of recidivism. Prevention of recidivism and predicting rehabilitation of the perpetrator far from personal and subjective (mental) considerations or measuring the probability of recidivism during suspension, parole or other applicable executory establishments in society has always been a fundamental issue for jurists, criminologists, judges and police. Is it possible to solve this problem by hoping for the capabilities of artificial intelligence to predict one’s future behavior based on his/her past? The findings of the research show that although this issue is technically feasible and its requirements are available, its implementation is not possible at any cost. It is explained that the observance of substantive restrictions and legal adjective (procedural) restrictions and also, code of conduct of professional ethics in order to avoid any possible encroachment on the basic principles of criminal law is mandatory. In other words, it is possible to apply measures to prevent recidivism through artificial intelligence despite these limitations.

This research aims to achieve a good pattern of identity theft, For the skill of Fish Police Detectives, the establishment of unity of the procedure has been developed in the discovery and decline of cyber space.

This research was qualitative and from Delphi's technique and 17 Feta police professionals in the country as a statistical sample with targeted sampling and their views on identity theft criminalization were questionedIn the first step, after identifying some of the components by analyzing the content of documents and ... and open interviews with relevant experts, the main components were identified and then in the second step were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire questionnaire. The formal validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the measurement tool, which after receiving the results of the third step due to the fact that all the items had a high score of 4 and very large and high, and the Kandal coefficient coordinates

The findings and the results of this study indicate that after extracting the concepts and implementation of different steps of Delphi technique, the dimensions of indicators and components of criminalization of identity identity and the final pattern of identity theft were identified. The result obtained, the fields and causes, practices and events of thieves, the methods of identifying identity theft with 11 components and 66 indicators are identity theft model.

Organ transplant tourism is the travel of one or both of the organ’s donor and recipient outside the national borders for the purpose of organ, body tissue or cellular transplantation, during which the organ transplant is subject to the financial payment by the recipient or agent for the organ. The necessity of criminal interference in this subject, with a consequentialism viewpoint has been considered by the authors in two categories of proponents and opponents. The present research seeks to answer the fundamental questions about the essence of transplant tourism have a glimpse of this phenomenon among both tourist states and transplant states and study the reasoning brought by advocators and opposers regarding the necessity of criminal interference in this subject. the purpose of the study is to precisely analyze the necessity of the subject and the future standpoint of the legislator on this phenomenon and subsequently manage the consequences.

This article has been written descriptivety-analyticaly using library resources.

Ethical Considerations:

 This research has been done by observing ethical principles and trustworthiness in using the available sources.

Approach to The necessity of criminal interference by emphasis on the consequences such as; commodification, violation of physical justice, incomplete slavery and human rights violations, strengthening organized crime, the crime propagation against whom in vulnerable position, increasing the poverty, diminishing security and human resources and the impossibility of self-sufficiency in organ supply and the supportive approach of criminal interference by emphasis on the medical aspects of this phenomenon to solve patients' troubles, regulate the market of organ exchange and develop Medical tourism industry, have been analyzed.

Given the prevalence and significant effects of this phenomenon in the countries of destination and origin, the main results of the present study are the destitute of required laws and legal challenges in the field of organ transplantation, focusing on the need for criminal interference in this phenomenon with three explanation of supporting patients in need of organs and vulnerable communities as the organ’s donors, the prestige and respect of the country's health system and the development of the medical tourism industry and the prevention of new forms of exploitation and incomplete slavery and weakening human resources and counteracting the strengthening of organization in medical crimes and corruption of the health system and broking illegal organ sales and separation of Legal and illegal facts are the main results of the present study.

Threats to the girls in the real space (physical space) or cyberspace from the view of the cognitive science (meaning the process of the inner of the mind) which embodies the far more vulnerable indicates the dangerous state of the perpetrator and it needs the appropriate action (dynamic) responses from the government and civil society from one side and the criminal immediate reaction measures from the other side. Criminal intervention related to the threats in the real space (physical space) was viewed the subject of the preventive security measures since 1339 and in 1375 it changed to an independent offense but its prevention aspect was neglected but its online type is paid less attention by the legislature. The present paper with analytic-descriptive method and with studying the decisions of the criminal courts: meanwhile determining the various types of the online treats to the girls in the teaching environments it has examined and mentioned the legal vacuums, the causation and the prevention method of passing from thought to action and at the end based on the criminological studies it has presented the preventive suggestions.

Though thinking of virtual life without real life appears impossible, the parallel and contemporaneous existence of virtual life along with real life has created a phenamenon called departing from the real life to the virtual one. A phenomenon that can be analyzed in the era of victimology by taking into account specific conditions and substantive differences between these two types of lives.The essential element in analyzing the present study is the substantntive differences between these lives regarding annonymity of the people and subsequently lack of trust in virtual life that has caused different crimes since people donchr('39')t care about much when active in virtual life. Hence, considering real life contemporary conditions and widespread consequences of presence in virtual life, new duties and responsibilities should be redifined for people on the one hand and goverment on the other hand so as to ensure safety. Of course, some goverment officials consider such duties informally. However, the importance of ensuring safety and government duty to prevent crimes, reducing and compensating possible restitution threatening peoplechr('39')s life are among the most important reasons to recognize and normalize such a topic.