zohreh

It is substantiated that particular features of pragmatics are teachable, and instruction is both necessary and effective. Determining what kind of intervention is most effectual for facilitating learners’ pragmatic development has been a central issue for researchers. To respond to the inconclusive findings in intervention studies and to extend the instructional studies in L2 pragmatics to less studied and more complex teaching targets, such as implicatures, the current study inquired into the effects of metapragmatic awareness, interactive translation, and discussion through video  vignettes on the comprehension of implicatures of 51 (15 male and 36 female) Iranian upper-intermediate EFL learners, who were selected based on Oxford Quick Placement Test (2004) from students majoring English Literature and TEFL at Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran. Fifty-six video prompts containing implicatures from Friends sitcom series and Desperate Housewives TV series were taught to the participants who were randomly assigned to four groups (metapragmatic awareness, interactive translation, discussion, and control). The participants attended the classes twice a week for eight sessions. Results of multiple-choice implicature listening test revealed that all three intervention groups outperformed the control group. Results of Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test illustrated that the metapragmatic awareness group outperformed the interactive translation and discussion groups. No meaningful difference was found between the interactive translation group and the discussion group. The paper concludes that providing learners with contextually appropriate input through video using methods of pragmatic instruction (metapragmatic consciousness-raising, translation, and discussion) is effective to promote their ability to comprehend implicatures and signposts some avenues for future research.

 Determination of antibiotic resistance pattern and awareness of current resistance in each region, It can help to take appropriate therapeutic measures. The purpose of this study to identification of bacterial agents causing infection, and was the determination of their antibiotic resistance in patients admitted to teaching hospital of Shohada Qaen, through the years 2018-2019.

In this descriptive-analytic study, in the period of one year, 1980 samples were collected from patients admitted to teaching hospitals of Shohadah Qaen. The specimens were cultured in blood agar and EMB, and were incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours, then the infection-causing bacteria were identified by differential biochemical tests, depending on gram positive or gram negative bacteria. The Disk diffusion method was applied to determine antibiotic resistance pattern, and the combined disk phenotypic method was applied to determine the strains producing e xtended -spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs).

1980 samples collected from patients admitted, 183 bacterial isolates were collected from which 151 gram negative and 32 gram-positive bacteria were identified. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli with a prevalence of 60.1%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella,with a frequency of 11.5% and 10.9% respectively. Generally, gram-positive bacteria had the least resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem and gram-negative bacteria had the least resistance to Amikacin. 44.7% of the gram-negative bacteria produced ESBL.

Antibiotic administration based on the antibiotic resistance pattern can be more effective and useful. The high prevalence of ESBL producing strains indicates the necessity of rapid monitoring and identification of these strains.

The similarity of the lithography to the manuscripts in terms of appearance and manner of writing is far more than the similarity to printed books, for example illumination and decorations, margins, notes of ownership and endowment, stamps, the name of the scribe at the end of the book, are examples of similarity to manuscripts and lithographs. For this reason, the catalogers of lithography are trying to express the details of each bibliographic and codicology information in the same way as the manuscripts in the catalogs. Due to the lack of fixed principles and rules of standardized cataloging of lithography that are accepted by all catalogers, catalogs and worksheets of lithography books in libraries are not monotonous. In fact, manuscripts, as the written legacy of the past are highly contributive in identifying the culture, civilization, and the ancient sciences, always considered by scholars of all disciplines. These precious and rich resources can be viewed in different perspectives like history, art, library and information science, sociology, etc.Form a Library and Information Science perspective, this study attemptsto explore the types of manuscripts and lithography in large libraries of Iran in terms of cataloguing, and present a unified common model for them. In this research, descriptive - analytic method has been used and the data collection tool was a checklist. It attempts to explain the current status of cataloging of manuscripts and lithography in five major libraries: Astan Qods library, National library, Marashi Najafi library, Central library of Tehran University, and the Islamic Consultative Assembly library. Given that the needs of the researchers are more diverse and more complex every day, it need to be answered review in the cataloging of manuscripts and lithography in Iran for Design and compilation of National Standard WorkSheet.The most important reasons for the formation of the idea of ​​designing a unitary pattern for the same processing and organizing of lithography and manuscripts are: 1. Lots of similarity to the books of lithography with manuscripts (with 76.5% share of the elements of worksheet of cataloging the manuscripts and lithographs); 2. Old and worthy of these two types of materials and their maintenance in the same storage in most libraries in terms of their special preservation and conservation; and 3. The need for more libraries to focus on lithography books, similar to manuscripts, with the uniformity of their cataloging. So, the unifying manuscript and rare resource cataloging practices is possible. Because of the nature of the research of the manuscripts and lithographs of various aspects, it is necessary that the information items of each book be recorded in their catalogs in order to We do not waste any data at the time of retrieval, and the end user will be easily guided to the desired text. In this research, a common cataloging worksheet of manuscript and lithography including 82 items was proposed to create a common cataloging model for the libraries. In this proposed model, we have tried to provide the most information elements for the common cataloging of manuscripts and lithographs.

In gas and oil industry, erosion damages to pipe lines bends and elbows due to the presence of sand particles have been a challenging issue. In this study a computational model approach was for evaluating the erosion rates in different vertical return bends including sharp bend, standard elbow, 180° pipe bend and long elbow. The airflow in the pipe was simulated using the SIMPLE method and the k-ω SST turbulence model. An Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was used for predicting particle trajectories and the corresponding erosion rates. Different particle sizes and mass flow rates were considered and Oka model for evaluating the erosion rate was used in these simulations. Under the same conditions, the simulation results indicated that the sharp return bends experience the highest erosion rates and the 180° bends experience the lowest erosion among the studied configurations. It was also found that the erosion rate is linearly proportional to the mass flow rate of particles for all cases studied.

Predicting multiphase flows in curved pipes is of great importance in industrial equipment. In the present study, a computational model for predicting the velocity profile is developed and used to study the developing turbulent gas-liquid- solid three dimension flow in curved pipes. In order to discretize and solve the three-dimensional steady-state momentum equations, the finite volume scheme on staggered grids besides central difference and QUICK scheme have been used. Moreover, the k-ε model is employed to reflect the nature of turbulence in the flow. In order to address the needs for sooner convergence and convenient mapping of the physical domain, the computations have been performed in an extended toroidal coordinate system. Particle tracking has been done using Lagrangian approach in which two-way coupling regime is considered. In terms of validation, the numerical simulation results for the straight duct (infinite curvature), have been compared with the analytical solution and previous experimental results. Moreover, injection of particles through the flow indicates that, in each section of the bend, trade-off between centrifugal and pressure gradient forces plays a key role on particles motion. In last section, the effects of particle diameter and bend curvature on particle motion have been examined.

This study examined academic articles and journalistic reports in 5 disciplinary areas to explore how similar contents might attitudinally be realized in two different genres. To this end, 25 research articles and 210 news reports were carefully selected and underwent detailed discourse semantic and grammatical analyses with the purpose of identifying the evaluative linguistic patterns. The findings showed that academic texts are attitudinally charged with appreciation rather than other categories of attitude. This suggests that markers of appreciation are responsible for detachment, impersonality, and objectivity. On the contrary, notwithstanding the frequent use of appreciation in journalistic texts, other categories of attitude (affect and judgment) are also effectively used. This suggests that affective and judgment markers account for the subjectivity of journalistic texts. One of the findings emerging from this study is that frequent instances of appreciation in the different parts of an RA might be attributed to the development of language use within an individual which does not lead to lowering the level of objectivity in academic texts but enhancing interpersonal communication.

Aim:This research was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness Logotherapy in reduction of depression in Women faced with infidelity.
This research performed in a semi experimental framework with the experimental and control groups and 3months follow up. 30 of 135 people who were faced with the problem of infidelity and depressed at the same time were also selected in 5 Tehran area and assigned Randomly into two groups of equal size. The first group treated with logotherapy, The second group received no intervention. All of them completed Beck depression test, before and after the intervention. They completed demographic questionnaire too. Finally, data analyzed with statistical technique, variance between-within subjects(SPANOVA).
Findings:The results showed that Logotherapy could reduce symptoms of depression in women with infidelity Compared with the control group ( p logotherapy can be used to reduce depression of women caused by the infidelity of spouses.

The present study investigates the citation behavior in published articles in the Journal of Philosophy and wisdom in the period 1384 to 1393. Firstly, in this analysis, we have a statistical analysis of the reference sections or bibliography of articles, the average number of citations, types of scientific items, the linguistic status of references, author self-citation, journal self-Citation and articles dedicated research areas.
According to above statistical analysis conducted in this paper, at the conclusion of this study, we present and expose ten qualitative analysis in areas such as innovation, bibliometric analysis and research ethics is supplied. The authors reviewed here, as with many other areas of the humanities and even more of them, to write their works primarily rely on books, then articles and other scientific items. But, the result of our literature review derived from citation studies of philosophy and humanities in English articles, is different. Therefore, the special results and unique analysis and survey in research ethics is obtained. In addition, certain relation between the Iranian philosophical productions with categories such as "innovation", "team working" in the fields of humanities, as well as more theoretical knowledge than we have established a global production

The aim of present research was to investigate effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on drug craving in heroin addicts treated by methadone maintenance.
The present study was an experimental clinical trial with pretest, post-tests and follow-up phases. The study population consisted all of heroin addicts who referred to substance abuse treatment center in Arak city. The 36 heroin addicts were selected by convenience sampling method and were assigned into control and experimental groups (experimental group=16 patients and control group=20 patients). The Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS) was used in pretest, post-tests and follow-up. The experimental groups recived 8 sessions of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) program between pretest and posttest while control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analized by ANOVA with repeated measure with SPSS 16.
The results of ANOVA with repeated measure showed that Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) reduced significantly drug craving scores of experimental group in posttest and Follow-up (p This study revealed that Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) program as modern psychotherapy technique is effective method to reduce drug craving. Therefore, this approach is recommended for these patients.

Congenital hypothyroidism is a major but preventable cause of mental backwardness in infants. In case of hypothyroidism in fetuses, certain complications will occur in vital organs like the central nervous system and the skeleton. Before screening programs were introduced, congenital hypothyroidism was diagnosed with delay due to its few and non-specific symptoms during the first days of life. Given the difference in reference range for various races and populations, this study was aimed to determining a natural range for thyroid hormones used in the screening of infants. In a descriptive cross-sectional study at Vali-asr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, from March 2013 to 2014. The level of T4, FT4 and TSH hormones was measured in all natural childbirth, without any complications and with one-minute Apgar score above 7 while this study was underway. A group of 249 infants (male and female), including 35 (14.1%) aged between 0 and 4 days, 102 (41%) aged between 5 and 7 days and 112 (45%) aged between 7 and 30 days, were examined. The average TSH, T4 and FT4 amounts in infants, aged 0 to 30 days, were respectively 5.35 µU/ml, 10.77 µg/dl and 1.33 ng/dl. The interval was 4.76-6.01 µU/ml for TSH, 10.36-11.17 µg/dl for T4 and 1.29-1.37ng/dl for FT4. The difference between age groups with average TSH concentration is not meaningful (P=0.7) and the average T4 amount in different age groups was meaningfully different (P=0.05). The average FT4 in different age groups is meaningfully different (P=0.007). The thyroid hormone amounts calculated for males and females were not significantly different. Given the difference in the reference range in race, population and geographical zones, it is necessary to determine a range for screening in Iran. According to the findings of the present study, lower cut-offs, compared with western countries, should be envisaged for TSH in congenital hypothyroidism screening programs that could speed up the diagnosis of minor cases of the disease and prevent complications.

The relation between expansion and security is a verified and interwoven relation and in numerous researches and studies، the direct relation between security and expansion has been researched and almost today in one public belief، the strategies based on expansion are known as a perfect and complete security skills. Safety is the bed maker of development and at one hand is impressible from expansion in a way that underdevelopment can lead to the appearance of insecurity. The effect and influence of security in frontier localities has an important and double impression، because of the lack of expansion of the boundary and marginal regions، accelerated and intensified the flow of immigration from frontier localities to the urban regions and by unsettling of people from boundary realms and accumulation of people and occupations in central cities، both the frontier localities and central cities encounters with strict problems and difficulties in relation to the security issues. One of the more common features of the frontier localities of Iran especially the eastern frontier localities of the country is the low level of development، ascending the rate of unemployment، instability of rural population and the evacuation of dwelling boundaries. As a result، the strategies based on expansion and occupation employment which can help to the stability of dwelling boundaries and as a kind of security approach to be taken in consideration of politicians in frontier localities. In this direction، in 1985، the creation of green belt boundary as a developmental action in the district of border limit of Sarbisheh Township (South Khorasan Province) has been established. This research attempts to investigate the effects of safety caused from this action in the considered study limits. The present research from the aim aspect is applicatory and in regard to the study method is descriptive-analytic and with respect to data collection is combination of measurable and documentary method. The sample volume has been analyzed by the use of Kokaran formula and the selection of 151 people and data collection verified from questionnaires and then accomplished by the use of statistical software and Wilcoxon Test، correlational Spearman and T- Test. The results indicates that there is a meaningful relation between job creation and security providing in the region and considering of the expansion and security of frontier localities and welfare increasing and economic incomes frontiersman from the safe economic actions، with the support and investment of the government has a positive influence in the security operations of frontier localities.

Occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a new entity described by the presence of HCV-RNA in liver biopsy and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens, and undetectable levels or absence of HCV-RNA and in the absence or presence of anti HCV antibodies in plasma by current laboratory methods.. To evaluate the detection of HCV-RNA in PBMC specimens of the liver transplant candidates with cryptogenic cirrhosis by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR)..Patients and From November 2007 to March 2013, 45 patients from Liver Transplant Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, were enrolled in this cross sectional study. PBMC specimens were separated from the peripheral blood sample. After extraction of RNA from plasma and PBMC specimens, HCV-RNA status was tested by RT-nested PCR. The 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) genotyping of HCV-RNA amplified from PBMC specimens was performed by a standard methodology with the INNO-LiPATM HCV II kit. The PCR products of 5′-UTR were sequenced after cloning into the pJET1.2 / blunt cloning vector.. Of 45 patients, 4 (8.9% [95% CI: 4.4-15.6]) had detectable genomic HCV-RNA in their PBMC specimens. HCV genotypes were determined in the PBMCs of these subjects showed that 2 (50.0%) subjects with occult HCV infection had HCV subtype 3a, and 2 (50.0%) had HCV subtype 1b.. This study found that 8.9 % of the Iranian candidates for liver transplant with cryptogenic cirrhosis had occult HCV infection. Therefore, designing prospective studies focusing on the diagnosis of occult HCV infection in these subjects prior to liver transplantation could be valuable..

Understanding β-cell function at the molecular level will likely facilitate the development of β-cells manufacture techniques. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (pdx-1) gene expression into DTZ-stained cellular clusters originating from emberyonal carcinoma cells. This implemental -fundamental study was accomplished on differentiation of stem cells into insulin producing cells (IPCs). The conditioned medium of cultured pancreas from one-week newborn mouse was used for differentiation of P19. EBs formed by a 24h suspension culture of P19 EC cells. In order to induce the difrentiation،، different concentrations of conditioned medium (25%، 50%، 75% and 100%) were added to culture medium. Dithizone staininig was used for detecting the differentiated cells derived from EBs in vitro. Insulin-proinsulin production and insulin receptor beta were determined by immunofluorescence. The expression of pdx-1 gene was also analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Dunkana test. Differentiated cell clusters appeared after approximately 7 days induction. The peak response of differentiation was at the concentration of 50% conditioned medium. Expression of pdx-1 gene was observed in the differentiated cell clusters. Expression of insulin-proinsulin and insulin receptor beta markers in the differentiated cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence. The pancreas conditioned medium could influence P19 cells differentiation into insulin producing cells. So findings of this study could facilitate producing the β-cells.

The present article is to study “dream” in Marcel Proust''s novel. ‘Dream is an unconscious picture which is made during sleep. In the present research، the relationship between dream and literary creation is examined. Therefore، the link between dream and fact، the connection between dream (dreaming at night) and involuntary memory (dreaming in the day) and the role of dream in recognizing «hidden self or deep self» are studied respectively. Dream is also examined based on Freud''s perspective in Marcel Proust''s novel. At last، it would be suggested that dream similar to the involuntary memory by discovering the deep self creates a literary metaphor which is one of the most important characteristics of Marcel Proust''s style، and in this way، the dream role is shown in the literary creation.

In this research the drying of four kinds of vegetables was investigated in a vacuum dryer. The effect of temperature on drying rate of samples at various temperatures (30, 35 and 45 °C) was studied. Six thin-layer drying models were fitted to drying data and suitable model was selected from them. Then effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of samples were calculated. The Diffusion approximation model gave excellent fit for fenugreek and mint leaves and vegetative parts of leek and the page model was considered adequate to describe the thin-layer drying behavior of parsley leaves. The effective diffusivity values changed from 2.92×10 10 to 9.81×10-10, 1.77×10-10 to 5.99×10-10, 9.3×10-11 to 1.7×10-10 and 1.27×10-9 to 3. ×10-9 for fenugreek, mint and parsley leaves and vegetative parts of leek, respectively. An Arrhenius type of equation was used to evaluate the effect of temperature on the effective diffusivity and theactivation energy values was found 66.36, 66.34, 32.27 and 51.16 kJ/ mol for fenugreek, mint and parsley leaves and vegetative parts of leek, respectively.

World Health Organization (WHO) considers familial violence as a universal phenomenon; even the most developed countries suffer from it and thus domestic violence against women is associated with negative social and mental consequences. According to the literature, level of education and perceived social support are associated with violence against women. Therefore, this research aims to study the violence against women in relation to social support and socialization. It investigates predicting factors of violence against women among women, who refer to court. The study has a control group to compare their data with that of case study. The sample data are drawn from women residing in Tehran. Good's resource theory (1971)-one of the theories related to domestic violence- states that family is similar to any social system or unit as it is a power based system. Therefore, the women who have economic, working and educational power and social support are less exposed to the violence from their husbands. Gender socialization and role tendencies theory state that the roles of men and women are in favor of women being abused. Socialization accompanied with observing and experiencing domestic violence, result in using violence in the family. Traditional gender role attitudes associated with the female as subordinate to male power can place them at higher risk for being abused by their spouse (Firestone, Harris and Vega, 2003). The sample study consists of 184 harassed women who referred to Family Court and affiliated institutions as well as 228 women with the same age and length of marriage who have not referred to above mentioned institutions and constitute the control group. The research makes use of Violence assessment Questionnaire in order to assess physical, mental, sexual and economic violence separately. This questionnaire includes 32 items which is based on likert scale (this questionnaire was developed based on Hj-Yahia, 1999 and Khosravi & Khaghani, 2005). Gender Role Socialization Questionnaire that assesses the type of socialization is also used in the study. It involves 12 items which is based on likert scale (This questionnaire was developed based on Gender role socialization theory). Another instrument is Social Support Questionnaire to assess real and perceived social support which includes 4 items based on likert scale (this questionnaire was based on khosravi and khaghani' work, 2005). The results show that the women who referred to court have lower level of education and occupation than the control group. Women who referred to court obtained higher score in physical, mental, sexual and economic violence than the control group. Control group has more social support, occupational and educational resources than women who referred to the court. Control group are less socially passive than the group who referred to the court. Furthermore the results of regression analysis indicate that socialization, social support and social capital significantly predict the amount of violence against women.

The aim of the present study was to compare the image of God and life satisfaction innondivorce and divorce woman in Kashan city. Participants in Kashan 200 women (100women nondivorce, 100 women divorce) that selected convenient sample. The instruments were: Life Satisfaction Questionnaire and God Image Questionnaire (RSI). The results showed that there was a significant relationship between life satisfaction and God image (p<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant difference between nondivorce and divorce woman in image of God (p<0.01). Divorcing woman had less satisfaction then nondivorcing women.

Discussion about God's Attributes, the nature of it and the reason why it is such a controversial topic is one of the serious concerns in the two areas of kalam and philosophy. This problem takes on a more serious form in theology in specific term; because on the one hand this discussion relates to the subject of models of creation and on the other it makes clear the concept of God for believers. Muslim philosopher Ibn Sina has dealt with this discussion with both concerns in view and in this respect treats the matter like plotinus the influential Western philosopher. So when we speak of the models of creation in the theory of emanation the names of Plotinus from the West and Ibn Sina from the East immediately comes into mind. This article tries to show that in the explanation of Ibn Sina's theory of emanation which attributes are applicable and in its Plotinu's model which attributes are not allowed to be used and how for Ibn Sina has been influenced by Plotinian model in the problem of emanation and ascription some of the attributes to God. By investigating some of Farabi's beliefs and convictions as a medium for transmission some of Plotinian concepts to Ibn Sina it becomes clear that despite general similarities between Plotinus and Ibn Sina on some of the attributes of the first cause and the model creatures emanate from him there are fundamental difference between these two philosophers which its example is Ibn Sina's justification of the theory of emanation is based on the ascription of attributes of intellect, existence and life to God that Plotinus in his theory has avoided to speak about them.

Land and housing is one of the basic needs of cities habitants. The price increase in this market have caused to increase problems for the citizens. Land and housing problems is affected by different elements and each of these elements has the main role in its changes. Among these elements, the increase in inflation, price of building materials, costs of labour force, to be near to the populated and economic center and etc. These elements are the most effective in changes of land and housing market. But in Iran cities and in particular in city of Zanjan, the main factor (element) have unstabled the land and housing market is the role of unofficial land market, which has been more effective than inflation rate in recent years. This article will study the different factors (elements) effecting in land and housing market in Zanjan by using the available documents, libriries and field study with regard to unofficial land market. Since city of Zanjan is being located near to the capital city (Tehran), consider as important reason of land and housing problems.

Morning report has been the basis of educational programs for internal residents over years. It consists of various groups including instructors, trainers, and students with varying educational objectives. Yet, there is no uniform pattern for this purpose. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of morning report at Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Teaching Hospital. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out on a total of 117 subjects (37 males, and 80 females) including 39 assistant students, 39 attending students, and 39 trainees in the Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics Wards. A questionnaire including 29 items was given to the students to survey the quality of morning report in different wards. The related data were collected and analyzed using Chi-square. Each questionnaire was scored on the basis of a predetermined criterion measure. The data were classified into "excellent" and "moderate" groups. No statistically significant difference was found between questionnaire score and sex (P-value = 0.05); yet, there was a statistically significant difference between questionnaire scores relating to the three said wards (P-value = 0.019). The obstetrics ward (48%) was at the excellent level. 22.2% of the students presented their morning reports including a follow-up. 55.6% of the students presented their reports at the assistant level. 66.7% of the students presented their report in the form of question-and-answer, while 33.3% of them presented it as a speech. Further, 66.3% of the students maintained that the morning report has had an effective impact on the management of the patients. Based on the findings, it is advisable to provide evidence as films, papers, books, etc. to promote the quality of morning report.