diffusion theory

Artificial intelligence is widely used and has useful features for sharing in various services. With the increasing use of innovation, Artificial Intelligence (AIA) programs create a more attractive environment in government institutions and educational institutions. The purpose of the research is how users feel about the educational use of artificial intelligence. Data collected from a survey of 387 university students in different countries have been used to validate the model and hypotheses. The characteristics of using artificial intelligence in education, such as perceived adaptability, trialability, comparative advantage, ease of doing business, and technology export, are included in the conceptual model. The practical implications of the present research are vital in that it leads relevant educational concepts to understand the importance of each component and enables them to carry out plans and efforts in accordance with the order of relative importance of the factors. Management concepts give educational departments insight into how to apply artificial intelligence to their system to improve the growth of services provided and facilitate the process for all users. The conceptual model of the research, which links both the characteristics of the person and the characteristics of the technology, is what makes it novel. The findings show that diffusion theory variables perform better than the other two variables ease of doing business and technology export.

Shiism experienced a significant crisis following the tragedy of Ashura characterized by oppression, fear, isolation, and the practice of taqiyyah. This study focused on the strategies employed by Imam Sajjad (A.S.) to revive Shiism in the aftermath of this event. Specifically, it addressed this question: How can we analyze Imam Sajjad’s strategies for revitalizing Shiism after the Ashura event? It appeared that Imam Sajjad (A.S.) utilized components of diffusion theory—namely, the destination of diffusion (environments that were both receptive and intolerant, along with political and cultural barriers), paths of diffusion (including displacement, contagious, and hierarchical diffusion), and timing of diffusion. By leveraging various tools, such as the community's reverence for the Prophet’s family, he transformed the emotional landscape created after Ashura, mitigating the effects of the oppressive Umayyad regime and countering the influence of pro-Umayyad scholars. Through initiatives like cadre building and promoting pilgrimage, he effectively revived Shiism after the Ashura event. This research elucidated Imam Sajjad's actions through the lens of diffusion theory, demonstrating how Shiism was revitalized in the wake of Ashura. Employing a historical methodology, the study analyzed Imam Sajjad's activities aimed at reviving Shiism, including cadre development, exposing Umayyad injustices, mobilizing the populace post-Karbala, challenging beliefs in predestination, elucidating the fundamental principles of Imamate, addressing key issues, and countering deviation through prayer and supplication.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran has had a wide reflection beyond the borders of Iran and the Middle East region and has reached the distant region of the Arab Maghreb, including Tunisia. Tunisia gained its independence in 1956 and was the most secular government in the Arab world until the victory of the Islamic Revolution. This country faced a kind of religious awakening in the early seventies, and at the end of this decade, with the failure of liberal economic policies and the emergence of riots in the country, Islamic sentiments took a political form and Islamic political groups were formed, the most famous of which was "Al-Nahda". During the struggle of the Iranian revolutionaries, especially after the victory of the Islamic revolution, the Tunisian regime, worried about the impact of this revolution on Tunisia, openly opposed it and labeled Tunisian Islamists as "Khomeinists". However, the Tunisian Muslim activists, inspired by the Iranian revolutionaries, tried to expand their activities. The Islamic Revolution and the thoughts of Imam Khomeini (RA) had a tremendous impact on the opponents and the adoption of the approach of social and cultural struggle, and the anti-arrogant revolutionary Islamic government became the desirable government of Muslims.

(Field of research:) The Islamic Revolution of Iran was the biggest event and transformation of the last century, which due to its origin, type of formation and consistency; It has its own values and ideals, the spreading of which is the duty of all institutions related to the Islamic system. As the seminaries are one of the origins of the revolution and have a fundamental role in this field.(Method and ) The present study, with a descriptive analytical method and with the framework of diffusion theory, seeks to explain the role of seminaries in spreading the values and ideals of the Islamic Revolution.() The threefold communication system of "theological fields; Islamic Revolution; "values" in the form of broadcasting factors and types were examined and analyzed, and while examining related words, four indicators of the Islamic revolution were explained: "independence and freedom; being popular; inclusiveness; Defending the oppressed of the world". Due to the origin of the Islamic Revolution and the deep connection between the seminaries and the clergy with the people, the expansion of the values and ideals of the Islamic Revolution requires the continuation of the role of the seminaries.() The researches showed that the continuity of role-playing depends on special cognitive, behavioral and instrumental requirements and it is necessary to plan in the three fields of encountering the domain with "self, people and strangers". In the internal dimension of the field, "awareness of current issues, innovation and foresight" and "education and training of thoughtful and province-oriented students" are necessary, and in the external field, "populism", "creating a cultural role, political and social" and "protecting Islamic and revolutionary rituals" as well as "anti-arrogance and negation of foreign domination" are taken into consideration.

The 3rd and 4th centuries of Hijri were the era of expansion of the Shiites in the lands under the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate, and the eastern lands of this Caliphate, i.e. cultural Iran, also witnessed many changes during this period, such as the formation of the Alawite governments of Tabaristan and Al-Buyeh, uprisings and movements, as well as the Ismaili da'wah and the spread of Imamiyya ideas. It has been in line with the generalization and expansion of Shi'ism. However, from the fourth century onwards, the opportunity for the continuation of this dynamic and the struggle of the Shiites and their roles in the social and political atmosphere of Iran was stopped to such an extent that the reason for this stop as a research issue, the necessity of studying the obstacles in front of this process and the lack of continuity of these currents. explores. The investigation of the obstacles on the way to the expansion of Shiism in this research is done based on the framework of Hager Strand's diffusion theory in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative information in this regard and to categorize the most influential ones in this historical expansion.

Allameh Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai Saheb al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an is one of the scholars who have been the attention and reference of scholars in the history of Islamic sciences and knowledge in the contemporary period. There have been accompanying landings; This research is organized in a descriptive-analytical way in a library method according to the diffusion theory, which is one of the common theories of human geography and explains the spread of any kind of intellectual or physical innovation in terms of reducers, obstacles, reasons and accelerators. pays and advances; In this research, it has been discussed how to spread the innovations and spread the scientific ideas and thoughts of this great Shia Muslim commentator. The findings of this study show that Allameh Tabatabai's scientific career as an example in the history of Islamic sciences and education has reasons for expansion and progress in fields such as interpretation, the way of expansion and the paths and channels of its progress, as well as the reason for stopping and the reasons for re-expansion. and also sustainability in some fields and abandoning other scientific fields; From the results of this research, every person is faced with reasons, obstacles and reducers for his scientific journey, and besides that, he can optimize and manage his scientific movement with reasons, accelerators, enhancers and promoters, and with Double ability to progress in your specialized field; Identifying and investigating these cases can be effective in optimizing, improving efficiency and effectiveness as much as possible in educational, research and training of human resources in Islamic education.

Every revolution has more or less regional and international effects and presents a message to create its strategic depth. The Iranian revolution also has this characteristic and is considered as one of the important events in the 20th century as a revival of Islamic thought and political Islam. The purpose of writing this article is to find the cause of the limited reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan based on the diffusion theory and using the descriptive-analytical method and the library method to collect information. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to answer this question by applying Hagerstrand's diffusion theory, why the reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran was limited in the Islamic country of Pakistan? The proposed hypothesis is that the reason for the problems, such as the existence of different views on the issue of the revolution and the empowerment of the military in the source and destination of the broadcast, i.e. Iran and Pakistan, has prevented the spread of the thoughts and ideas of the revolution. The findings of this article is that due to the problems that existed in the beginning of the Islamic revolution in the two countries, the Islamic Republic has gradually abandoned the policy of exporting the revolution to Pakistan and has moved towards expanding economic relations with this country.

As it stands today, medical science did not grow and develop overnight. This science has been formed due to the efforts of millions of people throughout the history of mankind. Meanwhile, the fact is that one of the standard bearers of this sacred responsibility (medical sciences) are Muslims. Muslims, during the Abbasid era, have developed this science more than any other civilization. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to highlight the fact that the Renaissance of Europe is partly indebted to the inventions and discoveries of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period, and the ways of transferring this science from the East to the West are documentedIn the upcoming research, in order to explain and analyze the progress of medical knowledge in the Abbasid era and the ways of its transfer to the West, the "diffusion theory" is used as the theoretical framework of the work. Based on this, the influential origin in the field of medical knowledge of the Islamic world in the Abbasid era is taken into account, and the influential destination is the Western civilization, and the ways and channels of transmission are mentioned along with its obstacles. The findings of the research show that medical knowledge was one of the first sciences that the Islamic world learned based on the medical data of Iran, India and Greece, and then developed it in the best possible way and spread it to other societies.

Occurrence of the Islamic revolution in Bahman 1357 made the Islamic Republic of Iran, the center of spreading revolution. That it could directly and indirectly influence the Islamic movements and even independence movements in the region and the world in a short period of time. This study intends to examine the reflection of Islamic Revolution on Armenia, based on diffusion theory. This articles has tried to study diffusion theory, using descriptive-analytical method and data collection by documentary and library methods, and also address the question of has Islamic revolution, as the center of spread in the area, influenced Armenia_ non-Muslim neighboring country? And if so, how and to what extant was this effect? Results show that Islamic Revolution, in the first decade of Revolution and before the collapse of the former Soviet Union, had indirect positive impacts on increasing the Armenians' spirit of independence. But after the collapse of the former Soviet Union and independence of Armenia, the impact of Islamic Revolution diminished due to the existence of various obstacles such as the predominance of Christianity, internal problems, presence and competition of regional and trans-regional countries in Armenia.

The main question of this research can be asked as to what effects the Islamic Revolution of Iran had on the spread of Shiism in Indonesia? Accordingly, using a descriptive-analytical research method based on diffusion theory with a brief explanation of the historical background of the origin of Shiites in Indonesia, introduction of Shiites-related organizations and institutes, the situation of the Shiites in Indonesia, proponents of the Shiite religion and their special relationships among themselves and  others and the effect of one of the important events of the twentieth century, the victory of Islamic Revolution of Iran, on the spread and promotion of Shiite thinking in Indonesia, are studied. Results show that after the victory of Islamic Revolution, significant religious enthusiasm among Shiites and adherents to this religion were observed that led to the spread of Shiite literature. With these changes, institutions based on Shiite thought, such as Islamic schools, publishers and forums, were on the rise. There for, Islamic Revolution of Iran had significant impacts on the Shiites' cultural, social and political spread and influence in Indonesia by: 1.attracting Indonesian students in the seminary of Qom 2.establishment of Shiite affiliated institutions and organizations 3.Making the role of religious scholars, especially imitators, more important 4.the rise of Shiites and the encouragement of Shiite jurisprudence activities in Indonesia.

The victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran has had widespread reflections in the region and in the world. Despite the fact that the greatest impact of the Islamic Revolution took place in the region and in Iran's neighbors, some evidence implying that the extent of the impact of the Iranian revolution on Central Asia countries has been limited. This research seeks to answer the question why the Islamic Revolution failed to have an outstanding effect on the region? The hypothesis of the research points to the existence of problems in the political structure of the Central Asian countries in accepting the revolution, as well as the problems inside Iran to export the revolution. For this purpose, causative method and diffusion theory have been used. The findings of the research show that Some problems in the Origin and destination of the diffusion, including the lack of proper attention of Iran to the region of Central Asia, the pragmatic approach of Iran's foreign policy, the existence of authoritarian governments in the above region, the existence of regional and transnational rivals and etc. have been the most important reasons for Iran's failure to export its revolution to the central Asian countries.

One of the most important issues about the Islamic Revolution of Iran that have attracted the attention of political scientists is its influence on other countries, especially the Islamic movements, including the Islamic Movement of Hezbollah in Lebanon. The present study uses a library method to analyze the components of the maximum impact of the Islamic Revolution on the movement based on the theory of diffusion. Diffusion theory was first applied to the spread of tuberculosis, cholera, and so on, which later developed its meaning and applied to the dissemination of other issues, including cultural ones. This article, while explaining the theory of diffusion and its influencing factors, has analyzed the impact of the Islamic Revolution on the Lebanese Hezbollah movement based on diffusion theory factors.
The present study concludes that the Islamic Revolution of Iran, among all the free nations of the world and all Muslims and Islamic movements, had the most influence on the Islamic movement in Hezbollah in Lebanon. The implications of this maximization have been analyzed and the most important components are included: the closeness of the majority of the intellectual and ideological foundations of this movement to the foundations, values and ideals of the Islamic Revolution of Iran; and the existence of the most common sides between the foundations of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the ideological foundations of the Hezbollah movement.

In recent years, hard power has lost its credibility to a large extent so soft approaches have gained more importance. In this atmosphere, countries have faced new requirements in the field of their foreign policy, including the addition of a fourth pillar- cultural diplomacy- to the three existing ones, namely political, economic and security diplomacy. This paper seeks to investigate the role and status of Moavedin (a group of Iranian Iraqis ancestry who were deported from Iraq by Saddam Hussein in the 1970s) in the Islamic Republic of Iran’s public diplomacy in Iraq to identify its security outcomes.

This paper is an applied, qualitative research conducted via the descriptive-analytic method. The data has been collected using notecards. Hence, in terms of method, the research has been based on library research from beginning to end.

Within the framework of the Diffusion Theory, Moavedin can be considered as those tasked with brining change and leaders of opinion who, historically speaking, were deported from Iraq in three periods to settle in Iran. Benefiting from their capacities and potentials in the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Public Diplomacy in Iraq can find the basis of meaningful and extensive ties between the two countries whose outcomes would clearly contribute to the country’s national security.

Moavedin’s playing a role within the framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Public Diplomacy in Iraq. They help to eliminate misunderstandings and misinterpretations between the two countries and reduce their difference and on the other hand help to secure common interests by justifying Iran’s policies and actions in Iraq.

The Achaemenid architecture is famous for its columned halls; however such halls were common prior to the Achaemenid Period in Iran. Buildings with columned halls dated to Median Period were discovered in Nush-i Jan and Godin. Similar buildings were also present in Baba Jan, Ziwiye, Hasanlu, Kordlar and Bastam as well. Among these buildings, the oldest example of columned hall belongs to Hasanlu, where seven buildings including columned hall were constructed in three successive periods of Hasanlu V, IVc and IVb, dated to ca. 1250-800 B.C. The main common characteristic of these buildings is their central part, which was constructed in form of a columned hall, along with other common components and elements, such as: a portico and an anteroom in entrance, a stairway passed around a central column on a side of the anteroom, ancillary rooms situated along the sides of the hall, benches constructed on sides of the hall, columns added at the sides of the hall, raised hearth in the center of the hall, and a platform opposite the entrance of the hall. Use of these common characteristics in Hasanlu continued for about four centuries and led to formation of a particular architectural tradition. In regards to the origin and the prototype of this architectural style, as well as its continuity and subsequent changes until the Achaemenid Period, different notions were brought up. Some scholars have sought the origin of this style out of the Iranian plateau. Others have considered it as a linear or multilinear evolution. Most of these opinions are based on the basis of the theory of diffusion. The present essay brings up a different opinion about the formation of this architectural style in Hasanlu. On the basis of this view, the construction of columned halls can be taken as an internal innovation in indigenous architecture of Hasanlu, considering their common features with other contemporary buildings without a columned hall in Hasanlu.Abstract

Diffusion theory is one of the theories that can explain the causes of the spread of most political, social, agricultural and technological revolutions based on their components. In Iran, this theory is further evaluated in the basis of how the Islamic Revolution influences Muslim countries, but is not included in the field of medicine. The purpose of this descriptive-analytic paper, which is based on library resources and valid websites, is to answer this question: Has diffusion theory the power of explaining how the spread of modern medicine is in Iran during Qajar era? And if so, how will it be explained? To answer the question, this hypothesis was presented: since diffusion theory has so far been able to expose the reasons for the spread of most revolutions within the framework of its components, it can justify medical developments in Iran. Further, factors such as: foreign security, sending students abroad, health and medical institutions, the establishment of educational institutions, vaccinations, quarantines and some other factors in the form of three types of diffusion relocation, hierarchical, and contagious, and factors such as: people with disabilities, lack of funds, poverty, uncertainty for foreigners and some other factors were considered as barriers within the framework of the above-mentioned theory. The result of this hypothesis is confirmed.

The Islamic Revolution with a religious identity, being based on international goals and plans, conveyed the idea of issuing the message of the Islamic Revolution from the very beginning of the revolution. One example of issuing the Islamic Revolution is the Shiites of India which, despite having a scientific and cultural background, do not have a decent place in the political and social system of India today. This article seeks to answer the question: what may be counted as the components influenced by the Islamic Revolution on Indian Shiites and, in some cases, the failures of these components? To answer this question, based on components of diffusion theory as a theoretical framework, the most important causes of the Iranian revolution's influence on Indian Shiites have been studied in the history of political and cultural relations and the political and cultural similarities of the Shiites of India with those of Iran. The most important barriers against IRI`s influence include the socio-cultural outlook of the seminary, the weakness of self-confidence, the superficiality of the religious personality and lack of religious leadership. Finally, the strategies of IRI`s influence on Indian Shiites are expressed in terms of "creating and promoting religious self-awareness" and "creating a self-sustaining society."

The purpose of this paper is to study empirically the convergence of democracy in developing countries. For this purpose, the spatial econometric and panel data approach was used during the period 1990- 2014. The results show that the geographic proximity of countries has a positive and significant effect on democracy. In other words, on average, the increase in the level of democracy in the geographic neighbors has led to a 6 percent increase in democracy, which reflects the political influence of each other. Also, foreign aids does not have a significant effect on the spread of democracy in developing countries. In general, the spatial effects of democracy or the theory of diffusion in developing countries are confirmed. Therefore, According to the theory of diffusion and convergence of democracy, increase or decrease in democracy in a country can increase or decrease democracy in neighboring countries.

Introduction The study is on the entrepreneurship as a factor effecting on rural development in Iran.Generally Rural development is seen as process by which community increase and maximize its control and use of the material resources with which led to change in quality of their life. Changing people standard of living, particularly upwardly, is often considered an indication of a government success in reaching rural development, particularly in traditionally rigid structures.
Many rural families need to diversify their sources of income and employment in view of increasingly smaller parcels of land, low agricultural productivity, volatile weather conditions and soil erosion. Entrepreneurship promoting strategies to diversify rural economic activities, including the development of non-farm economic activities and facilitating the transition of informal activities into the formal growth sector is a very important tool to developing the rural communities in Iran. Local communities often show different reactions to the extent and speed of adoption of an innovation. These reactions depend on the characteristics of innovation and the people who accept these innovations. Basically, these factors affect the rate of diffusion and acceptance of entrepreneurship between target populations.
Theoretical frameworkRecognition of the facilitator factors and constraints for adopting of the innovation has an important role in accelerating the process of development in the society, thus, this study intends to use this aspect to study the diffusion of entrepreneurship in rural communities.
Methodology The aim of the empirical research is to evaluate the main factors which are effecting on extension of innovation adoption and finally to apply a certain entrepreneurship in a rural area. So the research method which has been conducted in Kan-Souleghan rural district which ia located in North –West of Tehran is Descriptive and analytic on the base of applied method.
The research mainly concentrated on research in villages such as Ksharolya, Ksharsofla, souleghan, Kan that have considerable amount of entrepreneurs. The data has been collected by questionnaire on the base of Likert model and the documentary method as well, interviews with sample population also has been used to complete the questionnaire data. All entrepreneurships in the research area have been chosen, so no random selection is used.
The research statistical population is 2,713 people, which include 667 households in the study area. All recipients of entrepreneurship and innovation that living in the 4 villages of Kan- souleghan are included in the sample population of the research ,that they are about 102 households.
The data which has been collected were analyzed by SPSS software, using multiple stepwise regressions and combined model.
Result and Innovation is the base of entrepreneurship that can led to changes in the society, but it must have properties that are accepted. But it must have some features that make it attractive for people to accept the new activity. However, people also need to have some characteristic to accept a new phenomenon.
Entrepreneurship in the rural area is mainly based on local knowledge and living conditions of the villagers and their livelihood, As it became clear gardening in the area was started about 50 years ago, and it developed over time. In this study, two categories of factors along with admission's elements have been investigated, which are: Characteristics of entrepreneurship and characteristic of entrepreneurs. To determine the contribution of each factors in accepting entrepreneurship by rural people, regression analysis was used and to analyze the characteristics of entrepreneurship stepwise regression method, is used. Among all the characteristics of entrepreneurship, attractiveness and simplicity have the greatest impact on admission, and other characteristics of entrepreneurship such as compatibility with the experience and needs of entrepreneurs, start-up costs for market sales and profitability and availability, have secondary importance.
In relation to the characteristics of an entrepreneur, entrepreneur's motivation has more effect than other elements on the adoption of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial characteristics that affect the amount and rate of its acceptance by local people are: Easiness and Attractiveness of innovation, its compatibility with local people's experience and the level of skills which are needed for entrepreneurs, Cost of application, Profitability (economy) and well selling in market. Also the entrepreneurial characteristics that effect on rate innovation's acceptance by entrepreneur are: Achievement Motivation, Confidence and self-esteem and the spirit of modernism. In general, there is a systematic relation between the characteristics of local people so each character has led to the emergence of the next character and finally it caused the acceptance of an innovation.
Finally, based on the findings of this research and the opinions of the acceptor it has been found that when an entrepreneur is very attractive and simple. in the other word, does not have complicated methods and technologies, and be compatible, with the knowledge, skills and experience of the acceptors with a low cost for its commissioning, and as a result it is economically o profitable, So that it will be acceptance by the local community quickly Because profits can be achieved with minimal cost and it can provide a good market. But these characteristics alone are not effective at speeds of acceptance of innovation. But also the characteristics of the accept or determine the acceptance speed. Based on the research findings in people who have high achievement motivation, morale of modernism also was high So it is suggested for discovering and creating of an entrepreneurship and innovations in the rural community, Seminar sessions and participatory approach method should be used to explore the problems and potentials of the local community. Also the entrepreneurship should be adjusted with natural and human nature of the countryside, rural as a result of their creativity.
activities, facilities and local knowledge. So under such conditions the speed and entrepreneurial acceptance will be increased.