جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "نقد" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Jawaher-al-Ajayeb (written 962-963 AH) is the first book-biographies of women poet which Fakhri Heravi has recorded the biographies and poems of 31 women poet in it. Most of author of book-biographies who have introduced women poet, adapted from the contents of Jawaher-al-Ajayeb that one of these book-biographies is Arafat-al-Asheghin (written 1022-1024 AH) of Ouhadi Balayani. Ouhadi has taken biographies and poems of 18 women poet from Jawaher-al-Ajayeb and has pointed to own source in 14 cases, but has been negligent and wrong in this quote and adaptaion; As sometimes he has been wrong in recording the title of poet’s biographies and poems; sometimes he has been wrong mentioning information about poets; sometimes has been hesitated and wrong in attributing the verses of some poets. In addition to Ouhadi, correctors of Arafat-al-Asheghin also sometimes in the correcting this work mistakenly have replaced false recordings with correct recordings with using recent sources or deductive correction. In this article, been investigated the most important Manipulations and mistakes of Ouhadi in Adaptation from content of Jawaher-al-Ajayeb in four main sections by matching the source and destinations text and in the end too is mentioned to number of wrong choices of the correctors of Arafat-al-Asheghin.

Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study, which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts. This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms. Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction. Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features. Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability. It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.

Tarikh-e Beyhaghi (Beyhaghi’s History) is a seminal work in Persian literature and historiography. Fayyaz dedicated his life to correcting and improving this text. In 2009, a revised edition of the work edited by Yahagghi and Seyyedi was published. The primary advantage of this new edition was the detailed introduction, annotations, and supplementary materials, which greatly facilitated the work of readers and researchers. However, the editors had made numerous unjustified interventions in the text, to the extent that this benefit was largely overshadowed by the distortion of the original work of such great significance. It was anticipated that after more than a decade since the initial publication and appearance of numerous scholarly articles on the topic, many of the problems would have been addressed in the new edition. Regrettably, the 2022 edition, which claimed to incorporate "complete revision, additions, and corrections", failed to live up to these expectations as only a few of the numerous issues were rectified. Due to the impracticality of addressing all the flaws of this editorial effort in a single article, the present work examined select problems under the following headings: "Departure from the normative contextual meaning", "Disregard for Bayhaghi's stylistic features", "Ignoring the frequency of evidence", "Unjustified textual changes", "Unsupported readings of the text", and "Neglect of literary sensibilities in text correction".

As a literary technique, irony has been a point of disagreement among rhetoric scholars and they have always paid attention to its literary-artistic value. The consequences of the disagreement among Islamic thinkers about the art of rhetoric have been to such extent that Fakhr Razi (606 AH) using a rationalistic approach and complex and multiplex definitions, considers the taste-oriented opinions of Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani (471 AH) weak in the subject of irony. In the light of the importance of the issue, that is the disagreement in the research method of rhetorical thinkers, the present article tries to compare and criticize Razi's critics on Jurjani as well as discovering his thinking method through a qualitative approach and inductive method, relying on intellectual implication. With the investigations carried out, the results indicated that the root of Razi's disagreement with Sheikh can be seen in several general issues, e.g. the way of logical thinking, the difference in the reasoning style, and the contradictions of Razi's philosophical and literary views in the discussion of implications. In his philosophical texts, Razi does not seem to accept the implication of obligation; but in the book Nahaye al-Ijaz fi Derayat al-ejaz acknowledges this specific implication and actually represents a kind of contradiction in his opinions, so he has not been successful in including irony in his theoretical framework. In criticizing Sheikh, he is influenced by his own philosophical thought while hiding the fact cleverly.

Diwan Naser Khosrow is one of the diwans whose parts have been described and published under different titles. One of these works is a book entitled "Dor LaFez Dari" in which Mr. Kazem Dezfulian has described a poem. This book is written in 200 pages and published by Talayah Publishing House. And we will criticize this book and we will express some points about some parts of it. In this article, some of the problems and mistakes of the book have been pointed out. With detailed investigations in this article, we will see that the author has many aspects of the poem. Nasser Khosrow has not paid attention and in some cases he has not explained some verses correctly; Therefore, this description is one of the incomplete descriptions that has not solved any of the difficulties of Nasser Khosrow's poetry, and it is necessary for the author to correct the mentioned items and add unexplained aspects in the next editions.

Criticism and its types have been referred to as judgment, evaluation, identification, analysis, review, interpretation, and the like, all of which regard criticism as an interrogative encounter with produced text aiming to explore and examine it. This is while the purpose of this article is to emancipate criticism from the common posterior definitions and as the result to create a fundamental understanding based on text criticism as a priori act in the production process. For this purpose, this article focuses on pre-linguistic and meta-linguistic elements in terms of a non-structural approach and a context for actual production of text as possible conditions. These are meta-historical data which contain the whyness and howness of text formation. Possible conditions are objective and meta-linguistic preconditions. They are different from explanation and interpretation as the realm of mind. Possible conditions are at the heart of historical theory (Historik) and are in relation with long-term processes, playing role in text from the beginning of its formation. Observing possible conditions, as meta-textual conditions make the text actual. It is while criticism, as a possible condition in the creation of text and as a priori and beyond the linguistic narration and hermeneutic features, protects and supports it against any kind of posterior review and judgment. This article attempted to look at the criticism from a different perspective. This led to the extraction of results different from the common ones and to the context required for the actual production of the text event.

Research on metonymy and related topics in Islamic studies stems from Muslims’ interaction with the Qur’an and their efforts to comprehend the meaning of certain verses. It sparked numerous theological debates among Islamic sects, such as the Ash’arites and the Mu’tazilites, to the extent that some scholars rejected metonymy in the Qur’an. In addition to theological (Islamic kalam) works, metonymy featured in rhetorical volumes and since the time of Sakkaki it has been transferred from theological to rhetorical works. The main issues in these works relate to the definition of metonymy and truth, the quality of their recognition, metonymy types, and so on. The main debate has been attending to one aspect and neglecting other aspects. Despite the efforts made by Muslim scholars in these works, due to the intermingling of different fields in this subject, current research on metonymy has paid less attention to previous studies. Therefore, the present research has explored this issue from various perspectives while examining the evolution of metonymy studies in the works of Muslim theologians and rhetoricians using a descriptive-analytical method. The results showed that logocentrism, the intermingling of different domains, abstract theological topics, unnecessary divisions, disregard for the functional aspect of language, overlapping types of metonymy, and repetition of the content were the main research barriers. Additionally, one should also mention the neglect of the points made by scholars such as Jurjani and Khatib Qazvini. It seems that if we pay attention to the aspects of information, pragmatics, and the context in the field of metonymy, many problems of its semantic recognition will be solved. On the other hand, dividing this category into metalepsis and compound metonymy as well as their trivial subfields will make us independent from other categories.

The book of literary sciences and techniques is a dedicated resource for teaching Persian literature in the second secondary school for the fields of literature and humanities and Islamic sciences and education. As the beginning part of this book, the history of literature section is one of the most important lessons that students sometimes do not want to learn due to the high volume and similarity between some materials and the memorization of the lesson, and generally refuse to read it. The authors of this book, despite simplifying and reducing its volume compared to the book on the history of literature of the old system, have not observed some important issues, and this has caused the book to be criticized in terms of structure, content, science and meaning.Reviewing and rewriting the book based on the two approaches of genre or literary type and flowology is a method that can provide useful information for students and teachers in addition to the ease of learning literary history. The method that has dominated the history of Persian literature in textbooks is mostly about biographies and naming the works of poets and writers, and sometimes it has brought up things that are not very important and useful. In this research, in addition to criticizing the history of literature section of each of the three books of literary sciences and techniques, we separately discuss the proposed design of the history of Persian literature based on two approaches of genre (before Islam to the 12th century)

According to intertextuality, every text is influenced by other texts, and the author, consciously or unconsciously, is affected by previous texts. this theory was introduced by Western theorists and has also gained prominence in Arab literary criticism. The utilization of previous texts in Arabic poetry is quite prevalent. In this context, the Quran stands as an ever-flowing source for Arab poets. By incorporating its blessed verses into their works, they enrich their creations. The utilization of the Quran isn't exclusive to Muslims; poets of other religions have also drawn inspiration from it. alQaravi, is a Lebanese Christian poet who migrated to South America. Nonetheless, one of the most notable characteristics of his poetry is his significant inspiration from Quranic verses. The Quranic interpretations and concepts are ingeniously woven into his poetry, adorned with literary elegance. For this purpose, the present research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to delve into the exposition and analysis of various forms of intertextuality in the Quran, as well as the poet's objectives in utilizing Quranic verses. It aims to examine techniques employed in his poetry's structure. The results indicate that alQaravi had a comprehensive familiarity with the Quran, and he utilized it for various purposes. the parallel negation has the widest scope, followed by general negation, and finally, partial negation has the least scope.

In recent years, the identification and correction of the Nakkali of Shahnameh scrolls have greatly impacted the view of Shahnameh-scholars toward the scrolls. The findings indicate that the Nakkali scrolls were not just a product of the mind and imagination of the bards; even in some cases, the scrolls date back to the pre-Islamic or, at times, the Islamic era preceding the compilation of the Shahnameh, by Hakim Abulqasem Ferdowsi. On the other hand, the corrected Nakkali scrolls differed in language and style from what the bards recited in a bardic assemblage. Consequently, the correction of the Nakkali scrolls should be done in a specialised manner and in accordance with the correct scientific standards so that the results could lead to a better understanding of the scrolls and their sources. Edited by Jalil Doostkhah and published in 1396 [2017], Shahnameh Nakkalan is among the best researched Nakkali Shahnameh scrolls. This article investigates Shahnameh Nakkalan from two perspectives: the first part will explore the mistakes and contradictions of the author, Murshid Zariri, and the second part conducts a thorough investigation of Jalil Doostkhah’s editing methodology. This critique concludes that both the authorship and curation have been unfaithful to some sections.

One of the new approaches of text analysis in the fields of semiotics,is social semiotics with an interdisciplinary function.One of the important theories in the discussion of social semiotics, which examines the status and function of signs in society, belongs to Pierre Giraud who classified signs in a society into identity and social etiquette.Identity marks represent the individual’s distinction from other individuals in society,which shows the organizationof society and relations between individuals and groups and is formed according tothe dominant atmosphere of society in human nature.The aim of the current research is to find the social signs of identity in Makhzan al-Asrar (The Treasury of Mysteries), a classical literary texts for studying societies, ethics and their impact on human identity, based on Pierre Giroud's view. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research extracted the social signs of identity from the stories of the Makhzan al-Asrar. The findings showed that Nizami used the identity symbols of the group, names, titles, occupations and religious in order of frequency to distinguish different types of human functions from those of society and even other beings, and showed the interaction of identity and society with each other which was reflected in the form of moral vices and virtues in the behavior of members of his ideal or contemporary society.

One of the theories applicable to the Holy Quran is the theory of Michel Cuipers, who has introduced a new approach to the order and coherence of the Quran by using the method of symmetrical and inverse order. He divides the text into different levels, then divides the various forms of symmetry, i.e., sequential parallelism, contradictory parallelism, authorial or evolutionary parallelism, axial order or circular composition, inverse order or mirror composition, and photographic contrast with the help of convergent authorial indicators. It discusses and examines duality, synonymy, contradiction, similarity, repetition or similarity, phonetics or consonantal allegory, morphological similarities, and identical syntactic structure. After explaining the theory, its comprehensiveness and efficiency have been examined in Surah Al-Hadid by applying the rules provided by Cuipers, and it is concluded that the rules mentioned cannot be applied to all verses in this Surah at sub-section, section, and part levels, but they can be applied to all verses at maghta' and mafsal levels.

What causes the formation of the poem is the form; Form industries and how they are used at the level of language show the level of its literacy. But the form alone does not guarantee the durability of the works. The present study aims to provide some points related to poetry criticism. This research is based on the fact that in criticizing the works, one should pay attention to important issues such as: sound and uniform language, lack of stylistic anxiety, the way of using formal industries and fairness in criticism. It should also be noted that not every work can be criticized. There are many works that do not get the privilege of criticism. Therefore, to criticize a work, a minimum level should be considered. It should also be kept in mind that the mere use of literary arts does not create art.

If we consider language not as a mirror reflecting struggles, but as the subject and tool of struggles, then we should use the signifier of discourse, which makes the concepts of power and language understandable in a continuous and inseparable conceptual entanglement. This article aims to analyze the text of Tarikh-e Beyhaqi as one of the most influential classical texts of Persian literature with a discursive method. In other words, by placing this text in its discursive context and its dialectical relationship with power, and understanding this text as the field of conflict between powers and conflicting discourses of society, a new understanding of it can be achieved. In order to achieve this goal, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis method is used to perform micro-textual analysis, and Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory is used to perform macro-discourse analysis of Bayhaghi era. The text of Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, as shown, does not reflect the true struggle, but itself, is part of the struggle process. This text is influenced by the chain of ruling discourses and is used against peripheral discourses. Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, under the influence of the discourse that pulls the bipolar mind of the text to a directional representation of the flow of affairs, highlights the ruling discourses and marginalizes the peripheral discourses.

Curriculum planning has always been based on the needs, opportunities, and constraints of each academic discipline. Meanwhile, due to its indigenous roots and cultural significance, the field of Persian Language and Literature has long held a privileged position. Hence, compilation of instructional materials in accordance with established principles and rules is of significant importance in acquainting students of this discipline with classical and contemporary texts, whether in verse or prose. However, this undertaking is accompanied by constraints such as instructional time, compilation of content for pedagogic purposes, considerations related to assessment, and the like. In this research, six selected excerpts from Tarikh-e-Bayhaqi, which were compiled for pedagogic purposes, were analyzed and critiqued in terms of page layout, editing, and pedagogical aspects. The results of this analysis were presented in multiple tables for clarity. Through this study, the authors surveyed the structuring of the mentioned excerpts and explicated the principles and regulations of developing excerpts for pedagogic purposes.

One of the factors behind the complicated and abstruse nature of Bidel Dehlavi's works is the avoidance of conventional linguistic and grammatical traditions as well as ambiguous anti-syntaxes and the use of alien and defamiliarized structures leading to the formation of a personal and unique style in the heart of macro styles. One of these personal stylistic features is the presence of “specific simile pronouns” as one of the most uncommon and ambiguous features of his style. In these types of compounds, the pronoun that is used as a possessive does not belong to the possessor but is the possessor itself. In this paper, the researchers have investigated specific simile pronouns through descriptive and analytical method. The results of the research indicated that Bidel Dehlavi used separate and attached first person and second person personal pronouns in his works, unprecedently and frequently, as tenor and for objectification. The aim of using such similes is to objectify Bidel's most fundamental mystical principle, that is, the helplessness and impotence of the human kind against the eternal lover. To do this, Bidel uses elements such as dust, bubbles, dew, drops, etc. In the meantime, the use of the first person attached pronouns (=م __) and separate pronouns (= منman and maما =) have the highest frequency, and the second person attached pronouns (=__ ت) and separate pronouns (= توto) have a lower frequency than the first person pronouns.

Following the primary epics, another type of epic was formed, which is called secondary or artificial epics; A type of epic that is formed by imitating the original epics is religious. They describe the heroism of one of the most prominent figures in the history of Islam, who held a high position among most Muslims. The composition of such poems began in the fifth century, shortly after the time of Ferdowsi, but in the Safavid era due to political and social conditions has been narrated and continued and the attention of poets in later periods to this literary form has been much. In the period between the 11th and 14th centuries, more than twenty religious epic poems have been counted in the Isfahan region alone, which have not yet entered the realms of research.The present study, while explaining the various aspects of religious epics with a descriptive-analytical method, has analyzed and criticized the various areas of the three collections (manuscripts) Ordibeheshtnameh, Shahanshahnameh, Maghamat-e-Hosseini as examples of religious epics. The result of the research shows that the poets of the works did not pay much attention to the linguistic and rhetorical system in such a way that sometimes the epic and lyrical elements are mixed; The semantic and content system has been highly regarded by poets and they have tried to use the text as a means of expressing their religious and doctrinal perceptions, which is a mixture of history and the Poetic preparations. In the meantime, Ordibeheshtnameh and Shahnshahnameh have been very much influenced by Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, but Maghamat-e-Hosseini, apart from rhythm, seems to lack many epic components.

Fundamentals of Linguistic Typology by Vali Rezai and Fatemeh Bahrami is written based on the curriculum of the linguistic typology course for MA degree in linguistics, and aims at presenting basic concepts of this field to students and other interested audience. The book is organized in 10 chapters, which, apart from those devoted to the history, methodology, and applications of typology, have self- contained topics and content, so they can be read in any sequence. After mentioning the main topics introduced in each chapter the book and its advantages, this review sets out some of their deficiencies and shortcomings. These were discussed in several subtitles presented respectively as organization, inaccuracy in expression, inaccuracy in quotations, inappropriate examples, terminology, and less intelligible statements. In spite of aforementioned points, Fundamentals of Linguistic Typology can serve as a useful, informative introduction to this field.

Geocriticism, Real and Fictional Spaces is a book by Bertrand Westphal, Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Limoges in France. He is the theorist of geocriticism and has written several books to explain the importance of adopting a geocritical approach in literary studies. The book is an interdisciplinary study and was translated from French to English by Robert Tally who has written a preface to the book. The book is comprised of an introduction, five chapters, notes and an index. The chapters are entitled as follows: Spatiotemporality, Transgressivity, Referentiality, Elements of Geocriticism, and Reading Spaces. The first chapter is about temporal metaphors and spatializing time. In chapter two, the focus is on a characteristic element of contemprary space. Chapter three is devoted to theoretical speculations about links between the world and the text and between the referent and its representation. Chapter four describes the geocritical metodology. The final chapter examines the importance of the text in the construction of a place.

Today, apart from Italians, millions of people are interested in Italian language learning and speak it all around the world. Due to this increasing trend, in this article with regard to the criteria proposed by the Council for Reviewing Books and Texts on Humanities, the writer has attempted to review both the structure and the content of the book called “Italian Grammar in Use” by Loredana La Cifra which aims at teaching Italian grammar to English speaking students with easy and clear explanations. Furthermore, series of suggestions were proposed to ameliorate both the quality and the content of the book for future printings.