جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Realism » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The theory of conventions (I’tibariat) in Islamic philosophy and constructivism theory in social sciences and international relations are both considered to be modern and almost contemporaneous in terms of new formation which, with different origins, natures and fate, has distinct implications and functions in the epistemic and social spheres. This study explicates the two theories and has, for the first time, regards the epistemological and ontological problematic caused by the incompatibility of “realism and constructivism” in the orthodox narratives of the theories in international relations -considered one of the most important philosophical, non-constructivist and interdisciplinary issues- as an entry into contemplation over the philosophical reconstruction of constructivism. In the course of exposition and categorization of the old and new perceptions of the theory of conventions (I’tibariat), the study contends that under an interactive approach, the two concepts could be compatible in a way that its referent is not “relativism” and “social determination of knowledge” or “denial of any subsistence or determination in the outer world”. Ultimately, the study moves away from both “raw realism” and “pure constructivism” approaches, and takes into account a consequent definition in the theory of constructivism that is not anti-realistic alhtough it “denies the external equivalent of conventions”. At the same time, cognitivism would not lose its true meaning either. The outcomes are considered more significant because in parallel with the decline of philosophical and political realism in recent decades and the epistemological confusion resulting from “the incommensurable bipolar epistemological views in international relations, namely the positivist majority on the one hand and a remarkable minority of post-positivists on the other”, the contemporary theorists of international relations have been guided to constructivist theories that the “social theory of international politics” indicates its conventional and social approach, during which and with efforts to reduce the epistemological importance of constructivism, the proposed solution is to resort to positivism and  ontological aspects of constructivism.

This article tries to analyze Hajar Abdul Samad's novel "Habibi ISIS" and explore the realm of reality and social life. Hajar Abdel Samad is an Egyptian writer who had no other novel before "Habibi Daesh" and first came into the field with the publication of the electronic version of this novel. a realistic novel, with a simple expression without ambitious words The author tried to reveal a new phenomenon called ISIS in the form of a novel and criticize the ugliness and degradation of society regarding women and of course in confronting ISIS and present them in the frame of realism. A Characteristic exhibited by each of them is that in addition to their characteristics, each of them is also a representative of their class and they are always changing and not static. This article tries to portray their vulnerability in the fight against ISIS by using realistic perspectives.

With a descriptive-analytical method, the important components of women's characters in this novel have been examined, and the goal is to provide a basis for knowing the author as much as possible examining the assessment of characters and novels and realist works with the theme of ISIS, which is emerging; Therefore, we have made this important as the basis and have investigated the character of women in this novel based on the realistic components of Lukács.

In this research, it has been shown that women from any class and stratum are subject to aggression and violence, and ignorance leads human life to the abyss of destruction. This research has focused on the way characters are portrayed in Habibi Daesh's novel based on Lukacs's realism and the definitions of real Characters From her perspective.

The individual-community relationship has always been one of the most fundamental topics of social sciences. In sociology, this is known as the micro-macro relationship while in economics it refers to the processes, through which, individual actions lead to macroeconomic phenomena. Based on philosophical discourse and systems theory, many sociologists even use the term "emergence" in their understanding of micro-macro relationship, which refers to collective phenomena that are created by the cooperation of individuals, but cannot be reduced to individual actions. "Emergence" theories attempt to explain the nature of society as a complex system by examining how individuals and their relationships lead to the creation of integrated and macro-social phenomena such as markets, educational systems, cultural beliefs, and shared social practices. As a prelude to activity, every researcher has to answer the question from the methodological point of view, how is it possible to study the behavior of social groups and how can we gain knowledge about the laws related to social groups? Anyone who deals with humanities and social sciences or any reality and phenomenon that affects human beings, inevitably deals with the reality that is emerging. In fact, emergence occurs when one level of reality emerges radically from another level. Examples of emergent levels of reality include how the mind emerges from the body; or the way society emerges from human beings. Therefore, when there is an emerging factor, different scientific disciplines should be used, because it is inevitable to talk about social affairs, psychology and neurobiology, as well as physical and even chemical.

how to look at nature and imitate it has a direct relationship in the way of representation. Communication tools, including performing arts, provide the conditions and possibility to display human activities and behaviors in different cultures and to record or produce actions performed in different cultural contexts that cannot be directly observed. and compared with the surrounding society. Visual representation by the seventh art, including animation, is one of the significant types of objectification that can work in line with this idea. Although animation has an imaginary and fantasy approach, it always tries to use realistic elements in production works in order to identify with the audience. From the very beginning of its birth, this art has simulated animal characters with aspects of human behavior in order to be more realistic and believable. Animation designers have always tried to simplify the elements of human anatomy and deal with it structurally; As well as creativity in design, create characters whose reflection can be seen in the representation of human races and the creation of heroes in various studios' animations. On the one hand, until the twenties, most of the animated characters were representative of the white race, and the representation and representation of other races was less used. Pixar studio is one of the animation companies that has an international status and has always presented and experienced many productions in the field of reflecting the characteristics of human species in different formats. With a practical purpose, the current research aims to analyze the creativity in processing the subtleties of design and character in humanistic animations, so that the viewer is more aware of the world of the story and by analyzing the visual principles. And aesthetically, it will benefit more from the pleasure and artistic understanding of the work and gain a new perspective for watching animated films. Therefore, three animations: monsters, machines, and spirits from Pixar's productions have been selected and analyzed based on the purposeful selection of desirable items.

It is a qualitative research method in an analytical-descriptive way with an anthropological approach and based on gathering information from written, audio and visual library sources.

The findings of the research show that by observing the selected animations, the race that is used abundantly in character design is: white race, black race, and finally yellow race. The obtained result indicates that the character designers benefit more from the differences in the skull and different faces. These features are more obvious than the features that are in size and organs. Also, unlike in the past when all the characters were white, today we see the presence of people of color in animations. This issue has gone so far that animation makers are making heroes of people of color

Giving a comparative theoretical and documental discussion about the different approaches to ethnography from academic emergence of anthropology up to now, is the goal of the present article. The classification of ethnographical approaches and evaluation of the change route is discussed from their ontological and epistemological bases up to their more overt characteristics and every approach is exemplified with some parts of the authentic classic or recent ethnographies that exist in anthropological literature. Realism, interpretivism, applicability for peoples (not for powers), moralism and criticalism are the most important discussed concepts that have reach to their highest level in the fourth approach, i.e. militant anthropology / ethnography. The most important result is: philiosophy and biology have been able to give a defensible base for the moralism and criticalism of recent (fourth) approach. The necessity of this discussion is clarifying the most intensive differences between the realist and postmodernist approaches that can be ongoing in the field of social science and at academic level.

George Berkeley, an empiricist philosopher of the 18th century, regards corporeal things as perceptions or ideas (subjective idealism) from one side, and from another side, he denies the existence of material things, and he confirms only the presence of the soul (objective idealism). In "Berkeley: An Introduction", Jonathan Dancy, has tried to give an outlook of Berkeley's philosophy, which pursues the analytic philosophers' procedure, contains an analysis of the main constituents of his thought by having a critical view, and shows its prominent and weak points. The significant innovation of this book is in introducing Berkeley's view on scientific explanation as a scientific and, at the same time teleological explanation. He says that he has gotten to this point by reconstructing Berkeley's thoughts rather than just studying these books. This paper aims to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of some authors' criticisms against Berkeley's thought and to show some defects of his analysis. In addition, the Persian translation of the book will be assessed and criticized.

According to Kuhn, science in general has a paradigm that comprises three elements, namely, epistemology, ontology, methodology. The simplicity paradigm was formed after the Renaissance based on the ideas of Descartes and Newton. The method of understanding was based on the reduction of each phenomenon to its components. From the second half of the nineteenth century, with the discovery of irregular phenomena, quantum theories, and chaos, simplification was challenged and a new approach called the "complexity paradigm" was formed.
 The neoclassical, as the representative of the economic mainstream, is dominated by simplicity. New Institutional Economics (NIE) as the dominant institutional approach has a corrective (rather than critical) approach to neoclassical. This issue, in combination with the diverse and complex institutional structures in different societies, defines the purpose of this study to examine the components of complexity in NIE. Scholars introduce these institutions as the structure, rules of interaction, and patterns that govern human life. The findings show that institutional ontology is a complex realism and its methodology is pluralistic. The use of institutions to reduce uncertainty in combination with different mental models suggests that this approach benefits from both objectivism and subjectivism. Given the role of institutions in interaction, it is clear that the Inter- Objectivity of knowledge and strategy is emphasized by institutionalists. Consistent with the results, the NIE is influenced by the complexity.

Allameh Tabatabai's philosophical realism proves the external world with arguments such as the innate knowledge of science to the outside world and the use of the principle of causality. In the epistemological dimension, by explaining the relationship between acquired and face-to-face knowledge and referring the acquired sciences to face-to-face, it proves the process of achieving knowledge in accordance with reality. On the other hand, it is claimed in scientific realism; The supposed theoretical identities in scientific theories tell of the real world, and the world is as scientific theories explain it. But the arguments presented to prove the existence of theoretical identities and the realism of scientific theories are ineffective in proving the claim. Relativity of knowledge and various related matters such as; Ethics, law, politics, art, literature, and in general every important category that depends on cognition and knowledge are the tools of realism and unrealism. . Given that ontological and epistemological realism is directly related to the structure of civilization, social relations, goals and perspectives of a civilization, examining the ontological and epistemological realist approach is an essential step in evaluating different civilizations. Counts. In this research, which has been done by descriptive and analytical methods, while explaining philosophical and scientific realism, we examine their components and arguments.Keywords: realism, ontology, instrumentalism, civilization, science.

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were the time for the formation of new schools of art in Europe. The rise of realism was the result of fundamental changes in the understanding of the world and a fundamental revision of the relationship between man and the world. In post-labor Europe, the approach of writers and poets, previously based on reason (classics) or on individual fantasies (romantics), changes dramatically and the individual's confrontation with his surroundings became the main subject of this literary school. Realism portrayed the collective feelings and realities around it. This literary school was divided into different branches, including magical realism, bourgeois, critical, surrealism, and so on. The traces of this literary school are also evident in the works of Iranian writers. Iran underwent fundamental political, social, and cultural changes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Therefore, literary movements in Iran have undergone important changes.  Following the Constitutional Revolution, land reform, the entry of the printing industry, translation of literary works, etc., the language and style of writing in Iran changed. Folk, fluent, simple, and humorous language replaced the court and official language. Short stories, footnotes, and socio-historical novels replaced didactic literature and mystical theology.

The reflection in the sharia cases of women's rights as a wife is an example of women's rights, which is less well-known in society. There seems to be a kind of inconsistency in the three sources of sharia, custom and law in relation to this issue. The article, by acknowledging the complexity and multi-dimensions of the reasons for this contradiction, aims to examine the role of women in this regard from the perspective of the Cognitive Balance Theory. To this end, 30 women living in Tehran province who had a marital life experience were interviewed in the light of how to encounter the violation of their rights. Data analysis using the thematic analysis led to the extraction of five key themes included self-silence, learned helplessness, meta-religious femininity, circuit family, and ethical behavior in women that prevented them from claiming. Accordingly, by perceiving their individual abilities and the socio-cultural conditions of their society, the women prevented from claiming their well-known rights by adopting a realistic approach, and they cooperate in violating the women's rights a nd stabilizing the status quo.

Criticisms of the dominant paradigms of the science, especially the positivism and the interpretive paradigms, have intensified efforts to find alternative paradigms. One of the paradigms that has emerged in this regard is critical realism. This paradigm has created a reconciliation between the two rival paradigms by borrowing ontology from positivism and epistemology from interpretivism. Critical realism claims that can lead us to deeper understanding of the phenomena and it`s generative mechanisms by stratified ontology of it, that considers reality in three empirical, actual and real layers. But despite of the positive role of this paradigm in better understanding of the phenomena, methodology of it is still unclear and a few researches have been done in this paradigm. Therefore, in this article, after introducing the concepts, assumptions and theoretical foundations of critical realism, an attempt has been made to study its methodology from the perspective of different researchers. Finally, a practical example of research conducted under the banner of this paradigm is described to shed light on research in critical realism.

Common sense realism and scientific realism are two metaphysical thesis. The former accepts the existence of the observable entities of common sense knowledge and the later accepts the unobservable entities necessary for the well-established scientific theories. Common sense realism and scientific realism are defended or rejected by some philosophers with reliance on the evolutionary approach. Studying these arguments shows there are positive evidences to the advantage of both subjects; realism and anti-realism, But skeptical consequences of evolutionary approach to science is a source for a new idea to specify science and to develop the scientific epistemology. In this article، in addition to investigating the above local reasonings to the advantage of Van Fraasson's evolutionary explanation will be adopted for science and scientific epistemology growth on the basis of specifying evolutionary; the third position which between realism and belief in miracle is in specifying the success of science. In this approach, the evolutionary approach, the production of resistant and abiding models is the main goal of science and philosophy and the scientific realism is also one of the abiding models.

The purpose of this research is to express the aspects of differentiation between Realism & Naturalism in cinema. To achieve this, at first we review the historical backgrounds and formation of both schools with their pivotal themes. Then, by using the approach of comparative case study, the relation of two films from Iran’s cinema,” A Separation” and “Life and A Day”, is studied as samples which contain the thematic features and aesthetic values of the two mentioned schools. This has been done to clarify the fact that how thematic differentiations between Realism & Naturalism visualize themselves in stylistic features? This research has applied a methodology of text analysis for comparing the features of different coding system of the two film styles. The findings of the research declares that the effective elements in forming the style and creating cinematic form  ( such as camera positioning, depth of field, visual comparison of shots, editing style and time length of each shot) have distinguishable differences in both Realistic & Naturalistic films .

Tawfiq al-Hakim is one of pioneers in Arabic literature and has produced a large volume of stories, dramas and articles. Odat al Ruoh or the Return of the Spirit is a story with critical realistic elements and portrays socio-political conditions and developments between the two world wars, especially the Egyptian revolution of 1919 led by Sa’ad Zaghloul. This story contains socialist realism elements, such as hope and optimism concerning reforms for a corrupted society. In this story, he has attempted to show a small part of the Egyptian society and its debilitating and terrible conditions. It tries to reflect the pain and difficulties Egyptian people had undergone to form unity to resist oppression and tyranny. This research aims to reflect on realism elements Tawfiq al-Hakim employed and more specifically how they were used in this story. In other words, this study tries to answer the questions as what realism the story has and how the personal life of the author affected it. The important findings suggest that this story is among the first ones, which are based on the school of realism because the author has been bold enough to criticize the reality and revealed the corrupted conditions of the Egyptian society when it was once occupied by Britain. It is considered important and reliable evidence for political and social history of Egypt.

Russian-Turkish relations from the time of the Empires to the last decade can best beinterpreted as a sinusoidal relationship swinging from cooperation to conflict. However,since Putin and Erdogan came to power, despite some challenges, the economicties between the two countries have grown tremendously. Some believe that this economiccooperation could provide the basis for achieving a strategic partnership at thepolitical level. Based on this assumption, the primary question of this paper to evaluatethe realistic assertion that “the economy does not extend to politics“ is whether theimprovement of the political-security relations between Turkey and Russia is affectedby the economic cooperation between the two countries. The findings of the researchusing the descriptive-analytical method show that, in accordance with realism, economicrelations have been an essential factor in closing two countries to each other,but these relations will never pave the way for improving the political ties. The reasonhas been the domination of strategic and political context over the economy. Despitethis privilege, realism is analytically weak because of ignoring some non-politicalfacilitating reasons for improving Turkish-Russian bilateral relations.

An artist through doing artistic activities creates artworks. The product that can be identified as media. Artworks is Different media from newspapers, radio and television which are popular for the audiences and also are active, and moreover, these media, nowadays, are more effective and communicative in comparing with traditional medias and are working side by side with modern medias. Yet, the artworks must be identified. This matter is really difficult due to two reasons: first, there are several different theories related to the art world and artwork; second, there are several different interpretations and descriptions related to artwork which are sometimes in contradiction with each other. That is why it is difficult to cover this field and finally to conduct a legal framework for this field. This study by explaining several theories related to the art which finally lead to the artwork, tries to facilitate and clear the way leading to the explanations and understandings of artwork.

The present paper aims at investigating the shift in the U. S. foreign policy from the liberal internationalist approach during the Obama administration to the neo isolationist and realist approaches in the Trump administration. The main question is: “What is the Trump's Foreign Policy Strategy?” The “Theories of America's World Role” is used in response to this question. The main hypothesis of the paper is that the Trump's foreign policy strategy is a combination of neo isolationist and realist approaches. In fact, one fails to grasp a coherent and accurate understanding of the U. S. foreign policy without the effective integration of the two approaches. Therefore, the current paper argues that Trump has acted completely realistic in terms of military and security issues but neo isolationist in term of political orientation and economic performance. The current paper analyzes Trump's foreign policy in accordance with two strategies “America First” and “Make America Great Again”. This is a descriptive analytical research and the information collected from library and internet.

Trump's foreign policy has traces of realism and pragmatism. Trump is gradually directing the US foreign policy toward realism and pragmatism due to confronting the realities of politics inside and outside the US. Trump's fulfilling his election promises in the field of foreign policy is difficult because of the pressure of various institutions in the US, multilateral international institutions, US allies in the world, and other global actors. Although the US has a dominant power in terms of military, economy, policy and culture, it cannot neglect other political actors in the world, such as governments, institutions, and the process of globalization. The hypothesis of the paper formulated by an analytical and descriptive method is: The US is tending toward a pragmatic and realistic foreign policy after confronting the realities of the global system.